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Multiple color generating Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) thin film solar cells via dichroic film incorporation for power generating window applications Gang Yeol Yoo, Jae Seung Jeong, Soyoung Lee, Youngki Lee, Hee Chang Yoon, Van Ben Chu, Gi Soon Park, Yun Jeong Hwang, Woong Kim, Byoung Koun Min, and Young Rag Do ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01416 • Publication Date (Web): 13 Apr 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on April 13, 2017

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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Multiple color generating Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 thin film solar cells via dichroic film incorporation for power generating window applications Gang Yeol Yoo§,⊥, Jae-seung Jeong†, ‡,⊥, Soyoung Lee∥, Youngki Lee∥, Hee Chang Yoon∥, Van Ben Chu†, #, Gi Soon Park†, ‡, Yun Jeong Hwang†,#, Woong Kim§, Byoung Koun Min*,†,‡,# and Young Rag Do*,∥

†

Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-

dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea. ‡

Green School, Korea University, Anam-dong Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Republic of

Korea. §

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong Seongbuk-

gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea ∥

Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Jeongneung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul

02707, Republic of Korea. #

Korea University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, 217 Gajeongro Yuseong-

gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea. ⊥

G. Y. Yoo and J. S. Jeong contributed equally to this work.

KEYWORDS: CIGS solar cell, power-generating window applications, one-dimensional photonic crystal dichroic film, blue-mirror-yellow-pass dichroic film, building-integrated photovoltaics.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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Abstract There are four prerequisites when applying all types of thin-film solar cells to powergenerating window photovoltaics (PVs): high power generation efficiency, longevity and high durability, semi-transparency or partial light transmittance, and colorful/aesthetic value. Solid-type thin-film Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS), or Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) PVs nearly meet the first two criteria discussed thus far, making them promising candidates for power-generating window applications if they can transmit light to some degree and generate color with good aesthetic value. In this study, the mechanical scribing process removes 10% of the window CIGSSe thin-film solar cell with vacant line patterns to provide a partial light-transmitting CIGSSe PV module to meet the third requirement. The last concept of creating distinct colors could be met by the addition of reflectance colors of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PC) dichroic film on the black part of a partial light-transmitting CIGSSe PV module. Beautiful violet and blue colors were created on the cover glass of a black-colored CIGSSe PV module via the addition of 1D PC blue-mirror-yellow-pass dichroic film to improve the aesthetic value of the outside appearance. As a general result from the low EQE and absorption of CIGSSe PVs below a wavelength of 400 nm, the harvesting efficiency and short-circuit photocurrent of CIGSSe PVs were reduced by only ~10% without reducing the open-circuit voltage (VOC) owing to the reduced overlap between the absorption spectrum of CIGSSe PV and the reflectance spectrum of the 1D PC blue-mirror-yellow-pass dichroic film. The combined technology of partial-vacancy scribed CIGSSe PV modules and blue 1D PC dichroic film can provide a simple strategy to be applied to violet/blue power-generating window applications, as such a strategy can improve the transparency and aesthetic value without significantly sacrificing the harvesting efficiency of the CIGSSe PV modules.


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Introduction Due to the increased concern over climate change, particularly global warming, solar energy conversion to electricity is increasing in popularity in recent years. Photovoltaic (PV) systems can produce considerable amounts of electrical energy when installed on the ground, on roof tops, and even on building walls (building-integrated photovoltaics, BIPV).1-3 The development of PV technologies has accelerated global PV system installations, resulting in a worldwide capacity which exceeds 227 GW as of 2015.4 In addition, growth has increased by 25% on a year-on-year basis. In addition to the substantial amount of electricity produced through PV plants, recent interest is now focusing on distributed and on-site electricity generation systems as a global trend toward the utilization of energy sources associated with rapid urbanization around the world. Such a localized electricity generation system, often termed a microgrid, is able to operate while the main grid is down, thus strengthening grid resilience and helping to mitigate grid disturbances.5,6 In addition, the use of local sources of energy to serve local loads helps reduce energy losses during transmission and distribution, further increasing the efficiency of the electric delivery system. A typical example of a microgrid electricity generation system would be a BIPV system, where solar cells are part of the building envelope material and participate in the generation of electric power. While crystalline silicon (c-Si) remains the dominant BIPV technology, thin-film types of PV materials such as amorphous silicon (a-Si)7 copper indium di-selenide (CISe),8 copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGSe),9 cadmium telluride (CdTe),10 and certain organics11,12 and perovskites13 are also applicable in BIPV systems. Among the many types of BIPV applications, however, solar cells which can be used in power-generating windows are very limited because they require transmission properties for



