A Fluorinated Fullerene Molecule on Cu(001) Surface as a

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C: Physical Processes in Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

A Fluorinated Fullerene Molecule on Cu(001) Surface as a Controllable Source of Fluorine Atoms Andrey Ivanovich Oreshkin, Dmitry A Muzychenko, Sergei I. Oreshkin, Vladimir I. Panov, Raouf Z. Bakhtizin, and Mikhail Nikolaevich Petukhov J. Phys. Chem. C, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b07950 • Publication Date (Web): 25 Sep 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on October 6, 2018

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry

A Fluorinated Fullerene Molecule on Cu(001) Surface as a Controllable Source of Fluorine Atoms A. I. Oreshkin,∗,† D. A. Muzychenko,∗,† S. I. Oreshkin,‡ V. I. Panov,† R. Z. Bakhtizin,¶ and M. Petukhov§ Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Physics, 119991, Moscow, Russia, Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia, Department of Physical Electronics, Bashkir State University, 450074, Ufa, Russia, and ICB, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit de Bourgogne Franche-Comt, Dijon, France E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

∗

To whom correspondence should be addressed Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Physics, 119991, Moscow, Russia ‡ Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia ¶ Department of Physical Electronics, Bashkir State University, 450074, Ufa, Russia § ICB, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit de Bourgogne Franche-Comt, Dijon, France †

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Abstract A coverage dependent growth of well-ordered copper halogenide structures as a result of fluorinated fullerene molecules adsorption on Cu(001) surface has been studied by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The experimental results clearly demonstrate that C60 Fn molecule on Cu(001) surface loses the fluorine atoms step by step. The gradual detachment of fluorine atoms leads originally to occurrence of two-dimensional (2D) gas phase on Cu(001) surface from which F-induced structures start to nucleate over time. The dynamics of further growth of F-induced structures directly depends on an initial coverage of Cu(001) surface by C60 Fn molecules. XPS and STM studies revealed that √ √ a stable cooper halogenide phase (2 2 × 2)-R45◦ is formed if fluorinated fullerene molecules are placed on Cu(001) surface for a time period of approximately a hundred hours. It has been shown that a variation of C60 Fn initial coverage allows to provide a controllable delivery of fluorine atoms to the surface.

INTRODUCTION Organic materials currently attract significant attention due to a possibility of their employment in molecular nanoelectronic devices. 1,2 In particular, carbon fullerenes and their derivatives 3–5 are very promising for the fabrication of electro-active elements in photovoltaic solar cells, active layers in organic field-effect transistors. 6,7 They also can be used as building blocks for chemical manipulation in nano-science applications to develop new functionalities. 8 Characterization and stability of highly fluorinated fullerenes has already been studied. 9 The authors showed that fluorination of pure C60 and C60 /C70 mixtures produced molecules with high levels of fluorine. The defluorination of C60 Fn was also observed at room temperature when samples were stored in solution for an extended time. The final product of decomposition was C60 F36 . Physical and electronic properties as well as the stability of C60 Fn molecules adsorbed on a semiconductor surface have been studied due to 2


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the possible development of new organic materials compatible with Si-based semiconductor technology. 10–12 It is worthy of note that fluorinated fullerenes also could be used as a low temperature fluorine carrier – a new technological tool to fabricate nanostructures. 13,14 Until now only a limited number of studies 15–17 have been dedicated to adsorption of C60 Fn molecules on a metal surface. While some information about electronic and structural nature of adsorbed molecules has been affected, the conditions of the stability for these molecules as well as the mechanisms of self-organisation processes have not been studied well. Among the fluorinated fullerenes the tortoise-shaped polar C60 F18 18,19 is an especially promising object for thin organic film growth on a metal surface due to its interesting physical (high electric dipole moment d>9 Debye) and geometric (18 fluorine atoms bound to only one hemisphere of C60 cage) properties. This molecule was used as a model object in our STM measurements. The substrate Cu(001) was used for STM as well as for XPS measurements because it serves as excellent model system for studying the chemisorption process. 20 Recently, we have investigated the adsorption of C60 F18 on Cu(001) surface. 21 Our results have indicated that the fluorinated fullerenes decay on Cu(001) surface by detachment of F atoms from C60 cage step by step. It has been revealed that real-time decay of C60 F18 on Cu(001) surface depends on the initial molecular coverage. In this Letter we report a study of controllable growth of fluorine induced structures on Cu(001) depending on the initial fluorinated fullerene molecules coverage. We observed the gradual formation of F-induced structures on Cu(001) surface depending on time after fluorinated fullerene molecules deposition. At initial stage the “transitional” surface phase starts to nucleate passing on to stable Cu(001)√ √ (2 2 × 2)-R45◦-F surface reconstruction over time. XPS results of fluorinated fullerene molecules adsorption on Cu(001) surface confirmed a detachment of F atoms from C60 cage and subsequent formation of copper halogenide phase. The most intriguing fact is possibility to perform a controllable growth of F-induced structures depending of the initial fluorinated fullerene coverage.

