A Formal Synthesis of Lavendamycin Methyl Ester, Nitramarine, and

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A Formal Synthesis of Lavendamycin Methyl Ester, Nitramarine and their Analogues: A Povarov Approach S. Ramesh, and Rajagopal Nagarajan J. Org. Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/jo302389s • Publication Date (Web): 10 Dec 2012 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on December 16, 2012

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The Journal of Organic Chemistry

A Formal Synthesis of Lavendamycin Methyl Ester, Nitramarine and their Analogues: A Povarov Approach Subburethinam Ramesh and Rajagopal Nagarajan* School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, INDIA [email protected] This manuscript is dedicated to Dr. P. T. Perumal, Organic Chemistry Division, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India for his contributions for imino Diels-Alder reaction

R1 R1

CO2R2

N

NH2 R3

N N H

CHO

+

i) MgSO4, DCM reflux, 1 h ii) I2 (10 mol %) THF, reflux 7-10 h 83-94%

OR7 +

R6

CO2R2

R4 R5 H3C

N H

R3 R4

R6

R5

CO2H N

N N H

N

O

N

NH2

N H

N

O Nitramarine

Lavendamycin

Abstract A convergent formal synthesis of lavendamycin methyl ester and synthesis of its analogues have been delineated through the Povarov approach. This protocol is also applied to the formal synthesis of nitramarine (3) in good yield. Introduction For the past several years, Povarov reaction (imino Diels-Alder reaction) has played a central and crucial role to produce quinoline and tetrahydroquinoline molecules.1-3 These 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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nitrogen containing heterocycles have significantly attracted the synthetic community due to their prevalence in many natural products3 and synthetic compounds with a wide spectrum of biological activities.4 In 1981, Doyle and co-workers from Bristol Laboratories reported the isolation of naturally occurring antitumour-antibiotic lavendamycin (1, Figure 1) from the fermentation broth of streptomyces lavendulae strain C22030 as a dark red solid.5 Subsequently, its structure was elucidated as a pentacyclic quinone by Balitz and co-workers by means of analytical and spectroscopic studies.5 In 1984, first total synthesis of lavendamycin was achieved by Kende’s et al, via Bischler-Napieralski reaction.6 Structurally and biosynthetically, lavendamycin is related to well-known antitumor antibiotic streptonigrin alkaloid (2) (Figure 1).7 Lavendamycin and its analogues exhibit promising biological properties such as inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase,8a,8b MKN45 gastric carcinoma and WiDr colon carcinoma cells8c as well as antiproliferative8c and cytotoxicitic9a activities. Lavendamycin exhibits antitumor activity against topoisomerase I cell with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 0.1 µg/mL.9b-c Produced in a challenging atmosphere and importantly for its biological significance, lavendamycin and its analogues have stimulated the interest of synthetic community. They have been the target of various groups with extensive synthetic efforts.6,10

H3C

COOH COOH

E D

H3 C HO

C

N

N

O MeO

N H

NH2

NH2

N A

O

N

N H

N

N

MeO OMe

B

O NH2

O 2

1

3

Figure 1. Lavendamycin (1), Streptonigrin (2) and Nitramarine (3) 2 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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Some of the other basic methods for the synthesis of lavendamycin methyl ester include Bischler-Napieralski reaction,6,10a Pictet-Spengler cyclization,10b-e Friedlander condensation,10f aza-wittig/electrocyclic ring closure,10g modified Knoevenagel–Stobbe condensation10h and transition metal catalyzed cross-coupling.10i-l The most recent synthetic study by Nissen et al.11 is ruthenium-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of an electron-deficient nitrile to an alkynylynamide. Continuing with our ongoing interest in Povarov reactions,12 we have opted this strategy as a novel and flexible synthetic route to generate lavendamycin and its analogues with diverse substitution patterns. Results and discussion

Scheme 1. Retrosynthetic analysis for lavendamycin methyl ester. Our prime target molecule would be a substituted α-quinolinyl-β-carboline 4 as mentioned in scheme 1, because compound 4 had already been converted into lavendamycin methyl ester.10a We envisioned that the compound 4 would derive from α-formyl-β-carboline 5 (CDE ring) and aniline 6 (A ring) via Povarov reaction with n-butylvinyl ether (7) to construct ring B. The compound 5 & 13 (CDE ring) were prepared from rac-threo-β-methyltryptophan esters (8 & 8a) (Scheme 2) that, in turn, is known to be derived from indole in a three steps sequence.13 Pictet-Spengler cyclization of tryptophan esters 8 & 8a with dimethoxy acetaledehyde in

