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Symposium Introduction
13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry: Crop, Environment, and Public Health Protection, Technologies for a Changing World Laura L. Mcconnell, Kenneth D. Racke, Cathleen Joan Hapeman, and James N. Seiber J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05567 • Publication Date (Web): 28 Dec 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 5, 2016
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13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry: Crop, Environment, and Public Health
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Protection, Technologies for a Changing World
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Introductory Paper.
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Laura L. McConnell*
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Bayer CropScience, Environmental Safety, 2. T.W. Alexander Dr., Durham, NC 27709, USA
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(
[email protected])
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Kenneth D. Racke
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Dow AgroSciences, Global Research and Development, 9330 Zionsville Road, Bldg 308-2A,
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Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA
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Cathleen J. Hapeman
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United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville
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Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 27519, USA
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James N. Seiber
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University of California at Davis, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 4143 Meyer Hall, Davis,
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CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
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This introductory paper provides an overview of Perspectives papers written by plenary speakers from the
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13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry held in San Francisco, CA in August, 2014.
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This group of papers emphasizes some of the emerging issues and challenges at the forefront of
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agricultural research: sustainability; agriculture’s response to climate change and population growth;
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pollinator health and risk assessment; and global food production and food security. In addition, as part of
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the Congress, a workshop on “Developing Global Leaders for Research, Regulation, and Stewardship of
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Crop Protection Chemistry in the 21st Century” identified specific recommendations to attract the best
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scientists to agricultural science, to provide opportunities to study and conduct research on crop
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protection chemistry topics, and to improve science communication skills.
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Introduction
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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is the global organization whose
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mission is to provide objective scientific expertise and to develop the essential tools for the application
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and communication of chemical knowledge for the benefit of humankind and the world. This mission is
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accomplished in part by fostering sustainable development, providing a common language for chemistry,
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and advocating the free exchange of scientific information. Primary avenues used by IUPAC to foster
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exchange between scientists include conferences and workshops on diverse chemistry topics. The IUPAC
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International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry series began in 1967 in Vienna Austria, and has been held
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every four years since then in a different international venue. The Congress series is sponsored by the
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Subcommittee on Crop Protection Chemistry within the IUPAC Division of Chemistry and the
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Environment.
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The 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry occurred during August 10-14, 2014 in
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San Francisco, California, USA. The Congress was held in conjunction with the 248th American
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Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition and was hosted and organized by the ACS Division
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of Agrochemicals.1 The overall theme of the 13th Congress was “Crop, Environment, and Public Health
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Protection: Technologies for a Changing World”. It was attended by 1200 scientists from more than 50
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countries and included 46 technical symposia and more than 1000 oral and poster presentations
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addressing nine main topics ranging from traditional fields such as “Discovery and Synthesis” to
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emerging topics like “Agricultural Biotechnology”. One of the major outcomes of the 13th Congress is a
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series of Perspectives articles in the Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry authored by plenary
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speakers.
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Emerging Issues and Challenges
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As part of the Congress technical program, organizers sought to bring to the forefront the most important
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emerging issues and challenges related to agricultural science and crop protection chemistry. The topics
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of greatest interest were:
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Agriculture’s Response to Climate Change and Population Growth
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Pollinator Health: Risk Assessment and Sustainability
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Global Food Production and Food Security
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Sustainability: A Greener Revolution?
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The plenary speakers who have submitted Perspectives articles for this special collection of papers
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address different aspects of these emerging issues and challenges.
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Dr. Lewis Ziska presents a critical analysis on the effects of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide
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concentrations and increasing temperatures on pest pressures and the geographic range of invasive
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weeds.2 Ziska points out that many crops may show a stronger growth response to increased CO2, but
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crops must compete with a large number of weeds which may also show a stronger positive response to
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rising CO2. Moving forward, efforts must focus on determining the agroecosystems which are most
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vulnerable to the introduction of a new pest, invasive weed, or increased winter temperatures. Improved
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tools are also needed to identify regional shifts in pest distributions over time and space as a means to
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develop effective mitigation strategies.
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Honey Bees and the challenge to assess risks from pesticides accurately is the focus of the paper by Dr.
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May Berenbaum.3 She presents a detailed historical look at the evolution of pesticide use and scientific
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understanding of toxicity to bees and the development of modern risk assessment tools. However,
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assessing the risks to honey bee colonies is quite complex. Larvae, foragers, and queens, for example,
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have differing environmental exposure routes and consume different diets. Therefore, consideration of
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the full life cycle of the colony and use of the “risk cup”/“aggregate exposure” concept is recommended
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to improve pest management practices and to protect bees.
