1 9 6 3 STARTING SALARIES • Starting salaries paid to graduating chemists and chemical engineers averaged 5% higher than 1962 levels • B.S. chemistry graduates reported the largest over-all salary increases • Industry continues to attract the largest number of new chemists and chemical engineers and also pays them the most • Academic salaries advanced nearly 7% over 1962 levels but still continue to be the lowest for all types of chemical employment • With the exception of New England, employers in eastern states usually pay better salaries than those west of the Mississippi • Chemical engineers' salaries vary little from state to state or from industry to industry • An unusually large number of 1963 M.S. chemical engineers accepted graduate study appointments • Less than 0.2% of recent graduates were unable to find new employment
DAVID A. H. ROETHEL, Manager, Professional and Government Relations, American Chemical Society
Starting Salaries of Inexperienced* Chemists and Chemical Engineers Median Monthly Starting Salaries % Increase 1963 1962
Chemist graduates
Bachelors Men Women Masters Doctors
$500 525 450 578 825
$541 550 473 600 850
8.2 4.8 5.1 3.8 3.0
$560 560 560 645
$590 590 598 665 900
5.4 5.4 6.8 3.1 2.9
Chemical engineer graduates
Bachelors 4-year curriculum 5-year curriculum Masters Doctors
* With lees than 26 weeks of prior work experience.
132
C&EN
OCT. 28,
1963
Starting salaries for the 1963 class of graduating chemists and chemical engineers advanced 3 to 8% over levels reported a year ago (C&EN, Nov. 5, 1962, page 104), according to data obtained by ACS from nearly 3200 new professionals. The somewhat checkered pattern of increases was led by bachelors in chemistry, who recorded the highest over-all increases. For the inexperienced graduates in this group, the median monthly starting salary moved up 8.2% to $541 a month from $500 in 1962. Not far behind were bachelors in chemical engineering who showed a 5.4% increase to $590 a month this year. Graduates with advanced degrees in chemistry and chemical engineering reported somewhat smaller increases. Inexperienced chemists with a master's degree, for example, received a median monthly starting sal-
RISE 3 TO 8% ary of $600, a rise of 3.8%. Similarly, Ph.D/s in chemistry improved their 1963 salaries by 3.0% to $850 a month. In chemical engineering, master's graduates jumped 3.1% to $665 a month, and engineers with a doctor's degree advanced 2.9% to $900. Over-all, chemists led chemical engineers in salary improvements by 5.5 to 5.0%. This difference is slight, indicating these two branches of the chemical profession are rated about equal in the matter of salary increases. Experienced
Graduates
The annual ACS starting salary surveys, upon which these data are based, are designed primarily to elicit salary information from recent graduates who have little or no prior work experience. Yet, changing educational patterns and cooperative study programs regularly produce reports from students who have spent part of their school years working in some technical capacity. For purposes of definition, graduates with less than 26 weeks of such experience (about two summers) are regarded as inexperienced, and those with 26 or more weeks are classified as experienced. Traditionally, graduates in the latter category report higher salaries; 1963 was no exception. These increases were not always as large as might be expected, though. For example, B.S. graduates in chemistry with some prior work experience reported median starting salaries that were only about $10 a month higher than those of their inexperienced brethren. The same was true for chemical engineers at the B.S. level. Graduates with higher degrees and more experience, however, reported significantly higher salaries than their counterparts with essentially no work experience. These ranged as high as $56 a month more for experienced M.S. chemistry graduates. The highest paid group of all from the 1963 survey consisted of chemical engineers with a doctor's degree. Those in this category who were experienced reported a median salary of $945 a month to start. Hence, the day when new graduates regularly receive starting salaries of $1000 a month or more is nearly here.
C&EN feature
Ranges in Monthly Starting Salaries for inexperienced Chemists $940 $900 $850 $746 $660 Upper 10% Upper 25% Median
$595 $575 $541
Lower 25%
$460
Lower 10%
$400
Esssa
$625
$600 $520
$541
$438
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$625 $600 $590 $575 $550
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OCT. 2 8, 196 3 C&EN
133
Starting Salaries of Experienced* Chemists and Chemical Engineers Median Monthly Starting Salaries
Chemist graduates
1962
Bachelors Masters Doctors
$529 620 840
1963
% Increase
$550 656 875
4.0 5.8 4.2
$600 703 945
3.3 4.0 8.0
Chemical engineer graduates
Bachelors Masters Doctors
$580 676 875
* With 26 or more weeks of prior employment.
