AWARDS
2001 ACS NATIONAL AWARD WINNERS Recipients are recognized for contributions to chemistry of major significance
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ollowing is the thirdset of vignettes of Access to Research Careers (MARC) Honrecipients of the 2001 awards admin- ors Undergraduate ResearchTraining Proistered by the American Chemical gram, which is funded by the National Society. C&EN will publish vignettes Institute of General Medical Sciences of the remaining awardees in succes- (NIGMS) of the National Institutes of siveJanuary andFebruary issues. An article on Health (NIH). The program's objective FredBasolo, 2001 Priestley Medalist, is sched- has been to increase the pool of well-preuled to appear in the April 2 issue. pared minority students who compete for acceptance in top graduate degree proMost winners will receive their awards during theACS national meeting in San Diego, grams offering Ph.D.s in biomedical science. Gutierrez has been director since its April 1-5. However, the Arthur C. Cope inception, and he has seen the graduation Award and the Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award recipients will receive their awards at of 95 NIH-MARC Fellows, 64 of whom the ACS national meeting in Chicago, Aug. have pursued graduate-level education in a biomedically related field. 26-30. Gutierrez is director of a second endeavor at Cal State: the NIH-Minority ACS Award for Biomedical Research Support (MBRS) Encouraging Disadvantaged program, which is also supported by Students into Careers NIGMS. Through NIH-MBRS, faculty in the Chemical Sciences and minority students collaborate in original biomedical research and the students Sponsored by the Camille & Henry Dreyfus receive guidance and experience that will better prepare them for a career in the bioFoundation Inc. medical sciences. The Cal State program has become one of the largest and most CARLOS G. GUTIERREZ, professor of productive NIH-MBRS programs in the chemistry at California State University, country, according to Gutierrez, with Los Angeles, "has literally devoted his roughly 27 faculty principal investigators entire academic life to the enhancement of and 60 students currently participating. the educational success of minorities Gutierrez is very proud of the large numunderrepresented in the sciences," accordber of publications (87 by MARC Fellows and 499 by MBRS students) coauthored by students with their GUTIERREZ has been faculty principal investigators. directly responsible for the academic success of One former MBRS and MARC numerous minority participant is Peter Castro, who students in the studied under Gutierrez as an underchemical sciences. graduate at Cal State. "My experience in his laboratory, as well as in his class, was a turning point in my ing to Cal State colleague Anthony education," says Castro, who is now a Fratiello. Gutierrez "has been, and will conresearch chemist with DuPont Agricultinue to be, directly responsible for the acatural Products. "His enthusiasm, charisma, demic success of numerous minority stuand easy-going nature made understanding dents in the chemical sciences." science, particularly chemistry enjoyable," This reputation was years in the making Castro says. and a result of a lot of hard work. GutierGutierrez has used his extensive experez joined Cal State shortly after completrience in university and local mentoring ing his Ph.D. degree in 1975 and soon found endeavors on a national level through his himself serving as program director for the relationship with N I G M S , which has university's newly launched Minority taken many forms over the years. He was
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a member of the Minority Access to Research Careers Review Committee (1985-89) and the Minority Biomedical Research Support Subcommittee (199295), which he chaired between 1993 and 1995. He was a member of the institute's National Advisory General Medical Sciences Council, to which Department of Health & Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala appointed him in 1995. He has held similar responsibilities with other N I H organizations and in 1996 was appointed by National Academy of Sciences President Bruce Alberts to the National Advisory Committee of the Office of Scientific & Engineering Personnel. Between 1991 and 1994, he served on the board of directors of the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos & Native Americans in Science, a term that overlapped with his service as chair of the ACS Committee on Minority Affairs, which he held between 1993 and 1995. Under Gutierrez's leadership, the Minority Affairs Committee established the ACS Scholars Program, which has granted millions of dollars in scholarships to minority undergraduates. During that same period, the committee also established the ACS Award for Encouraging Disadvantaged Students into Careers in the Chemical Sciences. Gutierrez is the seventh recipient of the accolade. Gutierrez was corecipient of an Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences Award in animation in 1973 for the film 'Antimatter," which he made as an undergraduate. He has received several Cal State honors during his career, such as the AnthonyJ. Andreoli Biotechnology Service Research Award ofthe California State University Program for Education & Research in Biotechnology (1997); the Outstanding Educator Award, presented by the Hispanic Support Group (1994); Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society's Distinguished Scholar Award (1985); the Outstanding Professor Award (1983-84); and the Meritorious Performance & Professional Promise Award (1986,1987, and 1989). He is particularly proud of the Honored FacultyAward given to him by the Associated Students of California State University, Los Angeles, in April 1996. Also in 1996, the White House presented him with the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics & Engineering Mentoring. Gutierrez completed a bachelor's degree in chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1971 and a doctorate degree in chemistry at the University of California, Davis, in 1975. He is a synthetic organic chemist with interests at the inter-
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face of organic, inorganic, and biological chemistry Currently, he and his students design and synthesize a variety of molecular species useful as probes to study the details of iron acquisition, transport, and utilization by bacteria. The award address will be presented before the Division of Organic Chemistry-KEVIN MACDERMOTT
ACS Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science & Technology Sponsored by Air Products if Chemicals Inc. Applying chemical kinetics to environmental puzzles has been the theme of the work of MICHAEL R. HOFFMANN. His career began with the study of pure chemistry and an interest in reactions of sulfur compounds, in particular, the kinetics of mechanisms of oxidation of reduced sulfur
HOFFMANN'S research showed that the atmosphere must be understood as a multiphasic medium.
