I N D U S T R I h L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M IS T R Y
910
mersed in ice water to prevent loss of ether. The ether was then distilled off and the residue heated under vacuum on a water bath. The product so obtained contained 6.5 per cent titanium oxide (theoretical for titanium stearate, 6.6 per cent) and 0.2 per cent chlorine. It melted between 63.5" and 66" C. without giving a sharp melting point. The melt appeared to be perfectly clear. This product was triturated with alcohol, filtered, and air-dried, and then contained 13.1 per cent titanium oxide. Inasmuch as the titanium oxide content of the alcohol-treated material was almost twice that of the untreated material, this may indicate that the alcohol treatment does not merely remove free fatty acid but also brings about some decomposition of the primary product, similar to hydrolysis in a n aqueous system, to form a basic titanium salt. Titanium linoleates and resinates were similarly prepared. The tung acids combine with titanium in much the same way as stearic, linseed, and rosin acids, except that the resulting 2.5 compounds have quite a low titanium content-about per cent titanium oxide-which may be due to polymerization of the tung acids. Gardner and Bielouss ( I ) found that small amounts of titanium tetrachloride polymerized linseed and tung oils. Since one of the principal uses for metallic soaps in paints is to prevent hard-settling, some titanium soaps were ground into a number of Titanox-B flat wall paints by the Paint,
Vol. 26, No. 8
Varnish, and Lacquer Laboratory of this company and stored for 30 days. Comparisons were then made with similar paints to which aluminum stearate, which is considered to be the most efficient antisettler of the common metallic soaps, had been added. Titanium linoleate had very poor antisettling properties; titanium resinate was only a shade better. On the other hand, titanium stearate suspended the pigment more efficiently than the best grade of aluminum stearate. X-ray examination of a titanium stearate did not show t h e presence of titanium oxide in either crystalline or amorphous form, which indicates that the formation of a titanium stearate compound had taken place. Inasmuch as the reaction of titanium tetrachloride with free fatty or rosin acids was successfully used for the formation of titanium soaps, it was thought that the anhydrous chlorides of other metals might react similarly. I n fact this was found to be true, and cerium, thorium, zirconium, and aluminum stearates were prep&ed by the reaction of their anhydrous chlorides with stearic acid. LITERATURE CITED (1) Gardner, H. A., and Biolouss, E., Am. Paint Varnish Mfrs.' Assoc.. Sci. Sect.. Circ. 365 (1930). (2) Gardnor, H. A., and Coleman, R . E:,Paint Mfrs.' Assoc. U. S., Circ. 120 (1921). RECEIVED June 4, 1934.
A Chart for the Rapid Calculation of .Mixtures J. S. BAKER,E. R. Squibb & Sons, Brooklyn, N. Y.
T
HE calculation of the amounts of two or more sub-
stances of known concentration, which when mixed will produce a mixture of an intermediate desired concentration, is a problem often encountered in chemical plants and laboratories. By 'concentration" of an ingredient, as used here, is meant the number of units of that ingredient, solid, liquid, or gas, dissolved in or uniformily mixed with another substance or mixture of substances to form one hundred units of mixture. The chief difficulty with the usual graphical presentations for the rapid solution of problems of this type is that one or more irregular scales, such as logarithmic or reciprocal scales, are employed in their construction, resulting in poor accuracy over a t least pant of the range. It is the aim of the chart here presented to overcome this
PERCMT OF MIXTURE MADE U P OF STRONGER COKSTITUENT
objection. Since the scales are all regular and straight, this chart may be constructed on regular coordinate paper in a few minutes. This chart is based on the relation:
x=-AC -- BB
where A
= concn. of stronger constituent B = concn. of weaker constituent
C = intermediate desired concn.
X
fraction of final mixture made up of stronger constituent To construct this chart, draw perpendicular identical scales a t the ends of a base line having one hundred equal divisions. Let the perpendicular scales represent the concentrations involved, B and C on the left and A on the right, and the baseline scale, as measured from the left end, equal the percentage of the final mixture consisting of the stronger constituent. To use this chart, draw a horizontal straight line a t the elevation above the base line representing the desired concentration, C. Connect another straight line from the point representing the weaker concentration B, on the left scale with the point representing the stronger concentration, A , on the right scale, The horizontal distance, as measured on the base line, from the left perpendicular to the point of intersection of these two lines gives the percentage (100 X) of the final mixture made up of the stronger constituent. A simple geometric consideration of the similar triangles involved in the above construction establishes the validity of this method. A similar chart may be made for the mixture of liquids of different gravities, A and B , to obtain a desired gravity, C. The units on the base line in such a chart will represent volume per cent. Obviously such a chart cannot be used for mixtures of liquids such as alcohol and water, in which there is an over-all volume change, without the introduction of a correction factor. =
RECEIVED April 7 , 1934.