Some Employers Pay More Continuing past practice, industrial employment still attracts t h e greatest number of recent graduates in chemistry and chemical engineering and also pays them the most. Among the 1963 class, for example, 65% of chemists and 9 0 % of chemical engineers went to work in industry for an overall average of 77%. This year, B.S. chemistry graduates who accepted industrial employment
reported a median salary of $550, up somewhat from the $525 of a year ago. Among inexperienced chemical engineers, the median beginning salary was $590 a month. For chemistry graduates, most industries pay well, although some do considerably better than others. Those which paid appreciably more than average for the 1963 class of bachelor graduates and their median salaries were: rubber, $578 a month; textiles, $575; paper, $573; and plas-
tics, $573. Again, the biological and pharmaceutical industry was low man on the salary totem pole at $483 a month. One probable reason for this involves the relatively large number of women chemists who are employed in this industry. Historically, their salaries have usually been somewhat lower than those of men. One interesting sidelight provided by examination of salary data in industry concerns the attraction of various kinds of industrial employment for chemists and chemical engineers. Notable in this respect is the missiles and rocketry field, which last year attracted nearly 1 1 % of recent B.S. chemistry graduates. This year the total was down to 3 % , insufficient even to calculate a salary median. For B.S. chemical engineers, however, the proportion held steady at about 6% for both 1962 and 1963. The picture is quite different for B.S. chemists in the paper industry, which had reported no new hires among last year's class, but attracted 5% in 1963. Chemists accepting academic employment usually cluster at the lower end of the pay scale, and did so again in 1963. Low salaries, however, do not appear to be a deterrent since sizable numbers of chemists accept such positions. Considerably more chemists (16%) than chemical engineers ( 2 % ) do so. These figures
Salaries of Inexperienced Graduates by Employer Salary
Chemists Industry Schools Research institutions Government Government contractors
BACHELORS % in Field
Salary
MASTERS % in Field
Salary
DOCTORS % in Field
$550 403
72.8 5.3
$650 486
49.4 24.7
$900 621
60.9 26.1
435 462
10.9 8.0
* *
9.4 8.2
850 733
4.2 5.0
*
3.0
*
8.2
*
3.8
$590 *
91.1 1.4
$665 *
94.5 *
$929 *
70.4 18.5
* 513
2.2 2.4
* •
1.8 *
* *
3.7 3.7
578
2.9
•
3.7
*
3.7
Chemical engineers Industry Schools Research institutions Government Government contractors * Not calculable.
134
C&EN
OCT. 2 8, 196 3
are up slightly from 1958 when 10% of chemists and 1% of chemical en gineers took academic jobs. For chemists going into teaching, the median monthly starting salaries were improved nearly 7% over 1962 levels. This year, they were as fol lows: bachelors, $403; masters, $486; doctors, $621. There were not enough chemical engineers going into this kind of work to calculate median starting salaries. A partial explanation for these low figures is the fact that salaries reported by academicians are normalized to a 12-month basis. Thus a $600-a-month teaching salary for a 10-month year reduces to $500 a month over 12 months. Whether this practice should be continued is currently under study, since many teachers supplement their regular income with consulting and/ or summer work. Where to Go? For chemistry graduates, the geo graphic answer to this question can be significant. Those receiving a bachelor's degree in 1963, for exam ple, found considerable variance in different sections of the country, rang ing from a $450-a-month starting sal ary in New England to $554 in the South Atlantic states. The East North Central section of the country and the West Coast also were good for these graduates, where starting sala ries of $550 and $554 a month, re spectively, were paid to those with little work experience. This year, for the first time, use of machine methods made it possi ble to sift salary survey data on a state basis. Among those states in which 10 or more recent inexperi enced graduates went to work, Dela ware and Ohio led the field in salaries. The median reported by bachelors in chemistry in these two states was $575 a month, considerably higher than the national median of $541. Similarly, inexperienced chemistry Ph.D/s in Delaware reported beginning salaries $50 higher than the national level. While Delaware, one of the small est states, paid the highest starting salaries, it was New York which paid the lowest median starting salary to B.S. chemists, according to the sur vey findings. Bachelors in chemis try who accepted employment in New York State reported a median monthly starting salary of only $510. How ever, the largest proportion (16%) of
Industrial Starting Salaries Vary Inexperienced Chemists Bachelors Doctors Salary % in Field Salary % in Field
Industrial Over-All Biological and pharmaceutical Chemicals Electronics Missiles and rocketry Paints and coatings Paper Petroleum Photographic Plastics Rubber Textiles Other
Inexperienced Chemical Engineers Bachelors Salary % in Field
$550
72.8
$900
60.9
$590
91.1
483 560 *
15.1 21.0 1.5
* 900
5.6 44.1 5.6
585 590 580
3.0 30.7 3.3
*
3.0
*
6.3
580
5.8
550 573 * 568 573 578 575 546
5.9 4.9 4.4 5.9 7.8 5.9 7.3 17.6
* * 905
1.4 0.7 10.5 1.4 8.4 1.4 7.0 7.7
* 585 600
1.9 4.4 11.9 2.5 10.2 5.2 7.5 13.5
•
•
888 * 883 917
•
600 580 600 575
* Insufficient data to calculate medians.