compounds, such as sulfur dioxide, thiourea, and hydrogen sulfide. This interest pulled him into the world of environmental chemistry, and today Hoffmann is theJames Irvine Professor of Environmental Science at the California Institute of Technology Reflecting back, Hoffmann says, there had been a long-standing question about the pathways for oxidation of sulfur dioxide after the pollutant is emitted from coalburning power plants during combustion. Of particular interest, he says, was the question of how S0 2 gets converted to sulfuric acid in the atmosphere. "None of the more traditional oxidation pathways," he says, "seemed sufficient to account for the production of sulfates in the atmosphere and the related problems of visibility and acidity" Scientists had thought strictly in terms of homogeneous gas-phase reactions— basically two compounds colliding in the gas phase. However, Hoffmann's research showed that the atmosphere must be understood as a multiphasic medium with the liquid phase playing a critical role in mediating chemical reactions. Today, scientists estimate that the HTTP://PUBS.ACS.ORG/CEN
Hoffmann says his interest in environatmosphere's liquid phase is involved in 80 mental chemistry first sprang from job to 90% of all sulfur dioxide oxidation via opportunities available when he started the cloud-processing pathway first prehis career in the early 1970s. sented by Hoffmann in the mid-1970s. "I just took advantage of the moment in Highly acidic sulfur fogs were first seen time, but there is always a sense of sociein Europe at the turn of the last century as tal significance in environmental research, a result of massive localized sources of air something beyond just the fun of doing pollution occurring under very humid conscience to understand what is actually ditions. And in the last half of the century, Southern California, Hoffmann's home, going on." has seen significant air pollution episodes, Hoffmann currently serves on the edithough with a different twist. torial boards of ACS's Environmental Science & Technology and the Journal of In both cases, it turns out that HoffPhysical Chemistry and has more than 170 mann's understanding of the role of the liqresearch papers to his credit. And in the uid pathway is key but for California, there words of one former student, he has is the additional factor of the sun. "spawned 23 Ph.D.s, and over half of his California's visibility-reducing photostudents have gone on to professorships chemical smog, Hoffmann says, is due in in research universities." part to the conversion of sulfur dioxide Hoffmann attended college on a track to sulfuric acid, the same as it is in Europe, and field scholarship as a runner, and his but it is then neutralized by ammonia to form ammonium sulfate and ammonium interest in athletics continues as a combisulfate. missioner for the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and as But the real question, Hoffmann says, a baseball coach. was whether the daily creation of Hoffmann earned a B.A. from Northsmog is occurring strictly in the gas western University in 1968 and a Ph.D. phase or whether another phase is from Brown University in 1974. involved. The award address will be presented Hoffmann was intrigued by the before the Division of Environmental rapid conversion process that Chemistry-JEFF JOHNSON occurred during the day as the intensity of the sun increased. Using fundamental gas-phase studies and ACS Award in Separations applying rate equations, he could not Science & Technology account for the rapid rate of production of sulfates that occurred in the California skies unless liquid-phase pathways were Sponsored by IBC Advanced Technologies Inc. included. and Millipore Corp. W h a t essentially happens, he says, is Chemical engineering professor CSABA that the particles of ammonium sulfate and H0RVÂTH of Yale University has made ammonium bisulfate are very hygroscopic pioneering contributions to the discovery and quickly pick up water molecules. "So you start out with very small particles, but soon they collect water above certain thresholds of relative HORVATHisan humidity, and then they grow to innovator who was the larger sizes and into the size domain first to demonstrate a that is optimum for light scattering technology that has with the resulting visibility problems become a multi-billionthat have characterized Southern dollar business. California." Recently, Hoffmann applied the same chemistry of oxidation reacand development ofhigh-performance liqtions to problems in pollution control— uid chromatography (HPLC). H e conboth air and water cleanups. structed the first high-pressure liquid He currently is exploring the use of chromatograph, as the instrument was ultrasonic irradiation to eliminate hazcalled initially He also demonstrated the ardous chemical compounds, primarily soltechnique's potential for fast separation of vents, from water. The process takes advanbiological substances and devised column tage of the high temperatures and and stationary-phase technologies that pressures that occur with the collapse of have made HPLC more useful. microbubbles created in a liquid environHorvâth is "an innovator who was the ment through soundwaves. C&EN