3 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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DCM/TFA (rt, 5 h) led to the desired diasteromeric mixtures 9 & 10. Without further purification, when the diastereomeric mixtures were subjected to KMnO4 oxidation (DMF, rt), αMe

MeO

NH2

CO2R2

OMe

NH

DCM, TFA rt, 5 h

N H

rac-threo

Me

CHO

CO2R2

N H MeO

8, R2 = Me 8a, R2 = Et

OMe

9, R2 = Me 10, R2 = Et KMnO4 DMF, rt 2.5 h

Me

CO2R2

H2O/AcOH (3:2) 70 oC, 0.5 h

N N H

Me

CO2R2

N N H MeO

CHO

OMe

11, R2 = Me, 81 % 12, R2 = Et, 77 %

5, R2 = Me, 95 % 13, R2 = Et, 95 %

Yields: overall for 2 steps

Scheme 2. Synthesis of compound 5 and 13. dimethoxymethyl-β-carbolines (11 & 12) were obtained in good yields and then deprotection of 11 & 12 afforded α-formyl-β-carbolines (5 & 13) in excellent yields. The requisite aniline 6 was prepared in a four steps sequence which commenced with commercially available 4methoxyphenol (14) (Scheme 3). OH

OH NO2

HNO3, AcOH 1 h, 70% OMe 14

OMe 15

OH

KBr, Br2 (1:1) H2O/AcOH rt, 1 h 95%

Br

OMe 16

OMe Br

NO2

CH3I KOH, Acetone ref lux, 5 h 90%

OMe NH2

Fe/AcOH ref lux, 20 min 93%

Br

OMe

NO2

OMe

6

17

Scheme 3. Synthesis of 3-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyaniline (6)


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We started the preliminary investigation using α-formyl-β-carboline (18),14 anline (19) and n-butylvinyl ether (7) so as to test the feasibility of this approach (Table 1). The first experiment was performed in refluxing ethanol and in presence of BF3.OEt2 affording the Table 1. Optimization of reaction conditions. CO 2M e CO 2M e N

NH 2

+

N O Bu +

solvent

CH O

N H 18

19

Entry

N

N H

ca talyst

7

20

Condition

Time (h)

Yield (%)a

1

BF3. OEt2 (10 mol %) /ethanol

24

trace

2

BF3. OEt2 (10 mol %) /ethanol

24

28

3

Cu(OTf)2 (10 mol %) / CH3CN

24

22

4

Ag(OTf) (10 mol %) / CH3CN

24

12

5

La(OTf)3 (10 mol %) / CH3CN

20

72

6

La(OTf)3 (10 mol %) / dioxane

20

65

7

La(OTf)3 (10 mol %) / toluene

32

68

8

Sc(OTf )3 (10 mol %) / CH3 CN

20

55

9

Yb(OTf)3 (10 mol %)/ CH3 CN

18

51

10

I2 (10 mol %) / CH3CN

12

75

11

I2 (10 mol %) / CH3OH

15

61

12

I2 (10 mol %)/ toluene

20

45

13

I2 (10 mol %) / THF

12

89

14

I2 (20 mol %) / THF

24

89

15

I2 (5 mol %)/ THF

24

82

General conditions. Aldehyde (18) 0.25 mmol, aniline (19) 0.25 mmol and vinyl ether (7)(0.30 mmol ). a Yield refers to column purified product. For entry 1, the Povarov reaction between aldehyde (18), aniline (19) and vinyl ether (7) was performed. For entry 2-15, the Povarov reaction between isolated aldimine and vinyl ether (7) was performed. The aldimine was prepared by refluxing the aniline and aldehyde in DCM solvent in the presence of MgSO4 for 1 h. For all entries, reflux temperature of corresponding solvents was maintained.



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desired product 20 in trace amount (Table 1, entry 1). We suspected that the formation of water during shiff base formation would be deleterious to the reaction. As anticipated, the reaction between isolated aldimine and n-butylvinyl ether (7) in the same above mentioned conditions (Table 1, entry 2), afforded the desired product in better yield (Table 1, entry 7). Consequently, we decided to optimize the reaction conditions only with aldimine and vinyl ether. Soft metal triflates such as Cu(OTf)2 and Ag(OTf) triggered the reaction with poor yields (Table 1, entries 3&4). In addition, lanthanide triflates such as La(OTf)3, Sc(OTf)3 and Yb(OTf)3 also catalyzed the reaction with moderate yields (Table 1, entries 5-9). A satisfactory result was obtained with 10 mol % of I2 in refluxing CH3CN (Table 1, entry 10). With molecular iodine as a good catalyst, we next proceeded with solvents screening and catalytic loading (Table 1, entries 1115). As shown in the table 1, the best result was obtained using THF as a solvent and 10 mol % of I2 as a catalyst (Table 1, entry 13).