Some Work in the Summer or as Graduate Students Median Monthly Stipends Bachelors
Summer employees Graduate students
$500 225
Chemists Masters
$500 232
Doctors
*
$540**
Chemical Engineers Bachelors Masters
$535 240
$625 243
* Median not calculable. ** Postgraduate fellows.
More Chemists Than Chemical Engineers Seek Advanced Degrees STUDENTS ENTERING GRADUATE STUDY·
40o/o
30%
20%
10%
0% 1958
1959
1960
1961
1963
1962
* Based on ACS starting salary survey data.
C&ΕΝ
135
recent graduates went to work there. Among Ph.D/s in chemistry, the lowest paying state in the calculable group was Connecticut with a median of $582. But, examination of the questionnaires of the 3.5% of doctors who accepted employment in this New
England state showed that most had gone into teaching positions, which oftem are characterized by lower pay.
large number of recent graduates who report the stipends they accept as teaching or research assistants while pursuing graduate studies. Examination of such data provides a clue to the over-all educational picture of chemistry and chemical engineering.
Other Ways to Earn Another interesting aspect of the annual ACS starting salary surveys is the
MEDIAN MONTHLY STARTING SALARIES
Geography Makes a Difference
• B.S. Chemists A Ph.D. Chemists * B . S . Chemical Engineers (4-year graduates)
«544~—rrG-%^
m
•r$720 — 18.1 %J lr$598 — 8.5* Γ 4r\çluding Alaska
• $525-^3-6.% À-$75(M- 4.5% *$590-^5.0% • r 2.0% A — - f 2.8% *~$585 -f- 2.7%
•^$550^-25.0%! A;$816^-13.9°4 *i$590i-19M>
BIT row» ·φ54—ΗΜ A$87fc~~î$?«
Φ 2.9%" A $800— 6.1% * $600 — 12.4$
• $4!75_i2% A$8|75 — 4 | % *$390—J7£%
*HOW TO READ; Using the West Coast states as an example, 11.0% inexperienced B.S. chemists live in these states; they received a median start!na salary of $544.
Starting Salaries by StateInexperienced Chemists
State California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan N e w Jersey N e w York Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia W e s t Virginia
Salary
$542 He
575 540
* * * * 538 534 510 575 550
* * * *
Bachelors
C&EN
OCT.
2 8, 196 3
Inexperienced Chemical Engineers Bachelors Salary % in State
Salary
% in State
8.7 2.9 3.6 6.2
$790 582 900 673
14.5 3.5 6.0 5.0
$590 583 605 590
6.7 3.7 2.5 6.2
1.8
580 579 592 590
2.7 2.7 3.5 3.0 2.2 5.5 10.0 6.5 4.5 4.5 8.7 3.2 5.2
2.0 1.3 0.3 1.3 7.2 10.4 16 3 ' 8.1 5.2 0.7 2.6 1.3 1.3
* Medians computed only for states with 10 or more graduates.