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AWARDS first to demonstrate a technology that has become a multi-billion-dollar business, has been named the dominant analytical technique of the postwar era, and is an indispensable foundation of modern biotechnology," a colleague notes. In 1941, biochemists Archer Martin and Richard Synge of the Wool Industries Research Association in Leeds, England, first predicted that HPLC would be possible—part of a body of work for which they received the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry And the late chemistry professor Calvin Giddings of the University ofUtah confirmed Martin and Synge's prediction theoretically But it was Horvâth, working in collaboration with the late chemistry professor Sandy Lipsky of Yale University School of Medicine, who followed through on these predictions by constructing a complete LC system in the mid-1960s. His system was capable of carrying out separations at high pressure with narrow-bore columns using aUVvisible spectrophotometer as a detector. The work by Horvâth and Lipsky was reported at a 1966 chromatography symposium in Rome and in two subsequent publications [Nature, 211,748 (1966) and Anal Chem., 39,1422 (1967)]. Also in the 1960s, Horvâth invented pellicular resin, a type of chromatographic particle in which an impermeable core material is coated with a thin porous separation layer. Pellicular stationary-phase particles speedup separations by reducing the diffusion path. Conventional chromatography was carried out with a nonpolar mobile phase and a polar separation medium. Horvâth played an important role in the development of reversed-phase chromatography, a technique configured in the opposite way: with a polar mobile phase and a nonpolar stationary phase. In the 1970s, he developed the solvophobic theory of reversedphase chromatography which helped make the technique one of the most widely practiced forms of HPLC. In that decade, he also made major contributions to enzyme engineering. From the 1980s on, Horvâth has been a leader in efforts to develop applications of HPLC in the areas of biochemistry and biotechnology He has devised strategies for HPLC-based determinations of large biomolecules, such as peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides. In the 1990s, he was the first to use capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) to separate labeled carbohydrates and the first to use subzero temperatures to enhance the efficiency of CZE separations. His recent 56
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Jacobsen "has applied effectively the tools of mechanistic organic and transition-metal chemistry to some of the most challenging problems in synthesis," another colleague says. Some of his earliest work was on the asymmetric epoxidation of isolated olefins. "The goal of achieving the asymmetric epoxidation of isolated olefins has stood for years as one of those reactions that would change the face of organic synthesis as a consequence of the multitude of ways that epoxides may be employed in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond constructions," one colleague says. "Simply put,Jacobsen has solved this problem in elegant style and in practical terms. The Jacobsen epoxidation' is simple to implement, reliable, and capable of being run on the ton scale, providing product enantioselectivities in excess of 90%." Jacobsen has used epoxidation catalysts in the syntheses of the antihypertensive agent dÛtiazem, the side chain of the anticancer agent paclitaxel, and the anti-HI V agent conocurvone. In other work, he has developed catalytic methods for the oxidative transfer of nitrogen-containing groups to alkenes, the asymmetric hydrocyanation of imines, hetero Diels-Alder reactions, and the asymmetric ring opening of epoxides. In the latter case, the catalysts are completely ACS Award for Creative Work recyclable and can effect ring-opening reacin Synthetic Organic tions with high yield and enantioselectivChemistry ity in the absence of any solvent. Thus, the reactions produce no waste. An important embodiment of this chemistry is the Sponsored by Aldrich Chemical Co. hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR), a reaction that produces enantiomerically He first became interested in chemistry in high school, ERIC N. JACOBSEN says, but pure epoxides from inexpensive racemic epoxides and water. Jacobsen has applied "I didn't realize I wanted to be a chemist H K R to the efficient synthesis of complex natural products, including muconin and taurospongin A. H K R JACOBSEN solved also has been used in the synthesis the long-standing of enantiopure propylene oxide and problem of achieving epichlorohydrin on the ton scale. the asymmetric Currently, he says, his research epoxidation of isolated efforts are "balanced between trying olefins. to develop new catalytic methods, studying the mechanisms of the catalysts we discover, and carrying out total until I took organic chemistry from prosyntheses of increasingly complex targets fessor Y)rke Rhodes at New York Uniusing novel catalytic approaches developed versity He was an amazing classroom by us or by others."The common theme in teacher and an equally inspiring underhis research is selectivity in catalytic reacgraduate research adviser. I will always be indebted to him for the enthusiasm and tions, and, he says, "I suspect that I will love of learning that he imparted on all his remain fascinated by this for a long time." students."Jacobsen's interest in chemistry Jacobsen graduated from N Y U with a has led him to a career where one colleague B.S. degree in chemistry in 1982 and then calls him "the premier young reaction went on to the University of California, designer of his generation." Berkeley where he received a Ph.D. degree