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EXPERIMENTAL SECTION The powder of C60 F18 has been synthesized in the group of Prof. L.N. Sidorov. To prepare pure C60 F18 , a method of fluorination of C60 in solid-state reactions with transition metal fluorides (MnF3 or K2 PtF6 ) was employed. 18,22 The crude product was synthesized by the reaction of C60 with K2 PtF6 . Fluorination was conducted under Knudsen cell conditions with mass spectrometric identification of gaseous products. As a result, pure C60 F18 with mass fraction of about 0.99 was obtained. 23 All STM measurements have been carried out in ultrahigh vacuum (base pressure of about 4×10−11 mbar) at room temperature. The Omicron Nanotechnology GmbH STM 1 setup has been used. The STM tips were produced from polycrystalline tungsten wire by electrochemical etching and were cleaned in situ by repeated flashing well above 1800 K in order to remove the surface oxide layer and additional contamination. The tip quality was routinely checked by acquiring atomic-resolution images of clean Cu(001) surface. STM topography imaging was performed in constant current mode. In this article the tunneling bias voltage Vt refers to the sample voltage, while the STM tip is virtually grounded. Image processing was done by Nanotec WSxM. 24 A single crystal of Cu(001) (99,9999% purity) was cleaned in the UHV condition by repeated cycles of Ar+ sputtering at 1 keV and annealing at 820 K for 2-3 hours. As a result wide (about 500 nm) and defect free Cu(001) terraces separated by monoatomic steps became visible. The deposition of fluorinated fullerene molecules was done from Knudsen cell on a clean Cu(001) surface kept at room temperature. The pressure during the deposition was 1.8×10−10 mbar. The deposition rate in all experiments was 0.03 ML/min. In this article 1 monolayer (ML) is defined as the number of molecules forming a close-packed monolayer of fluorinated fullerene on Cu(001) surface. The XPS experiment was carried out in ultra high vacuum chamber with a base pressure 1×10−10 mbar equipped with hemispherical analyser Omicron EA 125 and X-ray source XR705 VG Microtech with a dual anode. Mg Kα excitation was used for XPS measurements. All XPS spectra were acquired at angle of 30 degrees between the electron analyser and sample surface plane. The XPS binding energy scale was calibrated 4


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on the position of the Cu 2p3/2 =932.7 eV. 25

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1: STM topography images (Vt = −1.9 V, It = 25 pA) of Cu(001) surface obtained 46 (a) and 113 (b) hours after adsorption of 0.6 ML of C60 F A and B indicate √18 . Labels √ the area occupied by A-type (“transitional”) and B-type ((2 2 × 2)-R45◦) surface structures correspondingly. White squares in (a), (b) √ show √ the surface unit cell of “transitional” ◦ structure. (c) High resolution STM image of (2 2√× 2)R45 -F surface structure. White √ rectangulars in (c) show the unit cell of Cu(001)-(2 2 × 2)-R45◦-F surface reconstruction. Fluorinated fullerene molecules being deposited on Cu(001) surface start to lose the fluorine atoms. 21 The gradual detachment of fluorine atoms leads originally to occurrence of 2D gas phase on Cu(001) surface from that F-induced structure starts to nucleate over time. The further growth’s dynamics of F-induced structures depends directly on initial coverage of Cu(001) surface by fluorofullerene molecules. At small coverage (0.5 ML) an intensive growth of new F-induced surface structures is observed. The nucleation of F-induced structures from 2D-gas phase begins after several hours and at the first stage a “transitional” phase, that occupies a significant part of the Cu(001) surface free of fluorofullerene molecules, is formed. Figure 1(a) shows the Cu(001) surface 46 hours after the deposition of 0.6 ML of C60 F18 molecules. The outline A highlights the region containing the newly grown “transitional” phase with square symmetry and parameter of 5