Scheme 4. Synthesis of nitramarine alkaloid (3) Nitramarine (3) (Figure 1) is a α-quinolinyl-β-carboline alkaloid which was isolated from nitraria komarovii plant by Tulyaganov et al. in 1984.15 It exhibits sleeping time pronging effect,16a hypotensive and spasmolytic activities.16b However, only few literature reports were available.16a, 17a-c The compound 20 was de-esterified using LiOH in MeOH/H2O (3:1) at room temperature to furnish a 92% yield of compound 45 which was de-carboxylated using the


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reported procedure17b in moderate yield (Scheme 4). The spectroscopic data of synthetic 3 (1H and 13C NMR, LCMS, CHN analysis) were in full accordance with those reported.17c

Me CO2Me

Me

OMe

N N H

NH2

+

ii) n-butylvinyl ether (7) I2 (10 mol %) THF, reflux 6 h, 92%

Br

CHO MeO

5

i) MgSO4, DCM ref lux, 1 h

6

N

CO2Et

N H

+

CHO MeO

Br 4 MeO

6

Me


CO2Me

N

OMe Br

21 MeO

Me

N

CO2Me N

N

N H

CO2Et

N H

ii) n-butylvinyl ether (7) I2 (10 mol %) THF, ref lux 6 h, 78%

Br

13

OMe

N

NH2 OMe

N

N

N H

Me Me

CO2Me

ref 10a

OMe

5 steps

Br MeO

N H

N

O NH2

O Lavendamycin methyl ester

4

Scheme 5. Synthesis of compounds 4 & 21: A formal synthesis of lavendmycin methyl ester. With the optimized conditions in hand, α-formyl-β-carbolines 5 & 13 and n-butylvinyl ether (7) were subjected to the Povarov reaction with aniline 6 to give the corresponding compounds 4 & 21 in excellent yields (Scheme 5). The compound 4 is identical to the Rao’s intermediate which would be converted into lavendamycin methyl ester from their literature report.10a 7 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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CO2H

Me

CO2Me

Me

N

CO2Me

Me

N

N 2 steps

O

N

N H

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N

N H

NH2

3 steps

O

N

N H

OMe Br

Br

Lavendamycin (1)

22

O

4

O

CO2Et

Me

Me

N

N H

O

Me

N N

N H

OMe

N H

NHTs Our strategy

24

CO2Me N

O NHTs

23

CO2Et

Oxidation one step

N

Rao et al strategy

Oxidation one step

Detosylation one step

MeO

MeO

N

OH Br

Our strategy

25

MeO

Scheme 6. Synthetic plan to reduce the steps reported in the literature.10a However, the conversion of the compound 4 to lavendamycin methyl ester was tedious and not in good yields. At this juncture, our endeavor was to modify the synthetic route attempted in the literature10a (Scheme 6). We envisioned that replacing the Br group at C-7 position of compound 4 with amino group (Scheme 6) could perhaps favor the oxidation step. Such a strategy, if successful, would be able to provide an intermediate 23, which in turn, could easily be converted into lavendamycin ester (1), thereby reducing the 3 steps10a (Scheme 6). Intermediate 24 was envisaged to be derived from α-formyl-β-carboline (5 or 13) and 3amino-2,5-dimethoxy-1-(4-methylphenylsulfonamido)benzene (28). To examine this hypothesis, attempts were initiated to synthesize the aniline 28 which was constructed via a three steps sequence starting with 4-methoxy-2,6-dinitrophenol (Scheme 7).