work has focused particularly on capillary electrochromatography a highly efficient method for separating large biomolecules. Horvâth was born in Hungary in 1930 and earned a degree in 1952 in chemical engineering from the Technical University of Budapest. He moved to Germany in 1956, where he worked as a chemical engineer for Hoechst A.G., in Frankfurt. Beginning in I960, he was a graduate student atJ. W Goethe University Frankfurt, where he developed novel gas chromatographic columns and column packings under the tutelage of the late chemistry professor Istvân Halâsz. Horvâth emigrated to the U.S. in 1963, when he obtained a research fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Ayear later he moved to Lipsky's group at Yale, where he analyzed lunar samples collected by astronauts and also built the first high-pressure liquid chromatograph. In 1972, he became associate professor of engineering and applied science at Yale, where he is currently the Roberto C. Goizueta Professor of Chemical Engineering. He received the ACS Award in Chromatography in 1983. The award address will be presented before the Division of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry—ST U BORMAN
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in chemistry in 1986. He had a two-year stint as a postdoctoral fellow at Massa chusetts Institute of Technology before accepting an assistant professorship at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Since 1993, he has been a professor at Har vard University Among numerous other awards and honors Jacobsen has received a National Science Foundation Presiden tial %ung Investigator Award (1990), an Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award (1994), the Thieme-IUPAC Award in Synthetic Organic Chemistry (1996), and a Camille & Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award. The award address will be presented before the Division of Organic Chem istry-DIANA S LAD Ε
obtained by techniques such as X-ray crys istry (1995). He has published more than tallography weren't the whole story The 600 journal articles and book chapters and motions of the molecules about the fixed two books. He is a member of the National average were also vital to the description Academy of Sciences, the American Acadof their activity. emy of the Arts & Sciences, the InternaAnother milestone in Karplus' career tional Academy ofQuantum Molecular Sciwas the development of the computer code ence, and the Netherlands Academy of the CHARMM (Chemistry at Harvard Arts & Sciences and was recently elected Macromolecular Mechanics), which he and as a foreign member of the Royal Society his colleagues published in 1983. The award address will be presented CHARMM—which performs molecular before the Division of Physical Chemdynamics and mechanics simulations on istry-ELIZABETH WILSON proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids—is now widely used by the chemical, biochemical, E. Bright Wilson Award in and biophysical community Spectroscopy Karplus now studies protein-folding mechanisms and has made a number of important contributions, including Monte Sponsored by Rohm and Haas Co. Carlo simulations that have resolved the ACS Award for Computers paradox that proteins WILLIAM A. KLEMPERER, professor of in Chemical & Pharmaceutical so-called Levinthal 30 have more than 10 unfolded states, yet chemistry at Harvard University, has been Research find their correct folded state in a very enormously influential to radio astronomy short time. and the study of intermolecular forces. In At the inception of its Award in Theoret Karplus was born in 1930 in Vienna, fact, some colleagues regard him as one of ical Chemistry in 1993, ACS chose as the Austria. He became an American citizen the most important physical chemists of first recipient the pioneering theoretical at age 15, and displayed an aptitude for the century and among the greatest specchemist MARTIN KARPLUS. He returns bird ecology for which he received a West- troscopists in the world. inghouse Science Talent Search In 1970, the existence of molecules in Scholarship. He also published a clouds in cold, interstellar space was a difpaper on the subject in the Bulletin ficult phenomenon for scientists to KARPLUS developed of the Massachusetts Audubon Societyexplain. Particularly puzzling was the seminal techniques when he was 17 for modeling the "Xogen line," an unidentified feature showstructure and But once in college, he applied ing up in the radio astronomers' spectra. dynamics of biological :> ; himself to chemistry, obtaining a Klemperer, recognizing that ion-molecule molecules. B.A. degree from Harvard in 1950. reactions have small energy barriers, posHis Ph.D. degree in chemistry (1953) tulated that HCO + might deserve the came from the California Institute assignment of the Xogen line. this year to pick up yet another ACS of Technology, where he studied under Furthermore, Klemperer constructed a national award. Linus Pauling. model of ion-molecule reactions that Karplus, who is Theodore William Karplus did postdoctoral research at would take place in interstellar clouds. The Richards Research Professor of Chemistry Oxford University and then went to the model predicted an abundance of HCO + at Harvard University, is being honored