136
Doctors
% in State
* * * •
870 880 875 •
900 875 772
* *
* * 1.4 3.5 11.7 6.7 3.2 7.4 3.5 5.0 1.1 1.4
* 595 600 590 578 600 600 600 600
This year, 37% of B.S. graduates and 38% of M.S. graduates in chemistry went on for further studies. By contrast, only 6% of bachelors in chemical engineering took up graduate work. These proportions are pretty much in line with those reported by respondents to past salary surveys. One marked change was observed in the M.S. chemical engineering group, however, where 23% indicated further graduate work was in the offing. This is a big jump from the 13% in this category who went on after getting their M.S. degree in 1962. Whether this indicates a trend and an appreciation for higher education among chemical engineers will have to be determined from future surveys. The monthly stipends paid to assistants doing graduate work ranged between $225 and $243 a month. For some, this was the amount paid on a nine-month basis; in some other institutions the figure was paid for 10 months* service. No attempt was made to normalize these differences. Following a growing practice, many Ph.D.'s in chemistry continue to do postdoctoral research work rather than accepting full-time employment after graduation. By and large, these candidates are interested in specialized study that will lead to academic appointments in leading institutions. About 18% of the 1963 class of chemistry doctors reported postdoctoral stipends, the median for which was $540 a month. This was down from the $600 they received last year. Summer employment also attracts some graduates, probably those contemplating further study. If so, this interpretation would increase the proportion of students planning to enter graduate school over the figures reported above. For example, adding the 292 summer workers to the 418 graduate assistants who reported indicates that 63% of chemistry students were interested in continuing their education above the baccalaureate level. Similarly, for B.S. chemical engineers, adding 169 summer workers to the 47 graduate assistants yields a total of about 26%, compared to the 6% mentioned previously. Summer earnings were $500 a month for B.S. and M.S. chemistry graduates; $535 for bachelor chemical engineers; and $625 for chemical engineers with a master's degree. Based on yearly findings, the ACS starting salary surveys easily could
paraphrase the familiar Gertrude Stein poem to read: "A chemical engineer is a chemical engineer is a chemical engineer . . . ," for considerably fewer factors seem to affect salary patterns among chemical engineers than among chemists. From one end of the country to the other, for example, engineers' salaries in 1963 again were clustered closely about the national median of $590 a month. In industry, the picture was much the same, with salaries ranging over a narrow band from a low of $575 in the "other" industries category to $600 a month in the petroleum, plastics, and textiles industries. Even in different employer classifications, ranges were not nearly so great as for recent graduates in chemistry. Examination of accompanying salary percentiles also shows that considerably smaller differences existed in chemical engineering salaries between the bottom and the top of the pay scale. Inexperienced chemical engineering graduates with a bachelor's degree this year reported salaries which differed by only $75 between the lowest 10% and highest 10% of the class. By contrast, this difference amounted to $195 a month for B.S. chemistry graduates. One major reason for the uniformity in chemical engineering salaries derives from the fact that considerably more chemical engineers than chemists accept industrial employment. As pointed out earlier, some 91% of B.S. engineers did so; only 73% of B.S. chemists went into industry. Yet in industry, engineers consistently fare better, $590 vs. $550 a month for chemists. Providing an answer to the question "Why?" for this phenomenon is not too difficult. Mostly, it stems from a feeling by employers that chemical engineers with a new bachelor's degree are better prepared to do practical applied work, whereas B.S. chemists often are regarded as having mastered only the fundamentals of their science. Yet, the higher salaries paid by industry to chemical engineers may lure more of them away from possible graduate study. And this lure may stem from a concern by employers about the future supply of engineers, especially in view of reports about decreasing enrollments of new students. For the time being, this appears to be a chicken and egg situation with only one potential imbalance on the horizon. That con-
No. $) H in the ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES Reactions of Coordination Ligands and Homogeneous Catalysis The 18 papers in this volume explore an area which has recently taken on renewed life.
All given before the Symposium In
Homogeneous Catalysis and Reactions of Coordinated Ligands held by the Division of Inorganic Chemistry at the 141st ACS National Meeting in March 1962, they represent timely material. Coordination chemists now are paying more attention to the ligands. Major developments which spotlight this area are (1) biochemical research which reveals the role of coordinated metal ions in biochemical synthesis and in energy storage and transfer, (2) the search for polymers which can withstand high temperatures, in turn, uncovering interesting ligand reactions, and (3) the discovery of the oxoand the Ziegler-Natta catalytic syntheses which focus interest on coordination compounds as reaction intermediates. Further investigation into ligand reactions is bound to b- fruitful. If you are working anywhere in this field, you will need this volume as part of your literature. 255 pages. Paper bound. Price: $7.00
Order from: Special Issues Sales American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth Street, N.W Washington 6, D. C.