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the visible regions of sunlight in addition to light absorption capabilities for electricity generation. These are conflicting functions; therefore, optimized conditions are required. Another requirement would be an attractive appearance (e.g., color) of solar cell windows. Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and perovskite thin-film PVs are considered thus far to be the most promising candidates for power-generating window applications due to their useful characteristics (e.g., semi-transparency, colorfulness, affordability).11-13 Furthermore, both semi-transparent OPVs and perovskite PVs recently adopted one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PC) films for the back sides of solar cells to create a decorative color value in addition to an additional improvement in energy harvesting capabilities owing to the recycling process of light transmitted by 1D PC dielectric mirrors.14-19 However, currently it is agreed upon that both OPVs and perovskite PVs remain associated with serious shortcomings such as poor durability and moisture instability, preventing their wider use in practical applications.20,21 These hurdles mainly arise from the use materials sensitive to light, temperature and/or moisture in the OPV or perovskites PV devices. Solid-type solar cells (e.g., inorganic thin-film solar cells) will therefore be an attractive alternative for powergenerating window applications if they can transmit light to some degrees.22,23 Thin-film solar cells based on inorganic materials have been already proved to be durable enough and cost effective. Particularly, thin-film solar cells fabricated with a chalcopyrite compound with CuInxGa1-xSySe2-y (CIGSSe) film used as an absorber layer have been considered as the most promising thin-film solar cells due to advantages such as their high power conversion efficiency and good long-term stability.22,23 More importantly, they can be fabricated on transparent conducting glass substrates, offering the possibility of light transmission, which is critical for power-generating window applications.9 There are two ways to realize light transmission in all types of thin-film solar cells for window applications: using entirely semi-transparent cells or cells that partially transmit light.


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However, as noted above, light transmission and solar cell performance are conflicting functions; thus, semi-transparent thin-film solar cells are not likely to provide high solar cell efficiency. Meanwhile, we can secure light transmission through a scribing area (partial lighttransmitting PV) which is necessarily formed during the fabrication of the photovoltaic modules in CIGSSe thin-film solar cells for practical use. Depending on the module design (e.g., the scribing width or the interval)24 (see Figure 1a), the degree of light transmission is controllable. Moreover, a vacant area of 10% due to scribing can result in sufficient light transmission while also allowing the use to sufficiently look out of the window. However, there remains an unsolved problem in power-generating window applications of CIGSSe thin-film photovoltaic modules related to their appearance or aesthetics, as general CIGSSe thin-film solar cells are black in color. To improve the aesthetics (color appearances) of both the outside and inside views of black CIGSSe photovoltaic modules, the very promising concept of creating colors with the addition of reflectance color on the black film can be realized by adding 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films onto the front cover glass or inside of glass substrate of partially light-transmitting CIGSSe solar cells. In this study, in order to fabricate light-transmitting, colorful, and cost-effective power-generating windows, we introduced solution-processed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules constructed on transparent conducting glass substrates with 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films. By applying various colored 1D PC dichroic films to the outside or inside of the CIGSSe photovoltaic modules, colorful and aesthetic value-added CIGSSe thin-film photovoltaic modules were realized. We also investigated the influence of the 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films on the PV performance level as well as the light-transmission ability to reach the optimum conditions of power-generating window applications of CIGSSe thin-film photovoltaic modules.