University of Illinois as an assistant pro and HNN + . In later years, as techniques with the ACS Award for Computers in fessor. He left Illinois as an associate pro improved, experiments supported KlemChemical & Pharmaceutical Research for fessor in 1960 and moved on to Cornell perer's model. "Klemperer's ion-molecule a long and illustrious career that includes University, where he was professor work on theoretical aspects of magnetic until 1966. His next step was Har resonance phenomena and reactive colli vard, where he has been ever since. ^ù£ï- KLEMPERER's KLEMPERER's sions. But he is perhaps best known for his He also spends time at the Université *; ion-molecule model j* development of seminal techniques for Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg, where _!: NN has has become become the the modeling the structure and dynamics of he is Professeur Conventionné. : accepted accepted explanation of biological molecules, his research focus for cloud \ He has held visiting professorships \ - K hitefstellar* intefstèUaï'clèiid the past 20 years. : : chertisnry^ at universities in Europe, including chemistry. Proteins and nucleic acids are typically the University of Paris VII and the /Λ large, complicated entities whose proper College of France. Most recently, he ties and motions are difficult and time- was Eastman Visiting Professor at the Uni- model has now been refined and expanded consuming to simulate and predict. In 1977, versity of Oxford. by many workers and has become the when supercomputers had a fraction ofthe In addition to the ACS Award for Com- accepted explanation of interstellar cloud power of their present-day counterparts, puters in Chemical & Pharmaceutical chemistry," a colleague says. "The discov Karplus performed the first molecular Research, Karplus has received numerous ery and understanding of the rich chem dynamics simulation of a protein: the other awards, including Caltech's Distin- istry of interstellar cloud dust has pro bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. guished Alumni Award (1986), the Irving foundly affected the way astrophysicists This work led the scientific community Langmuir Award (1987), and theJoseph O. and cosmologists view the universe." to realize that thefixed,average structures Hirschfelder Prize in Theoretical ChemKlemperer also has a long list of terresHTTP://PUBS.ACS.ORG/CEN
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AWARDS trial achievements. His peers credit him for pioneering molecular beam electronic resonance spectroscopy used to measure the charge distribution of molecules such as LiH and alkaline earth monoxides. 'Ά significant and interesting extension of these charge distribution measurements was the determination of dipole moments of electronically excited states of simple molecules," another colleague notes. "He used these measurements to show that the changes in the electric dipole moments of the ground and excited states reflected directly the charge distribution of molec ular orbitals." Colleagues have also recognized Klemperer as the inventor of microwave spec troscopy of weakly bound complexes. He performed experiments of the HF dimer and maderigorousstudies ofweakly bound complexes. More than one associate has called Klemperer a fatherfigurein the area, and one Klemperer admirer points out that some 15 independent laboratories are using microwave spectroscopy of complexes to examine molecular forces. Today, Klemperer is working on the vibrational overtone spectroscopy of com plexes of HF. Initially he had been work ing on the ground states, but now he is moving on to more complicated excited states. "That is the challenge today, being able to photo-excite a molecule with under standing," Klemperer says. He will also continue work in interstellar chemistries. Klemperer received ACS's Irving Langmuir Award in 1980 and the Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry in 1994, the Earle Plyler Award from the American Physical Society in 1983, and the Faraday Medal from the Royal Society of Chem istry in 1995. He also served two years as the National Science Foundation's assistant director for math and physical sciences. He received his A.B. degree in chem istry from Harvard and his Ph.D. degree from the University of California, Berke ley in 1954. He became a Harvard profes sor in 1965. The award address will be presented before the Division of Physical Chem istry- ALEX TU LL0
ments. Another researcher believes that the development ofneoglycoproteins "has had the most immediate and forceful impact upon thefieldof glycobiology" One of his more important contribu tions, Lee comments, was his work on the importance of multivalency in carbohy drate recognition. Initially published in 1983 in the JournalofBiologicalChemistry, the study found that there are tremendous affinity enhancements in the binding of galactose or iV-acetylgalactosamine with mammalian hepatic receptor (C&EN, Oct. 9,2000, page 49). Divalent and trivalent glycosides were bound roughly 1,000 and 1 million times stronger than the mono valent glycosides. This was referred to as "glycoside clustering effect." Lee's associates note his ability to com bine the tools of biology and chemistry. "Many of Lee's advances have been made possible because of his expertise in syn thetic carbohydrate chemistry and by his ability to devise new synthetic strategies," one says. "For instance, he synthesized the dimer, trimer, and