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Scheme 7. Synthesis of 3-amino-2,5-dimethoxy-1-(4-methylphenylsulfonamido)benzene (28). CO2Et

Me OMe

CO2Et

Me

TsHN

NH2

+

N CHO

N H

N OMe

N

N H

ii) n-butylvinyl ether I2 (10 mol %) THF, ref lux 14 h, 72%

OMe 28

13

i) MgSO4, DCM reflux, 1 h

NHTs 24

MeO CO2Me

OMe

CO2Me TsHN

NH2

+

N CHO

N H

Me

N

ii) n-butylvinyl ether I2 (10 mol %) THF, ref lux 14 h, 78%

OMe 28

18


CO2Et

NHTs MeO Me

29

CO2Et N

N N H

OMe

N

N H

N

OMe

N

N H

O NHTs

NHTs MeO

23

24

O

Scheme 8. Synthesis of compounds 24 & 29 and oxidation of 24. With the requisite aniline 28 in hand, we next attempted the Povarov reactions with αformyl-β-carboline aldehyde 13 & 18 to afford compounds 24 & 29 in good yields (Scheme 8). Our attempts to oxidize the compound 24 under the conditions (Table 2) failed to deliver the desired compound 23, however the compound 24 remained unaffected in some of conditions



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(Table 2, entries 1, 5-10) and recovered from the reaction mixture. Oxidation conditions such as a higher equivalent of CAN (more than 5 equiv.), higher temperature (entry 3) and the presence of acid (entries 2&4) led to an unidentified complex reaction mixture. On the other hand, the Povarov reaction of aldehyde 5 and aniline 30 did not yield the expected intermediate 25 (Scheme 9). Table 2. Conditions attempted for the oxidation step.

Scheme 9. Povarov reaction of aldehyde 5 and aniline 30.


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Scheme 10. Revised strategy for lavendamycin ester. Next, we directed a revised retrosynthetic analysis, as delineated in scheme 10 according to the literature report.9c We endeavored to attain the intermediate 33 for two reasons: (i) the Povarov reaction is not working without protection of aminophenol (Scheme 9) and (ii) the quinolyl carboline, particularly protected with PMB ether (33), could be easily de-protected as well as oxidized by CAN in a single step to generate compound 31.

Scheme 11. Synthesis of PMB-aniline 34.



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The route to synthesize the compound 33 commenced with the preparation of PMB (pmethoxybenzyl)-protected aniline 34 which in turn could be accessed from 2-nitrophenol (35) in a short sequence (Scheme 11). With the aniline 34 in hand, we explored the Povarov reaction of aldehydes 13 & 18 with aniline 34, giving rise to the compounds 33 and 38 respectively (Scheme 12). But unfortunately, all our efforts to oxidize the compound 33 were abortive under various conditions with CAN and DDQ (Table 2, entry 1,3,5-8). Under these conditions, the PMBprotected compound 33 was stable and could be recovered from the reaction mixture.

Scheme 12. Synthesis of compounds 33, 38 and 31. We failed to obtain the quinolinedione 31, despite our extensive efforts in troubleshooting the oxidation process. Hence, we resolved to synthesize an acylated quinolyl carboline which had been accounted by Nissen et al. in their recent total synthesis of lavendamycin methyl ester.11 12 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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CO2Me

Me

N CO2Me

Me

CO2Me

Me

N

N N

N H

ref 11

O NH2

OMe

N

N H

Povarov reaction

OMe H2N

1 39

5

+

NHCOCH 3

O

CHO

N H

NHCOCH3

MeO OMe

40

Scheme 13. Revised strategy for the lavendamycin metyl ester.

OMe O2N

OMe

OMe

OMe NO2

Fe/AcOH 60 oC, 2 h 80%

O2N

NH2

Acetyl chloride K2CO3 DCM, 2 h rt, 84%

O2N

OMe 41

26

NHCOMe

OMe 42

OMe H2N

40

NHCOMe

Fe/AcOH EtOH, ref lux 4 h, 92%

OMe

Scheme 14. Synthesis of monoacylated aniline 40. As indicated in the revised retrosynthetic analysis (Scheme 13), for the construction of the intermediate 39, N1-(3-amino-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acetamide (40) had to be prepared. Upon preparation of the requisite aniline 40 (Scheme 14), we proceeded next to the Povarov reaction between aldehydes (5 & 18) and the aniline 40 (Scheme 15) which afforded the expected βcarbolines (39 & 43) in good yields, thereby completing the formal synthesis of lavendamycin methyl ester, as the compound 39 could easily be converted into lavendamycin methyl ester in two steps sequence with excellent yields. The overall yield for our synthetic sequence toward the



