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T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
and the Atlantic seaboards, and in most of the Rocky Mountain states as well as in several of the middle states. Even in the two metals which a t once suggest to us centralization-copper and steel, there is wide-spread production. In the mining of copper last year 23 states contributed, and the mining of iron ore is not confined to any one region, even though the ranges of Minnesota and Michigan furnished 84 per cent of the tonnage and Alabama and Tennessee 8l/2 per cent. I n all, no less than 28 states contribute iron ores to the furnaces of the country. The diversity of the mineral industry is shown by the increase in number of products. Thus, while in 1880 the statistics of production covered 5 1 products, the table of production in current reports contains no less than 72 items. Furthermore, when the rapid growth of the industry is analyzed the more marked increase is seen in that of the nonmetallic products. The old opinion that the word “mineral” carried the idea of ‘ ‘metallic’ ’ is overwhelmed by the relative importance of the nonmetallic mineral products. I n 1880 these constituted 47 per cent of the total output; last year more than 63 per cent. Another method of stating this relative importance is to say that the value of the nonmetals last year was greater than that of both metals and nonmetals in any year prior to 1905. The raw-material resources of this country are so widely distributed that industry has been developing at this rapid pace at many points. I believe the tendency has been away from geographic centralization of industry rather than toward it. The State of Pennsylvania stands in a class by itself as a producer of mineral, yet its preeminence is perhaps less marked each year. Although last year its output was more than onefourth of that of the whole country, a few years ago its share was more nearly one-third. Other factors are coming t o the front each year which will create opportunities in other parts of the United States You do not need to have these more than suggested: the South with its happy combination of coal and iron-ore in the same districts makes pig-iron production possible at minimum cost; the West with its hydro-electric possibilities available as a source of relatively cheap power for chemical and metallurgical industries; the Rocky Mountain region with its vast unutilized sources of sulfuric acid and equally great unmined stores of phosphate rock. I n these months of rapidly shifting currents of trade we may even see coals carried to Newcastle, but I will not presume to
tell industrial chemists anything concerning possibilities of American manufacture of coal-tar products, so essential to other industries. However, it is not apart from the present subject to mention the amount and distribution of raw material available. Of the 115 million gallons of coal tar annually produced in by-product coke ovens, more than 2 2 millions are available in Alabama alone, nearly as much in Pennsylvania, 16 millions in the Indiana and Illinois region, and nearly half that in western New York. Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Wisconsin and Michigan are other important producers. Yet, so far as I am informed, few indeed are the centers where coal tar is used as a basis for chemical industry. To return for a moment to the industrial reaction mentioned in my introductory sentence-the other ingredients necessary for producing prosperity appear a t hand. A financial system already promises more mobile credits. A more sympathetic attitude of the public toward big industrial operations is indicated. The efficiency of American labor and Smerican engineering was never questioned. Two years ago Mr. William L. Saunders, President of the Ingersoll-Rand Company, gave his fellow mining engineers the benefit of his personal observations on manufacturing in Asia and Europe. His conclusions are of value to all engineers. He stated that manufacturing centers are not determined by abundance of cheap labor; efficient labor and the best tools are the requisites to manufacturing supremacy; e. g., the cheap labor in a Japanese stFel works does not yield the low labor items on the cost sheet attained by the American manufacturers with high-priced labor; and finally the real competition with American industry is that of the efficiency of German workmen, reenforced as it is by inventive engineering, rather than that of the cheapness of Asiatic labor. I n any estimate of American ability to make the most of the present opportunities for industrial expansion you can perhaps find no better measure of the inventive genius of this country than in a moment’s review of what is making the European war so terrible. Strictly neutral we may be, yet from the heights above to the depths below we find American inventions “ at the front’’-the aeroplane, the magazine rifle and machine gun, the barbed wire, and the submarine and its torpedo. Can not our nation lead as well in the fashioning of the tools of peace as in designing the machines of war? U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WASHINGTON
CURRENT INDUSTRIAL NEWS B y M. I,.