OCT. 28, 1963 C&EN
137
Who Reported
Anthranilamides? il H C-N-R
Bachelor degree graduates
Inexperienced Experienced Graduate assistants Summer Military Unemployed
Chemists
Chemical Engineers
310 91 418 292 17 1128
414 182 47 169 23 2 837
84 85 118 18 3 2 310
54 66 40 11 4 1 176
285 218 116 8 627
27 63 1
~~9T
2065
1104
NH2
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in the ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
NEW APPROACHES TO PEST CONTROL AND ERADICATION This roundup of "new approaches" in pesticide research provides broad yet specific background for further research in this fast-changing field. These eight papers, mostly by research men in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, were given before a symposium sponsored by the Pesticides Subdivision of the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry at the 142nd Meeting of the ACS in September 1962. New approaches include eradication of species... chemosterilants . . . the development of insect attractants... the discovery of "antifeeding" compounds . . . the breeding of field crops for insect resistance and disease resistance. Continued energetic research is needed to keep ahead of insect encroachment. If you are interested in a "bird's-eye view" of recent insecticide research, this volume offers you a unique vantage point. It will have lasting reference value for those at work on this urgent problem.
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Order from: Special Issues Sales American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036
138
Master degree graduates
C&EN
OCT. 28,
1963
cerns the unusually big jump in the number of M.S. chemical engineers going on for graduate study, as mentioned earlier. The Survey These starting salary surveys are conducted annually at the request of the Society's Committee on Professional Relations and Status, which feels a responsibility toward supplying chemists and chemical engineers with current economic information. The data are elicited anonymously from students graduating from departments of chemistry and chemical engineering approved by ACS. This year, certified graduates from 264 departments of chemistry and 61 departments of chemical engineering were contacted during the summer months. A total of 6741 questionnaires were so distributed, and by early September, 3440 (51%) had been returned. The 3169 usable returns included 2065 from chemists and 1104 from chemical engineers. Last year's prediction that the 1963 class of graduating chemists and chem-
ical engineers would report higher salaries than their 1962 counterparts has proved accurate. Yet, it was a fairly safe evaluation to make since starting salaries have increased almost without exception since these surveys began in 1952. Coupling this with the observation that less than 0.2% of the 1963 class was unemployed at the time of the survey indicates that opportunities still are sound in the chemical profession for new people. Where matters stand for chemists and chemical engineers with more experience is another matter. Currently, the ACS staff is evaluating salary data on the profession as a whole provided by the National Science Foundation and plans to have a comprehensive report on experienced salaries in the near future.
Single free reprints of this starting salary report are available from the ACS Office of Professional and Government Relations
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the center carbon, but 87.2% on the terminal carbons. Studies with sub stituted aliènes by Dr. Jacobs and coworkers may further clarify the sensitivity of these systems to position of attack. The Esso Research workers noted that the selectivity of attack of thiyl radicals at the terminal carbons increases with decreasing reaction temperature; at 17° C , it is 8 8 % , but at - 7 5 ° C , it is 9 5 % . Since in the case of unsymmetrically substituted mono- and diolefins the reaction path involving the more stable of the possible radical intermediates is preferred, it would appear, at first glance, that attack at the center carbon of aliène would be favored. The Esso Research group believes that the terminal attack is a consequence of the special geometry of aliène. The incipient radical from a center attack resembles a primary alkyl radical rather than an allylic one since the orbital of the odd electron does not overlap with the 7r-orbitals of the remaining double bond, according to the Esso chemists. In another study, Daniel Hall, Dr. Griesbaum, and Dr. Oswald find that adding a different thiol to the allylic sulfide monoadduct of aliène gives mixed diadducts of aliène (unsymmetrical trimethylene bis-sulfides). Because of the low reactivity of the radical intermediate, it is important, they emphasize, to use an excess of a highly reactive thiol in the second addition step to avoid an allylic reversal with consequent interchange of thiyl groups. The Esso Research group is continuing research in this area, Dr. Oswald says. Experiments under way extend the co-oxidation reaction to thiol acids such as thiolacetic acid and dialkyldithiophosphoric acid. True rates of addition of thiyl radicals to unsaturated hydrocarbons are being determined by studying competitive addition and co-oxidation reactions with various thiols. The investigations will be further extended to other reagents which participate in reactions with unsaturated hydrocarbons involving radical abstraction and coupling, Dr. Oswald concludes.
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