tetramer analogs of chitooligosaccharides in which the glycosidic oxygen atoms were replaced with sulfur atoms and demonstrated, in studies per formed in collaboration with Saul Roseman, that they were extremely useful in deciphering operation of the chitinase sys tem bacteria." Born in Taiwan, Lee earned in 1957 a master's degree in agricultural chemistry from NationalTaiwan University inTaipei. He obtained in 1962 a doctorate degree in biochemistry from the University of Iowa. His graduate thesis, supervised by Rex Montgomery, was on the sub ject of carbohydrate structure of chicken ovalbumin. This thesis, as LEE has been the well as postgraduate work at the driving force in University of California, Berkeley, influencing the course with Clinton Ballou on the subject and development of of Mycobacterium glycolipids and glycobiology. lipopolysaccharides, motivated Lee to devote himself to the study ofgly cobiology and glycosciences. Lee's considerable impact as a re gate recognition of carbohydrates, Lee devised "neoglycoproteins" (a term coined searcher is evident from his authorship of by Lee), which are proteins modified with nearly 300 academic papers. Moreover, carbohydrate derivatives having definitive Lee is the coauthor of seven patents, some structures. Later on, the term neoglyco- of which were licensed to companies in Claude S. Hudson Award in conjugate was introduced to include other Japan. Carbohydrate Chemistry Having achieved a considerable stature structures such as neoglycolipids and neoglycopolymers. "Many of the advances in in the U.S. research community Lee shared Sponsored by National Starch & Chemical the field of glycobiology have been made his expertise with various academic com possible by the availability of neoglyco- munities in East Asia. Since the 1980s, For nearly four decades, Johns Hopkins conjugates, and Lee has been a pioneer in Lee, who is fluent both in Chinese and University professor YUAN CHUAN LEE the development of methods for their syn Japanese, has been a visiting scholar at uni has devoted himself to glycobiology and thesis," notes a professor of chemistry and versities in Kyoto, Taipei, Beijing, and glycosciences. His persistent efforts have biochemistry familiar with Lee's achieve Shanghai. He also sits on the advisory 58
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enabled significant advances in the under standing ofglycoconjugates such as glyco proteins and glycolipids. A professor since 1974, Lee started teaching and researching at Johns Hop kins in 1965. One colleague who started collaborating with Lee in 1967 recalls: 'At that time, we knew there were glycopro teins, glycolipids, and other complex gly coconjugates and that cell surfaces were covered by a very poorly described 'glycocalyx.' Furthermore, there was the intu itive feeling that perhaps these complex sugars might be involved in intercellular communications. But the problems facing us were enormous, perhaps insoluble." Lee's research yielded many insights. For instance, he found ways to analyze both qualitatively and quantitatively the com position of glycoconjugates and also to determine their structure. Along the way, Lee developed one of the first automated sugar analyzers, which consisted of a cation-exchange column for amino sugars and an anion column for neutral sugars in the 10-nmol range. These inventions even tually evolved to the form of HPAEC (high-performance anion-exchange chro matography), which is faster and more sen sitive (about 0.1-nmol range). HPAEC is now a standard instrumentation in most carbohydrate research laboratories. Using such analytical tools, Lee estab lished the structures of many N- and Olinked glycans. He was thefirstto put forth the concept of "core structure" for the Nglycoside, notes an academic familiar with Lee's work. Providing more precise tools to investi
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boards of several scientific institutes in Japan and Taiwan. Academics who study glycobiology describe Lee as a giant, notes a researcher familiar with Lee's work. "One can say without hesitation that the work of Lee has been the driving force in influencing the course and development of glycobiology during the latter quarter of the 20th century" The award address will be presented before the Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry-JEAN-FRANÇOIS TREMBLAY
ACS Award in the Chemistry of Materials Sponsored by DuPont
charge transport led to a deeper understanding of molecular materials with the properties ofmetals and poorly understood features of conductive polymers. With closely interfaced theoretical work, he also provided essential calibrations of the electronic structure models currently used to describe conductive polymers. Vapor-phase thin-film growth processes are used heavily in the semiconductor and related industries. However, the chemistry of thin-film growth is poorly understood. Marks's team members have worked in the area of metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), developing new molecular metal-organic precursors and implementing them in the epitaxial growth of oxide electronic, photonic, superconducting, and dielectric thin films. To achieve this, they developed synthetic routes to new coordination complexes with designed volatility, thermal stability, and film growth characteristics and demonstrated their efficacy in the growth of diverse thin-film structures.