surface unit cell (SUC) equals to 10.3 ± 0.3˚ A. The local nucleation of B-type structure takes place simultaneously with the growth of “transitional” phase (Fig. 1(a)). The growth of type B structures and the successive transformation of the “transitional” structure into the B-type structure occur simultaneously (Fig. 1 (b)) with time. Both A and B-type structures grow on top of Cu(001) surface with the same height equal to 1.6 ± 0.2˚ A. As seen in (Fig. 1(b,c)) the B-type structure consists of two different domains with a tendency of linear growth along mutually perpendicular crystallographic directions [110] and [¯110]. The orientations of SUCs for two different growth directions of B-type structure are shown in Fig.1(c). It has been revealed that the B-type structure is stable and the process of its growth is completed 250 hours after the deposition of 0.6 ML of fluorofullerene molecules on the Cu(001) surface. The result is a large surface area consisting of joint domains oriented along two crystallographic directions [110] and [¯110], as depicted in Fig. 1(c).

Figure 2: (a) Empty-states (Vt = +50 mV, It = 50 pA) and (b) filled-states (V √ mV,◦ √t = −100 It = 50 pA) high-resolution STM topography images of the F-induced (2 2 × 2)R45 √ 2 surface reconstruction on the Cu(001) surface. Image sizes are 7.1 × 7.1 nm . The (2 2× √ 2)R45◦ SUCs for two different domain orientations are indicated √ by the black and yellow √ rectangles. The surface area occupied by two different domains of (2 2 × 2)R45◦ structure is indicated by white and black dashed on (b). Inset in (a) schematically shows √ rectangles √ the chirality of internal structure of (2 2 × 2)R45◦ relative to a for two different domains. High resolution empty-states (Fig. 2(a)) and filled-states (Fig. 2(b)) STM topography images for the same surface area of the Cu(001) surface fully occupied by B-type structure 6


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are presented in Fig.2. The measured sizes of tetragonal SUCs for both domains (see Fig. 2) are the same and equal to a=7.3 ± 0.3˚ A and b=3.6 ± 0.3˚ A. Within experimental error the ratio a/b is 1:2 for SUC of B-type structure. Careful analysis of high resolution STM images (Fig. 2(a,b)) allows to conclude that the atomic structures inside of SUCs for two domains is slightly different and demonstrates the chirality. The schematics representation of SUCs for both domains (see inset in Fig. 2(a)) clearly shows mirror-symmetric with respect to the side a of the surface unit cell. It should be mentioned that surface structures with the same periodicity were observed in studies of the of O adsorption on the Cu(001) surface √ √ where the authors observed the missing row reconstruction (2 2 × 2)R45◦ in O/Cu(001) system 26,27 only if oxygen coverage was exceeding 0.34 ML. 20,26,28,29 Within the experimental √ √ error the selected surface unit cell for B-type structure can be described as (2 2 × 2)R45◦ . √ √ √ √ An obvious analogy between (2 2 × 2)R45◦ -O and (2 2 × 2)R45◦ -F surface structures allows to state that oxygen-induced and fluorine-induced reconstructions on Cu(100) are of the same nature. In order to determine chemical transformation of fluorinated fullerene molecules on Cu(001) surface XPS measurements of C1s , F1s , Cu2p core levels were performed (Fig. 3, Fig.

4). C60 F48 molecules have been chosen as a source of fluorine atoms to increase

the sensitivity of XPS to fluorine atoms. In all XPS measurements the coverage of C60 F48 molecules on Cu(001) surface was ∼ 1 ML. The survey XPS spectra of clean surface and after molecules deposition are presented in Fig. 3(a). The curves presented in Figure 3(b) demonstrate the development of 2p energy levels of copper with time. The 2p3/2 peak located at 932.7 eV and 2p1/2 peak at 952.5 eV are always at the same position (within accuracy 0.1 eV) for clean copper and after C60 Fn molecules deposition. The doublet structure visible before 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 peaks is standart satellites due to non-monochromatic radiation of Mg Kα line. The observed satellite peaks at 936 eV and 956 eV for the spectra after C60 Fn adsorption indicate occurence of more than one final state configuration in the photoelectron process of copper atoms. The phenomenon of final state configuration satellites is typical for

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Figure 3: XPS spectra of fluorinated fullerene molecules on Cu(001) surface. (a) The survey XPS spectrum of clean Cu(001) surface (magenta curve) and XPS spectrum of Cu(001) surface coated by 1 ML of fluorinated fullerene molecules (black curve). (b) The time dependence of Cu2p core levels spectrum. The magenta curve in (b) is typical for clean Cu(001) surface. The black, red, blue and green curves in (b) show XPS spectra immediately after deposition of fluorinated fullerene molecules, 5, 8 and 24 hours after deposition correspondingly.