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Agriculture has become a global enterprise, but facilitating the free and fair trade of safe and nutritious
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food among countries will be required, especially in light of an continued world population growth. Dr.
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Árpád Ambrus discusses the vast network of international organizations who work together to establish
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international standards, guidelines and codes to protect consumers.4, 5 He provides a detailed discussion
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of the development in the basic principles and methods used for the safety assessment of pesticide
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residues in food and feed which led to the establishment of maximum residue limits. He also describes
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efforts to achieve global harmonization of maximum residue limits for pesticides.
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Fulfilling the global needs for future food production and food security will require significant
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improvements in crop yields and in the quality and nutrition of the food produced. Dr. Jeanette Van
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Emon provides important insights into developments in the fields of genomics, proteomics,
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transcriptomics and metabolomics, sometimes termed “omics” as applied to agricultural research.6 She
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emphasizes that current omics technologies allows for precise enhancements to foods such as delayed
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ripening that can reduce food waste or increased vitamin content to address malnutrition. Plants could
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even be vehicles for vaccines or could be used to generate high quality sustainable biofuels. Despite the
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potential benefits of these new products, scientists and regulators will be challenged to tread carefully to
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protect public safety and the environment.
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Minimizing the development of resistance to existing herbicides and insecticides is a focus of integrated
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pest management programs. However, advancements in the discovery and development of novel and
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more effective agrochemical products will be required to address pests which are resistant to existing
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modes of action. New agrochemical products typically require 10 years or more to progress from
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discovery to the marketplace. Many new products are simply variations on an existing active compound,
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sometimes termed “me-too chemistry”. Liu et al. 7 describe an approach known as the intermediate
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derivitization method which is designed to accelerate the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. A
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number of specific examples are provided where this approach has been successful in developing highly
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effective new products.
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Finally, future scientists working in agricultural research will face daunting challenges to support the
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production of abundant, safe, and nutritious food in a sustainable manner for an increasing global
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population. As part of the IUPAC Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, a special interactive workshop
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symposium was held entitled “Developing Global Leaders for Research, Regulation, and Stewardship of
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Crop Protection Chemistry in the 21st Century”. Unsworth et al.8 provides an overview of the outcomes
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and major findings from the symposium. The authors provide specific proposals to attract the best
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scientists to agricultural science, to provide opportunities to study and conduct research on crop
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protection topics, and to improve science communication skills. Specifically, industry groups should
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increase their outreach to schools, colleges, and universities to increase the visibility and understanding of
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the importance of agricultural science. Long term funding sources for crop protection research are needed
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to facilitate training of new scientists. Partnerships between academic and industry scientists will be
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required to develop well-balanced curricula including the fundamentals of chemical, physical, and
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biological sciences with additional courses on emerging technologies in crop protection, computer
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modeling, risk assessment, and regulatory issues.
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References
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(1) Ragsdale, N. 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry in association with Division
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of Agrochemicals – ACS 248th National Meeting, August 10-14 2014, San Francisco, California.
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Outlooks on Pest Management 2014, 25, 304-311.
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(2) Ziska, L. H.; McConnell, L. L. Climate change, carbon dioxide, and pest biology: monitor, mitigate,
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manage. J Agric. Food Chem. 2015, DOI: 10.1021/jf506101h.
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(3) Berenbaum, M. R. Does the honey bee “risk cup” runneth over? Estimating aggregate exposures for
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assessing pesticide risks to honey bees in agroecosystems. J Agric. Food Chem. 2015, DOI:
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10:1021/acs.jafc.5b01067.
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(4) Ambrus, A. International harmonization of food safety assessment of pesticide residues. J Agric. Food
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Chem. 2015, DOI: 10:1021/jf505854w
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(5) Ambrus, A.; Yang, Y. Z. Global harmonization of maximum residue limits for pesticides. J Agric.
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Food Chem. 2015, DOI: 10.1021/jf505347z.
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(6) Van Emon, J. Omics revolution in agricultural research. J Agric. Food Chem. 2015, DOI:
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10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04515.
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(7) Liu, C.; Guan, A.; Yang, J.; Chai, B; Li, M.; Li, H.; Yang, J.; Xie, Y Efficient approach to discover
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novel agrochemical candidates: intermediate derivatization method, J Agric. Food Chem. 2015, DOI:
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10.1021/jf5054707.
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(8) Unsworth, J. B.; Corsi, C.; Van Emon, J. M., Farenhorst, A.; Hamilton, D. J.; Howard, C. J.; Hunter,
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R.; Jenkins, J. J.; Kleter, G. A.; Kookana, R. S. Developing global leaders for research, regulation, and
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stewardship of crop protection chemistry in the 21st century. J Agric. Food Chem. 2015, DOI:
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10.1021/jf5060744.
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