When Northwestern University professor TOBIN J. MARKS wants to learn about a material, create a new material, or make materials work together in a cooperative fashion, he zeroes in on three complementary issues: molecular architecture, electronic structure, and supramolecular synthesis. These are MARKSs studies of the ingredients that allow him to architecture, electronic make leaps in thefieldsof moleculestructure, and charge based photonic materials, lowtransport led to a deeper dimensional electronic conductors, understanding of oxide chemical vapor deposition, and molecular materials. polymer synthesis. Mark A. Ratner, a colleague at Northwestern, writes that Marks "has demonstrated exceptional Marks's studies of single-site olefin originality, versatility, productivity, and polymerization catalysts led to a definibreadth" in his research. tive characterization of catalyst structure, Marks's work in molecular photonics formation thermodynamics, and enchaininvolves the synthesis, self-assembly, and ment mechanisms. This work, in turn, led characterization of thin-film photonic to two new polymerization processes for structures to yield molecular electro-optic the synthesis of polyolefins having latent materials for modulating light in high- polar functionality: ring-opening Ziegler speed optical data transmission and elec- polymerization and silanolytic chain troluminescent materials for organic light- transfer. emitting diodes (LEDs). Marks first In addition to Marks's work in the demonstrated that nanostructurally acen- lab, he has organized National Scitric polymer-chromophore assemblies ence Foundation and Department could be constructed either via electric of Energy workshops, ACS symfield orientation and cross-linking ofglassy posia, the Inorganic Gordon Conmatrices or by self-assembling tailored ference, and international MOCVD building blocks in a layer-by-layer fashion. workshops. He has mentored nearly The latter strategy has now been success- 70 Ph.D. degree students and a simfully extended to electroluminescent ilar number of postdoctoral fellows. assemblies. The resulting organic light- More than 50 Marks alumni curemitting diodes have potential applications rendy hold tenure-line academic positions in flat-panel displays and other light around the world. Marks has served as sources. associate editor of Organometallics and In studies with low-dimensional elec- chair of the ACS Division of Inorganic tronic conductors, Marks attacked a fon- Chemistry damental challenge in molecular "metal" Marks earned a B.S. degree from the synthesis: controlled stacking. His studies University of Maryland and a Ph.D. from of architecture, electronic structure, and Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology HTTP://PUBS.ACS.ORG/CEN
The award address will be presented before the Division of Inorganic Chemistry-MELODY VOITH
James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry Sponsored by ACS Northeastern Section That JOSEF MICHL is highly deserving of this award "would be a gross understatement," a colleague says. "I had assumed that Michl had won the Norris Award many years ago." Michl is well known to the organic chemistry community for his studies of highly reactive molecules and reaction intermediates by matrix isolation and other techniques. His work is characterized both by ingenious organic synthesis and by deep theoretical insights. The experiments, which began in the early 1970s and still continue, include the study of biradicals and biradicaloids such as 0-xylene and its derivatives, adamantene and many other species that have highly distorted double bonds, and silylenes and compounds of double-bonded silicon. The experiments include a highly reactive class of 1,3-biradicaloids that exhibit interesting thermal reactivity and heavy-atom effects on tunneling rates. He has also contributed much to the understanding of excited states of conjugated molecules by techniques such as polarization spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism. Some of the highlights of Michl's work in photochemistry include early examples of two-photon pericyclic reactions and their theoretical rationalization, elucidation of the electronic states involved in photocycloadditions, a mechanism for the chemiluminescence of luminol, a mechanism for the photoreactions of oligosilanes,
MfCHL'sworkis ; characterized both by ingenious organic synthesis and by deep theoretical insights.