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EXPERIENTAL METHODS 1. Fabrication of CIGSSe solar cell Solar cell devices were fabricated according to the conventional structure of back contact electrode/CIGSSe/CdS/i-ZnO/n-ZnO. Different from the general use of Mo back contact electrode glass substrate indium tin oxide (ITO) glass was used to secure partial transmission of sunlight for power generating window applications. A CIGSSe absorber film was prepared by solution based method which was previously developed by our laboratory.25 A 60 nm-thick CdS buffer layer was prepared on the CIGS film by chemical bath deposition (CBD), and iZnO (50 nm)/Al-doped n-ZnO (500 nm) were deposited by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering method. The solar cell module was fabricated by three-steps scribing process: P1, P2, and P3, which will be discussed in the results and discussion part in detail. The widths of P1, P2, and P3 were 35, 50, and 470 µm, respectively, and the distances between P1 and P2, and P2 and P3 were measured and found to be 50 µm.

2. Fabrication of a 1D PC dichroic blue reflective filter (BRF), a yellow reflective filter (YRF) and a red reflective filter (RRF) 1D PC dichroic BRF, YRF and RRF were fabricated on a cover glass substrate. For the design of the 1D PC dichroic BRF, YRF and RRF nano-multilayer films, the characteristic matrix method was used to simulate the reflectance (R), transmittance (T), and absorption (A). Nano-multilayered films (terminal eighth-wave-thick TiO2 and quarter-wave-thick SiO2 nano-multilayered films ((0.5TiO2/SiO2/0.5TiO2)9, BRF)) and (terminal eighth-wave-thick SiO2 and quarter-wave-thick TiO2 nano-multilayered films ((0.5SiO2/TiO2/0.5SiO2)9, YRF and RRF)) were coated onto glass substrates using an e-beam evaporator.26-28 Table 1 shows


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the thickness of SiO2 and TiO2 nano-multilayered films

3. Characterization The current–voltage (I–V) of CIGSSe thin-film solar cells were measured using a Keithley 2401 source unit with a 150 W Xenon lamp (Newport). The light source was calibrated by a KG-5 filter covering a mono-silicon standard sample. All I–V measurements for CIGSSe photovoltaic modules and 1D PC dichroic films attached onto the outside and inside CIGSSe photovoltaic modules were under one sun illumination. All transmittance spectra were measured using S-3100 device (Scinco Co. Ltd.), and the diffusive reflectance spectra were measured using a LS-F100HS source unit with a 100 W halogen lamp (PSI). Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images were obtained using a JSM-7610F device (JEOL).

Results and discussion In general, CIGSSe thin-film PV modules are fabricated based on the three scribing processes termed P1, P2, and P3 here, as described in Figures 1a and b. P1, the step of ablating the back contact electrode material (e.g., Mo, ITO) for the isolation of individual single cells, is achieved by a laser scribing method, while P2 (the ablation of the i-ZnO, buffer and absorber layers for the connection between the front and back contact electrode) and P3 (the ablation of the window, buffer, and absorber layers for the complete isolation of neighboring cells) are realized by a mechanical scribing method. If a glass substrate with a Mo back contact electrode is used, however, P3 also requires a laser scribing process to secure the area of light transmission by removing the opaque Mo region for power-generation



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window applications. Meanwhile, laser scribing for P3 is not necessary when a transparent conducting glass substrate (e.g., ITO) is used as a back-contact electrode. In the absence of Mo, however, a Schottky barrier forms between the CIGSSe and ITO back contact, resulting in photocurrent loss.9 To overcome this problem while retaining the ITO back contact electrode, we initially deposited Mo onto an ITO glass substrate (see Figure 1c) in an area other than that for P3 scribing using a mask during the Mo evaporation process while also securing the bare ITO area followed by P1 scribing of the Mo and ITO layer. CIGSSe absorber layer was then prepared by solution paste coating and subsequent heat treatments: sulfurization and selenization which has been well established by our laboratory.25 CdS buffer and i-ZnO window layers were prepared by chemical bath deposition and sputtering method, respectively followed by P2 scribing. Finally, AZO layer was then deposited by sputtering and then P3 scribing was performed to be series connection of individual single cells. Due to the module formation dead area between P1 and P3 scribed regions was created which led to the allowance of light transmission in our device architecture. The completed solution-processed CIGSSe thin-film photovoltaic module was seen in a photograph (see Figure 1d, inset). The transmittance property, solar cell performance and absorption spectra of this device were also seen in Figures 1d, e and in Figure S1, respectively. Using these solution-processed CIGSSe thin-film photovoltaic modules 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films were applied to realize colorful and aesthetic device architectures as schematically described in Figures 2a and b. Two different device structures were constructed and analyzed by adding 1D PC dichroic films onto the outside and inside of CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. Most previous studies of colorful semitransparent solar cells focused on improving the colors by adding the transmission spectrum of the solar cell and the