4TH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF MINES The saving of human life in the mines, the stopping of millions of dollars of waste of mineral resources of the country, and an inventory of the wastes that are continuing are given important consideration in the recently issued fourth annual report of Dr. Joseph A. Holmes, Director of the United States Bureau of Mines. According to Dr. Holmes, the Bureau has recorded its most notable achievement in the rescue of more than IOO entombed miners a t different disasters, and the rescue of many more miners by volunteers who had been trained in life-saving work by the Bureau. Rescue and first-aid stations have been established a t hundreds of mines throughout the country. The total number of miners trained by the Bureau has now reached 24,975. Yet, the loss of life is far greater than it should be with the natural hazards of the industry, and a plea is made for more extended investigations on the part of the Government. The humanitarian motives for undertaking such investigations are obvious. A sufficient economic reason is that during the past year more than 3,500 men were killed and more than IOO,OOO injured in the
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mining and metallurgical industries of the country. One-half of these fatalities and three-fourths of the injuries may be regarded as easily preventable. The money loss from the accidents a year, and this may be estimated a t not less than $IZ,OOO,OOO loss must be ultimately paid by the consumers of mineral products throughout the country. The necessity for a more extensive use of safety appliances in the mines is shown by the statement that in the last five years, through lack of such appliances, more than 3,500 men have been killed in the mines and nearly 20,ooo seriously injured. I n Kansas, Oklahoma, Indiana and Iowa, many of the men employed in the mines to set off the explosives have lost their lives, and the recommendation is made that the shots should be fired electrically from outside the mine. In many districts the methods of shot-firing employed are still so extremely hazardous that only the most reckless men are willing to act as shot firers. As showing the interest outside the Bureau of Mines in the lifesaving campaign in the mines, many of the states are already expending in their work more than the Federal Government in all its investigations in behalf of mine safety; e . g., Pennsylvania ex-
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pends yearly $2 13,000. Also, twelve individual mining companies have rescue cars, which is four more than are operated by the Bureau of Mines. I n discussing the causes of mine disasters, Director Holmes says: “Not only have men been killed or injured from what are believed to be unnecessary electrical accidents in mining, but indirectly electrical apparatus has been responsible for mine explosions and mine fires that have extensively destroyed both life and property. .“The improper use of explosives and the use of improper explosives have directly or indirectly caused a large share of the fatal accidents and serious injuries to the men. But fully as serious as the killing or injuring of several thousand men from this cause during the past five years has been the injury to the health of the miners from poisonous gases given off by the improper explosives used. “Each day poor ventilation and resulting bad air injure the health of thousands of miners. I n most of the metal-mining states the statutory provisions are incomplete and inadequate, and there is the greatest disparity between them as to what constitutes sufficient ventilation to keep mine air pure. In fact, no adequate system of ventilation is generally in force today in the metal mines of the country.” During the year, four devices for limiting the area of mine explosions were perfected by George S.Rice, the chief mining engineer of the Bureau, and patented for the benefit of the mining industry. The director considers the delvelopment of these devices as probably the most important part of the year’s work. The devices consist of barriers placed in the mines and loaded with stone dust. When an explosion strikes these barriers, the stone dust is thrown into the air and stops the further propagation of the explosion. In the accomplishments of the year, Dr. Holmes calls attention to the statement of his engineers that with an expenditure of $ I ~ , O O O they have brought about a saving of natural gas worth $15,000,000, a sum many times greater than the total cost of all the work done by the Bureau during the four years of its existence. This was done by introducing better methods in the drilling for petroleum and gas. The waste of gas stopped totaled 3j0,000,000 cu. f t . per day, equivalent in heating value to 17,000 tons of coal per day. I n preventing the escape of this enormous quantity of gas, another saving was made, the value of which cannot be estimated-the elimination of danger to human life from the escape of this gas into the atmosphere. Dr. Holmes estimates the loss to this country each year in the development of the oil fields to be not less than $jo,ooo,ooo, and that a large