experimental determination of the relative orientation of a reactant and product in a matrix photoisomerization reaction for various mechanisms based on the conservation of angular momentum, and explorations of the details of an unusual adiabatic electrocyclic reaction. Perhaps his most significant contribuC & E N / J A N U A R Y 15, 2 0 0 1
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AWARDS tion to photochemical theory, however, is the recognition of the general importance of biradicaloid geometries and the exploitation ofthe model for their description and for detailed understanding of spinorbit coupling. Michl's attention has turned to issues such as conformations oflinear chains and methods for stabilizing highly reactive cations using very weakly nucleophilic anions. His group developed a synthetic procedure for the relatively inert carborane anion CBnMe12~, and they obtained the crystal structures of many of its salts. A chance observation of oligomerization of {l.l.l}propellane by Kenneth B. Wiberg launched a new direction in Michl's laboratory: the synthesis of terminally functionalized oligomeric bicyclo[l.l.l}pentanes, which Michl named staffanes. These rod-shaped molecules may have use in the construction ofmolecular assemblies. Michl's contributions to organosilicon chemistry ailminated in the development of a new field of silicon chemistry Michl is a professor of chemistry in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He is the editor of the ACS journal, Chemical Reviews. He received a master's degree in chemistry in 1961 from Charles University, Prague, and a Ph.D. degree in chemistry in 1965 from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, also in Prague. The award address will be presented before the Division of Organic Chem-
Zanni earned both a B.A. degree in physics and a B.S. degree in chemistry at the University ofRochester in 1994 and aPh.D. degree in chemistry in 1999 at Berkeley He is currently a postdoctoral researcher with Robin Hochstrasser at the University ofPennsylvania. There, ZANNI was the group he is developing new two-dimenleader investigating sional infrared techniques that are the dynamics of anions the vibrational analogs to 2-D NMR. using femtosecond Neumark got seriously interested photoelectron in chemistry in high school "because spectroscopy. I had an outstanding chemistry teacher: Frank G. Gardulla," who is amount of detail. It was just a series of small the winner of the 2000 James Bryant peaks moving across our computer screen, Conant Award in High School Chemistry Teaching. Neumark received bachelor's and but it was exciting!" Zanni recalls. In FPES, mass-selected negative ions master's degrees in chemistry from Harare excited by a femtosecond pump pulse vard University in 1977 and a doctorate and photodetached by a femtosecond degree in physical chemistry from Berkeprobe pulse. By measuring the resulting photoelectron spectrum as a function of pump-probe delay, the researcher obtains a series of "snapdevelop photoelectron shots" of the dynamics induced by the pump pulse. These dynamics ïWïMp&0Mcow às a ^probe of chemical rangefromdissociation and coherent ; ?^&>8 P ^ :f£\7*:: flimâimii*£: vibrational excitation in the molecular negative ions to recombination and electron solvation in cluster anions, as Zanni showed. ley in 1984. He is currently a professor of "The funny thing is, I hadn't planned on chemistry at Berkeley His interest in gas-phase dynamics and doing my doctoral work with Dan Neumark when I arrived at Berkeley because spectroscopy "was stimulated by underI had spent some time studying anion graduate research I did at Harvard with dynamics with Jim Farrar while I was an Dudley Herschbach," he says. In his career as a professor at Berkeley undergraduate at the University of istry-WILLIAM SCHULZ Rochester," Zanni says. "But when I met the main focus of his research has been to with him and he told me his ideas for his develop the use of photoelectron specnewly funded FPES project, I got really troscopy as a probe of chemical dynamics, Nobel Laureate Signature a fusion of my graduate work Award for Graduate Education excited. That excitement stayed with me "essentially in molecular beam scattering with^uan Lee throughout graduate school." in Chemistry Zanni and colleagues used FPES to and my postdoctoral work in negative-ion study photodissociation reactions, charge- spectroscopy with Carl Lineberger." For Sponsored by Mallinckrodt Baker transfer events, andbimolecular SN2 reac- example, he and his group showed that the tions. First, they studied the dynamics of transition state of a chemical reaction could MARTIN T. ZANNI, who was "a superstar the bare anion and characterized its poten- be probed by photodetachment of a stable graduate student, perhaps the best in a tials. Then they monitored the changes in negative ion with ageometry similar to that decade" in DANIEL M. NEUMARK's the dynamics and potentials while solvat- of the neutral transition state. The resultresearch group at the University of Cali- ing the anion, one molecule at a time. For ing photoelectron spectrum shows a vibrafornia, Berkeley, "has already compiled a example, Zanni performed a series of tional structure characteristic of the tranrecord of accomplishment comparable to experiments to characterize the ground sition state, namely vibrational frequencies those ofjunior faculty applicants," accord- and excited states of I2" and determined associated with the short-lived transition ing to a colleague. how these states are affected by cluster- state rather than reactants or products. The anion FPES experiment resulting Zanni was the group leader of what ing. He also used FPES to investigate the became Neumark's most exciting research photodissociation dynamics of gas-phase in this award represents a different appliproject: investigating the dynamics of I3". Finally, he carried out a series ofmeas- cation of photoelectron spectroscopy to anions and anionic clusters using fem- urements using FPES to follow electron chemical dynamics, as it provides an explicitly time-dependent probe ofthe reactions tosecond photoelectron spectroscopy solvation dynamics infiniteclusters. (FPES). The first system that he and his "I learned a tremendous amount work- of bare and clustered negative ions. The award address will be presented group studied was the I2~ anion in varying ing with Dan, and I couldn't have wished size argon clusters. "I still vividly remem- for a better experience than I had at Berke- before the Division of Physical Chemistry—J AN ET DO DD ber the night we saw vibrational relaxation ley," Zanni states. 60
C & E N / J A N U A R Y 15, 2 0 0 1
for thefirsttime. People have been studying vibrational relaxation for decades, but by using FPES, we were seeing it in an entirely new way and with a tremendous
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