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reflectance spectrum of a 1D PC dielectric mirror. Here, we focus on color generation by covering the reflectance spectrum of 1D PC dichroic film on partial light-transmitting black solution-processed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. As shown in Figure 1d, the transmission spectrum of the partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules covers the entire white wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm with low transmission (< 10%), appearing black in color. If these partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules are used as BIPV powergenerating windows, the outside and inside appearances would not be very attractive as part of the interior and exterior designs of buildings. Generally, black when used on CIGS photovoltaic modules restricts the use of the BIPV system to sun shades, roof covers, or exterior wall materials. CIGS photovoltaic modules cannot be applied as a power-generating window before the partially vacant and light-transmitting areas are created by a mechanical scribing process. Thus, it is necessary to meet the four requirements of high power generation, longevity and high durability, a partial light-transmitting structure, and good color appearance for the BIPV power-generating window applications. Comparing the loss scale of the powergenerating efficiency while fabricating semitransparent solar cells by modifying the highest quality solar cells, the significantly lower efficiency scales of semi-transparent OPVs and perovskite PVs are caused by the synergistically decreased performances of all constituent materials, i.e., the semi-transparent or fully transparent electron- and hole-collecting semiconductors and electrodes.14-19 However, the reduced efficiency scale of highly efficient black solar cells is only limited by the relative area ratio of the partial light-transmitting area or mechanically scribed vacant areas to the non-invasive areas. It can be speculated that the partial light-transmitting solar cells can attain higher efficiency than semi-transparent solar cells if they reach the similar transmissivity. Figure 1e shows the I−V characteristics of the 10% scribed, glass-covered, black CIGSSe photovoltaic module as a control sample for further comparisons. This module showed a VOC value of 2.51 V, a ISC value of 12.63 mA, and a fill



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factor of 62.2%, yielding an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.31% under AM1.5 100 mW cm−2 illumination. The PCE and transparency scales of partial lighttransmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules can be simply predicted by the decreased scale of the solar cell area. Figures 3a-f show the reflected and transmitted spectra, colors, and actual photographs of various 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films (see Figure S2). To design preferred colors of 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films, the transmittance and reﬂectance spectra of various 1D PC dichroic films were measured with the wavelength of the photonic bandgap, i.e., the reflectance band. As shown in Figures 3a-f, the BRF has high transmittance (>90%) at longer wavelengths and lower diffusive reflectance (∼95%) and a clear-cut square-type band shape, features which are necessary to obtain distinct colors, as well as high transmittance values (>∼95%), which are necessary to obtain the least decreased light harvest. Figures 3g-i show SEM images of the cross-sectional views and simplified diagrams of both LWPFs and SWPFs, which are well matched with the designed thicknesses of the layers with high and low indexes. It is typically considered proper to attach or incorporate 1D PC dichroic mirrors onto the inside or backside of a power-generating window PV due to the large drop in the PCE of solar cells caused by the strong reflection of illuminated light through the addition of 1D PC dichroic filters onto the outside or front side of any semitransparent PV cells. By thinking differently, in an effort to create aesthetic color values for black window PV cells, we compare the effect of attaching 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films on both the colors and the PCEs of CIGSSe photovoltaic modules designed for exterior applications. To evaluate the possibility of these 1D PC LWPFs and SWPFs for an exterior color enhancement of BIPV power-generating windows, the cells had to be illuminated from 1D PC dichroic film which covered the partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. As shown in Figures 4ac, the reflectance spectra and actual images of the combined 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films and the partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules indicate that the colors of the outer appearance are mainly determined by the reflected colors of the 1D PC dichroic films on the cover glass irrespective of black color of the CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. The actual colors and CIE x and y color coordinates (see Figures 4g-i) of the outer parts show that bluish, yellowish and reddish colors can be obtained with the simple addition of 1D PC