part of this loss is preventable. The fact that the principal oil-producing areas of the country are now believed to be well defined, and the fact that the next few years will see a constantly diminishing instead of an increasing production, unite in making imperative the need of extended inquiries. Attention is called to the discovery of a process by the chemists of the Bureau whereby radium, which is sought much for its supposed curative qualities, can be produced a t one-third of its present cost. With radium now selling a t $IZO,OOO a gram, its reduction in price to $40,000 will, it is said, result in many hospitals throughout the country being able to purchase a supply. The process devised by the Bureau’s chemists has already been tested with success in the plant of the National Radium Institute, which is under the supervision of the technical staff of the Bureau of Mines. The Bureau also claims that through its scientific method of purchasing coal according to its heat value the Federal Government has saved during the year $zoo,ooo and that the various cities of the country that have taken up this plan of buying coal have reported a saving last year of thousands of dollars. Dr. Holmes places the present waste of mineral resources of the coun-
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try a t the sum of $I,OOO,OOO per day and declares that in a large measure this waste is unnecessary. I n one respect a t least, the consideration of mineral waste has a basis quite different from the consideration of agricultural wastes. Our crops represent a n annual production from a reasonably permanent soil; our forests may grow again, though a much longer period of time is required; and the soils therqselves may be reproduced from the subsoil and the rock beneath. But of our mineral resources we have only the one supply. This supply is to a considerable extent destroyed by use, and a t the present increasing rate a t which we are using and wasting it, our one supply of a number of these resources will be either exhausted or largely depleted while the nation is yet in its youth. A careful estimate indicates that in the mining of 600,000,000 tons of coal during the last calendar year there was wasted or was left underground in unminable condition 300,000.000 tons of coal. As a result of careful preliminary inquiry, it is believed that more than one-half (zoo,ooo,ooo tons of coal) of this yearly waste is preventable under existing economic conditions. But the bare statement of the enormous losses does not, perhaps, express the most important part of the situation, which is that the coal we are now using and wasting represents the cream of our supplies, namely, the coal that is the best, is most easily and cheaply mined, and is nearest the great centers of industry. The annual waste of metals in brass-furnace practice amounts to more than $4,500,000. A preliminary inquiry as to the coking of coal in beehive ovens has shown that the total value of the by-products annually lost in this country through the use of such ovens amounts to $7 j,ooo,ooo. Although the desirability of developing by-product industries in this country has been recognized, such development has now become an actual need.
BRITISH MANUFACTURE O F ANILINE
DYES
Agitation in England for the establishment of a home aniline dye industry is following much the same lines as the same movement on this side of the ocean and the conclusions as to the best means of fostering the growth of such a n industry bear in many cases a great similarity to the recommendations made recently by a committee of the New York Section of the American Chemical Society [THISJOURNAL, 6 (1914), 9721. I n the discussion a t a meeting of the Council of the Leeds Chamber of Commerce one of the speakers stated the situation, according to the J . Gas Lighting, 128 (1914), 201, as follows: Some form of protection would be necessary for probably the next fifteen years. I n Germany the capital sunk in this industry amounts to something like! $I z5,ooo,ooo;and their concerns have been built-up gradually during the past 25 or 30 years. They have made a scientific study of all branches of the industry, the raw material for which has come very largely from England. By means of chemical research, they have arrived a t the cheapest way of making the intermediate products as well. In Great Britain, on the other hand, the research laboratories have not devoted their attention particularly t o the development of aniline dyes, or of the intermediate products which are necessary in the following up of synthetic coloring matters. Thus, the present crisis has found British manufacturers unprepared. Practically 90 per cent of the aniline colors consumed in England were imported from Germany; and the same applies more or less t o the whole world. The speaker thought in the circumstances, therefore, that the Government should give some kind of protection for the working of German patents, either on a small royalty, or probably no royalty a t all, while the war continued. The customs protection should be from 20 t o 2 5 or even 30 per cent, and should continue long enough to carry the industry over its initial stages.