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Figure 4: The time dependence of C1s (a) and F1s (b) core levels XPS spectra of fluorinated fullerene molecules on Cu(001) surface. The black, red, blue and green curves show XPS spectra immediately after deposition of fluorinated fullerene molecules, 5, 8 and 24 hours after deposition correspondingly. The magenta curves in (a) and (b) corresponds to XPS spectra from Cu(001) surface prior deposition.

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copper oxide

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and dihalides . 31 The appearance of Cu 2p satellites is due to copper-ligand

interaction, that changes the screening of the copper core hole during photoelectron excitation. Consequently, the satellite structure of XPS spectrum in Figure 3(b) indicates that fluorine structure is formed on the copper surface. Time dependence of core levels spectra of C1s line are shown in Figure 4(a). The C1s spectra in Figure 4(a) have three dominant peaks. The first peak, located at 284.5 - 285 eV, is typical for C-C bonds formation and corresponds to carbon atoms in fullerene molecules bonded to fluorine atoms. The intensity of this peak increases with time. The second peak in XPS spectrum (288.7 eV for the molecules immediately after deposition) is responsible for C-F bonding. The second peak position is shifted to lower binding energy (288.0 eV) over time. The relative intensity of the peak decreases indicating loss of fluorine atoms concentration in C60 Fn molecules. The C1s data shows that the fluorinated fullerene molecule starts to lose some fluorine atoms immediately after adsorption (see the black curve in Fig. 4(a)), which is in a good agreement with our STM results. The evolution of core levels spectra of F1s with time after fluorinated fullerene molecules are deposited on a Cu(001) surface is shown in Figure 4(b). The F1s peak position at 687.3 eV on curve 1 is typical for fluorine-carbon bond. The shoulder observed at 684 eV (see the curves 1, 2, 3, 4) is responsible for the interaction of fluorine atoms with Cu(001) surface. The relative intensity of the shoulder is growing, meantime the intensity of F-C component decreases with time. As can be obviously seen from these curves, the interaction of fluorine with copper becomes more significant (from the curve 1=⇒ then 2 and 3 to curve 4). Slight shift of C-F component of C1s and F1s spectra in Figure 4(a), (b) can be explained by changes of screening conditions inside the fullerene skeleton during detachment of some fluorine atoms. From the data obtained we can conclude that a fluorinated fullerene molecule starts to detach fluorine atoms after the first contact with Cu(001) surface in accordance with our STM measurements. Summarizing XPS data and our previous results

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it is possible to conclude that: 1. fluorinated fullerene molecules start to lose fluorine atoms after the first contact with

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Cu(001) surface, forming a 2D flourine gas; 2. the interaction of fluorine with copper becomes more significant with time after initial deposition; 3. the formation of copper halogenide takes place when the concentration of flourine atoms on Cu(001) surface is high enough;

CONCLUSION In conclusion, we analyzed the formation of a copper halogenide phase as a result of evolution of fluorinated fullerene molecule on Cu(001) surface. The STM and XPS experimental results clearly demonstrate that fluorinated fullerene molecule on Cu(001) surface looses the fluorine atoms step by step over time. It was shown that gradual detachment of fluorine atoms leads to the occurrence of 2D gas phase on Cu(001) surface from which F-induced structures start to nucleate over time. The further growth of F-induced structures depends on the initial coverage of Cu(001) surface with fluorinated fullerene molecules. At coverage >0.5 ML an intensive multi-stage growth of the new F-induced surface structures is observed. At initial stage the “transitional” phase is formed on Cu(001) surface and then it gradually transforms √ √ to the stable copper halogenide (2 2 × 2)R45◦ -F surface reconstruction over time. The described physical and chemical effects show that fluorinated fullerene molecule might be technologically relevant as controllable source for delivery of fluorine atoms to the surface and could be employed in future nanoscale-localized technology applications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) grants (Nos. 16-02-00818-a and 17-42-020616R- Povolzhye-a).

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A Fluorinated Fullerene Molecule on Cu(001) Surface as a

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