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dichroic filters. In the exterior coloring approach, the amount of light reaching the CIGSSe photovoltaic module is significantly decreased in the yellow- and red-reflecting 1D PC dichroic films; consequently, the cell performance is greatly decreased by 48-52% in terms of the partial reflection characteristics of the dielectric filter/mirror film. Both YRFs and RRFs, which are in the family of SWPFs, show decreased values of ISC (40-43% decrease) and VOC (4-5% decrease) simultaneously (see Figure 5 and Table 2). Otherwise, the PCEs of the blue CIGSSe photovoltaic modules decrease slightly from 4.90 to 4.38 or 4.22% by ~10% respectively for BRF-1 or BRF-2, as a family of LWPFs, in contrast to the large decrease in the samples of other colors (see Figure S3). It can be considered that the small decrease of the harvesting efficiency of BRFs is due to the reduced overlap between the absorption spectrum (or EQE-wavelength curve) of the CIGSSe PV and the reflectance spectrum of the 1D PC BRFs (see Figure 6). The reflected violet colors below 400 nm did not participate in the solar harvesting process of the CIGSSe PVs. The BRFs on the cover glass decrease the shortcircuit photocurrent by only ~10% without reducing the open-circuit voltage (VOC). It can be speculated that the yellowish and reddish color illuminations affect the light-harvesting performances of the partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules much more than that associated with the bluish illuminations. Therefore, it is possible to decorate blue color onto the outer appearance of the partial light-transmitting CIGSSe-window photovoltaic module without significantly jeopardizing the performances of the solar cells. Figures 4d-f also show images and the transmitted spectra of six CIGSSe photovoltaic modules with an area of 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm of 1D PC filtered cells with differently colored transmittances from the inside views of the stacking structure of the 1D PC dichroic films and the partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic module (Figure 2a). The transmittance images of the BRF-coated, partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules show yellow and orange transmission views through the scribed and vacant line-patterned area. Otherwise, the


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transmitted outside scenery through the YRF- and RRF-coated, partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules must have colors complementary, such as blue and green colors, respectively, to the reflective colors. Therefore, the 1D PC BRF can provide blue exterior color for people outside and the yellow or orange transmitted scenery from inside without significantly reducing the PCE of the partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. To confirm the effectiveness of the blue coloration of 1D PC BRFs on the exterior appearance of partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules as a beautiful powergenerating window, it is necessary to compare the effect of light-absorption-based color filters on the color and harvesting performances of the CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. We attached commercial red, green and blue color filter (RCF, GCF, and BCF)- coated cover glass onto the outside of the partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules instead of adding 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films. Figure 7 shows the transmittance and reflectance spectra of the RCF, GCF, and BCF of the types used in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) along with images of the reflected and transmitted RCF, GCF, and BCF under sun-like illumination of white light. As a result of combining the RCF, GCF, and BCF and the partial lighttransmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules, darkish RGB colors of the outer appearances can be obtained; however, the colors are not as pure as those by 1D PC dichroic filtered CIGSSe photovoltaic modules owing to the low leveled reflectance spectra of the RCF, GCF, and BCF. As shown in Figures 7d, e, the PCEs of the RGB-filtered CIGSSe photovoltaic modules decrease significantly 4.90% to 3.22%, 1.63% and 1.46%, i.e., by 34, 67, and 70%, respectively. As expected from the shapes of the band-pass filters, the B and G color filters reduce the solar-harvesting efficiency by two thirds transmission of the white spectrum; otherwise, the shape of the R filters appears as a cut-off filter with more than 80% of transmission in the red color ranges from 600 nm to near-IR colors. The relatively slight decrease of the PCE from the R-filtered partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic



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modules is caused by the wide transmission range between the red and near-IR wavelengths. Although blue colors of the outer appearance of BIPV window CIGSSe photovoltaic modules can be obtained from both the reflective band-based 1D PC BRF and the transmittance bandbased blue color filter, there is large gap in both the outer blue color appearance and the decreased values of the PCEs between both the blue 1D PC BRF and conventional BCF. Hence, 1D PC BRF dichroic filters with narrow reflective blue-band modes are better promising candidates to provide exterior blue colors to suit architects’ or customers’ aesthetic preferences. In addition to the exterior color application, interior aesthetics (colors) of powergenerating window solar cells can be obtained by attaching or incorporating various colored 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror film-coated glass onto the inside or backside of partial lighttransmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. Only a small portion of illuminated sunlight reaches the 1D PC dichromatic filters after passing through the black window solar cells owing to the strong absorption of the CIGSSe photovoltaic modules of all types of white light. The majority of sunlight is consumed by the power harvesting of the black solar cells before reaching the various 1D PC dichroic color filters on the backside of glass substrate. Therefore, the interior architectural design (see Figure 1b) of the partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules allows us to develop the aesthetic benefits of 1D PC dichroic films without jeopardizing the final window cell performance. Table 3 and Figure 8 confirms that the final PCE, ISC, and VOC values of the partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules do not change due to the use of 1D PC dichroic films on the backside glass of the CIGSSe photovoltaic modules owing to the greatest light consumption when the light passes through the black window solar cells. The reflected colors and transmitted colors of the two BRFs, two YRFs, and two RRFs decorate


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the beautiful interior colors over the black color of the partial light-transmitting CIGSSe photovoltaic modules for power-generating window applications (see Figure 8). The CIE color coordinates also confirm that all bluish, yellowish and reddish colors can be decorated onto the inside of partial light-transmitting CIGSSe black window solar cells for interior decoration purposes.

Conclusion To decorate distinctly pure colors onto the outside and inside of black-colored CIGSSe photovoltaic modules, we introduced 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films with nine layers of dielectric materials with alternative layers of materials with high and low refractive indexes (TiO2, n=2.3/SiO2, n=1.46) onto the cover glasses or inside of the substrate glasses of CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. Beautiful and pure-colored violet, blue, sky blue, yellow, orange, and red are realized by tuning the stacking orders and film thicknesses of both the high- and low-refractive-index layers and then decorated on both sides of the CIGSSe photovoltaic module. The PCEs of the blue, yellow and red 1D PC dichroic-film-decorated CIGSSe photovoltaic modules decrease from 4.90% to 4.43%, 2.36% and 2.42%, i.e., by 10, 52, and 51%, respectively. For the violet and blue colors, they decrease the PCE and shortcircuit photocurrent by only ~10% from the cover glass-coated, partial-scribed CIGSSe module without significantly reducing the open-circuit voltage (VOC). The combined technology of partial-vacancy scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules and blue 1D PC dichroic film can improve the transparency and the aesthetic (colorful) value of black CIGSSe PV when applied to power-generating window applications. Thus, the blue appearance based on the CIGSSe photovoltaic modules structured with the 1D PC dichroic film maintains 90% of the PCE of the optimized black CIGSSe module device prepared in a



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similar manner, which has the highest cell efficiency ever recorded at 22.6%.29 Therefore, 2D PC, or 3D PC as well as 1D PC film materials with a narrow-band reflectance color spectrum can be promising candidates for color-generating technology that can add aesthetic (colorful) value to partial light-transmitting black photovoltaic modules without jeopardizing the cell performance. Our results help to improve the suitability of various black, inorganic, thin-film solar cells in power-generating window applications as major applications of BIPV systems.

ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information The supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at http://pubs.acs.org. Absorption spectra of the CIGSSe film on a glaas substrate. Transmitted and diffusive reflectance spectra of various 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films in the visible spectrum. Current-voltage scanning and the relative harvesting efficiency of the partial lighttransmitting CIGSSe PV modules with various 1D PC dichroic filter/mirror films.

AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *E-mail: [email protected], [email protected].

Phone: +82-2-910-4893.

910-4415.


Fax: +82-2-

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Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the Energy Technology Development Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant (No. 20143030011530) and by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant of No.2016R1A5A1012966 and University-Institute cooperation program, funded by the Korean Government.