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CO2Me

Me OMe

CO2Me

Me

N

+

H2N

CHO

N H

NHCOMe

40

H 2N N CHO

N H

NHCOMe

40

Me

N

N H

OMe NHCOMe

43

MeO Me

CO2Me

CO2Me N

N N H

MeO

N


OMe

CO2Me

OMe NHCOMe

39


+

18

N

N H

CO2Me

OMe

CO2Me

N


OMe

5

Me


N

ref 11 N

OMe NHCOMe

DIB CH3CN / H2O 88%

ref 11 N

N H

O NHCOMe

MeO 39

H2SO4 / H2O 60 oC, 30 min 97 %

N H

N

O NH2

O

O 44

lavendamycin methyl ester

Scheme 15. Synthesis of intermediate 39: A formal synthesis of lavendamycin methyl ester. compound 39 is 60.02% with respect to methyltryptophan ester 8. Upon completion of the two reported steps, our synthetic strategy would be able to provide lavendamycin methyl ester at 51.2% overall yield.

Figure 2. ORTEP of compound 20c18 14 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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Table 3. Synthesis of lavendamycin analogues (20, 20a-h). CO2CH3 N

CO2 CH3 N

+ R6

19, 19a-h

Aniline

Product Time/Yielda

R4

Product Time/Yielda

CO2Me

CO2Me NH2

N

NH2 1

N H

R5

R6 20, 20a-h

Aniline

Entry

R3

N

N H

ii) vinylether (7 or 7a) OR7 I2 (10 mol %) THF, ref lux 7-10 h 7 (R7 = Bu) 83 - 94% 7a (R7 = Et)

R4 R5

18

Entry

R3

CHO

N H


NH2

N N H

6 N

N

OMe 19

20e, 8 h, 94 %

19e

20, 8 h, 89 %

OMe CO2Me

CO 2Me NH2

NH 2

N

N OMe

N H

N H

N

N

OMe

2 F 19a

19f

7

20a, 10 h, 87 % F

20f , 8 h, 90 %

CO2Me

N H

3

CO2 Me NH2

N

NH2

Cl Cl 19b

N N H

N

8

Cl 19g

Cl Cl 20g, 10 h, 86 %

20b, 10 h, 85% Cl CO2Me N H

4

CO2 Me

N

NH2

NH2

N N H

N OMe

Br 19c

20c, 10 h, 85%

N

19h Br

N

OMe

20h, 7 h, 85%

9 CO2 Me NH2

N N

a

20d, 7 h, 92%

N H

10b

Me 19d

N

NH2

N H

5

CO2Me

19

N

20, 10 h, 83%

Me

Yield refers to column purified product. For entry 1-9, n-butylvinyl ether (7) was used. bFor entry 10, ethylvinyl ether (7a) was used.



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Considering the biological importance of lavendamycin analogues and scope of this methodology, we extended this reaction to different anilines (19, 19a-h) and alkylvinyl ethers (7 & 7a), resulting in high yields of corresponding lavendamycin methyl ester derivatives (20, 20ah) (Table 3). Aromatic amines contain both electron-donating (Table 3, entries 5-7, 9) as well as electron-withdrawing (Table 3, entries 2-4, 8) groups which tolerated the reaction in excellent yields. The compound 20 was also synthesized in good yield (83%, Table 2, entry 10) using this synthetic approach via ethylvinyl ether (7a) instead of n-butylvinyl ether (7). The structure of compound 20c (Figure 2) was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal analysis.18 The proposed reaction mechanism is shown in scheme 16.

Scheme 16. Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of 20.


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Conclusions It is noteworthy that all the synthetic steps of this sequence, involved readily available inexpensive materials to start with and gave good to excellent yields. The formal synthesis of lavendamycin methyl ester was accomplished using a Povarov approach that featured inexpensive catalyst with an overall yield of 51.2% to produce the lavenamycin methyl ester. We have also demonstrated the versatility of this approach toward the synthesis of lavendamycin analogues (20, 20a-h). The synthesized lavendamycin analogue (20) was transformed into 45, thereby completing the formal synthesis of nitramarine (3). Experimental section General Information 1

H and

13

C-NMR spectra were recorded at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively, or at 500 and 125

MHz, respectively. Chemical shifts were calculated in ppm downfield from TMS (δ = 0) for 1H NMR, and relative to the central CDCl3 resonance (δ =77.0) and DMSO-d6 (δ = 39.51) for 13CNMR. Data presented in the experimental section are as follows: chemical shift, integration, multiplicity (s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, m=multiplet, dd=doublet doublet), coupling constant in Hertz (Hz). X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out at 298 K on an automated diffractometer using graphite-monochromated Mo-Ka (l = 0.71073 Å) radiation with CAD4 software or the X-ray intensity data were measured at 298 K on an instrument equipped with a graphite monochromator and a Mo-Ka fine-focus sealed tube (l = 0.71073 Å). TOF and quadrupole

mass

analyzer

types

are

used

for

the

HRMS

measurements.