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Figure captions

Figure 1. (a) A schematic diagram of side view, and (b) a SEM image of a tilted top view of a CIGSSe PV module with the P1, P2, and P3 ablation patterns; (c) SEM image of a side view of a CIGSSe PV corresponding to the square region in (b). (d) The transmittance of the CIGSSe PV module, and (e) current-voltage scanning of the glass-covered CIGSSe PV module under one sun and 1.5 AM illumination. Inset is photograph of CIGSSe PV module.


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Figure 2. Schematic diagrams of two different device structures with 1D PC dichroic films onto (a) the outside and (b) inside of CIGSSe PV modules



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Figure 3. Transmittance spectra of (a) the two types of 1D PC dichroic BRF-1 and BRF-2, (b) the two types of 1D PC dichroic YRF-1 and YRF-2 and (c) the two types of 1D PC dichroic films RRF-1 and RRF-2 films. Diffusive reflectance spectra of (d) the two types of BRF-1 and BRF-2, (e) the two types of YRF-1 and YRF-2, and (f) the two types of RRF-1 and RRF2 films. The cross-sectional SEM pictures of (g) BRF-1, (h) YRF-1 and (i) RRF-1 film. The scale bar is 1 µm. Insets are actual color images of the transmittance and reflectance of the 1D PC dichroic films.


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Figure 4. Reflectance spectra of (a) the two types of 1D PC BRF, (b) the two types of 1D PC YRF, and (c) the two types of 1D PC RRF samples covered onto the outside of the cover glass of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. Transmittance spectra of (d) the two types of 1D PC BRF, (e) the two types of 1D PC YRF, and (f) the two types of 1D PC RRF samples covered onto the outside of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. CIE color coordinates of (g) the two types of 1D PC BRF, (h) the two types of 1D PC YRF, and (i) the two types of 1D PC RRF samples covered onto the outside of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. Insets are actual color images of the transmittance and reflectance of 1D PC dichroic film samples attached to the outside of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules.



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Figure 5. Current-voltage scanning of (a) the two types of 1D PC BRF, (b) the two types of 1D PC YRF, and (c) the two types of 1D PC RRF samples covered onto the outside of cover glass of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules under one sun illumination (100 mW cm-2).

The relative harvesting efficiency of (d) the two types of 1D PC BRF, (e) the

two types of 1D PC YRF, and (f) the two types of 1D PC RRF samples covered onto the outside of cover glass of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules.


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Figure 6. (a) External quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum of CIGSSe solar cell and EQE of CIGSSe solar cell before converting CIGSSe PV module with the reflectance spectrum of (b) BRF, (c) YRF, and (d) RRF.



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Figure 7. (a) Transmittance and (b) reflectance spectra of conventional RCF, GCF, and BCF from an outside perspective. (c) Actual images of the transmitted (upper) and reflected (bottom) RCF, GCF, and BCF under the sun-like illumination of white light. (d) Currentvoltage scanning and (e) the relative harvesting efficiency of the partial light-transmitting CIGSSe PV modules with RCF, GCF, and BCF attached. (f) Actual images and the CIE color coordinates of partial light-transmitting CIGSSe PV modules with a RCF, GCF, and BCF attached.


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Figure 8. Current-voltage scanning of (a) the two types of 1D PC BRF, (b) the two types of 1D PC YRF, and (c) the two types of 1D PC RRF samples covered onto the inside of the substrate of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules under one sun illumination (100 mW cm-2). Insets are actual color images of the transmittance (T) and reflectance (R) of 1D PC dichroic films attached onto the inside of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules. The relative harvesting efficiency of (d) the two types of 1D PC BRF, (e) the two types of 1D PC YRF, and (f) the two types of 1D PC RRF samples covered onto the inside of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules.



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Table Captions

Table 1. Thickness of SiO2 and TiO2 for BRF, YRF and RRF on the cover glasses.

Table 2. Performances of the 1D PC dichroic BRF-, YRF-, and RRF-covered samples on the outside of cover glass of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules


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Table 3. Performances of the 1D PC dichroic BRF-, YRF-, and RRF-covered samples on the inside of 10% partially scribed CIGSSe photovoltaic modules



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Table of Contents/Abstract Graphic


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2 Thin-Film Solar Cells via Dichroic Film ... - ACS Publications

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