Mass spectral data was obtained from LC-MS (ESI). IR spectra were recorded on a FT-IR spectrometer using KBr pellets. Elemental analysis was carried out in CHN analyzer. Melting 17 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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points were measured in open capillary tubes and are uncorrected. All the obtained products were purified by column chromatography using silica gel (100-200 mesh). All reaction solvents used were of GR grade and used without drying unless mentioned. All other commercial reagents were used as received. Methyl 1-dimethoxymethyl-4-methyl-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylates (11). To a solution of βmethyltryptophan ester (8) (500 mg, 2.15 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) were added 60% wt. solution in water of dimethoxyacetaldehyde (3 mmol) and 98% of TFA (3 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for a period of 5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated in vacuum and carried forward to the next step without further purification. To the crude diastereomeric mixture (9, 685 mg, 2.1 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added KMnO4 (3.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred over a period of 2.5 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered using Celite-545 bed. The filterate was concentrated and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromotography (silica-gel: hexanes/ethyl acetate = 10:4) to give the desired product 11 as a viscous liquid in 81% yield (overall two steps) (548 mg); IR(KBr): 3366, 3059, 1716, 1215, 798, 746 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 9.50 (1H, s), 8.26 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.52 (2H, d, J = 3.2 Hz), 7.28-7.33 (1H, m), 5.71 (1H, s), 3.99 (3H, s), 3.48 (6H, s), 3.11 (3H, s);

13

C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3,

TMS) δ: 167.7, 140.4, 137.7, 136.5, 133.8, 131.5, 129.5, 128.1, 123.8, 121.9, 120.5, 111.9, 106.8 (aromatic C), 54.7, 52.5, 16.6 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C17H18N2O4; 315.1345 (M+H), found: 315.1349; LCMS: m/z = 315.20 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 64.96; H, 5.77; N, 8.91 %; found: C, 64.79; H, 5.85; N, 8.96 %. 18 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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Ethyl 1-dimethoxymethyl-4-methyl-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (12). To a solution of βmethyltryptophan ester (8a) (500 mg, 2.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) were added 60% wt. solution in water of dimethoxyacetaldehyde (3 mmol) and 98% of TFA (3 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for a period of 5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated in vacuum and carried forward to the next step without further purification. To the crude diastereomeric mixture (10, 607 mg 1.83 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added KMnO4 (3.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred over a period of 2.5 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered using Celite-545 bed. The filterate was concentrated and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromotography (silica-gel: hexanes/ethyl acetate = 10:4) to give the desired product 12 as a viscous liquid in 77% yield (overall two steps) (513 mg). IR(KBr): 3360, 2935, 1712, 1213, 1070, 746 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 9.81 (1H, s), 8.16 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.37-7.51 (2H, m), 7.21 (1H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), 5.62 (1H, s), 4.44 (2H, q, J = 6.8 Hz), 3.37 (6H, s), 3.06 (3H, s), 1.35 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz);

13

C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 167.5, 140.5, 137.8, 137.1, 133.6, 130.6, 129.3,

127.9, 123.5, 121.8, 120.3, 112.0, 106.8 (aromatic C), 61.3, 54.7, 16.6, 14.3 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C18H20N2O4; 329.1501 (M+H), found: 329.1501; LCMS: m/z = 329.35 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 65.84; H, 6.14; N, 8.53 %; found: C, 65.73; H, 6.19 ; N, 8.45 %. Methyl 1-formyl-4-methyl-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (5). In a 150 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic bar, compound 11 (400 mg, 1.2 mmol) was dissolved in H2O/AcOH (40 mL/32 mL) solvent mixture then the solution was heated at 70 oC over a period of 30 min. 19 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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The hot solution was cooled down to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with EtOAc, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum. The title compound 5 was isolated as a pale yellow solid which was carried forward to further reactions without further purifications. (324 mg, 95%) mp: 160 °C; IR(KBr): 3364, 2920, 1720, 1441, 1073, 739 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 10.34 (1H, s), 10.32 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.63-7.64 (2H, m), 7.38-7.42 (1H, m), 4.07 (3H, s), 3.17 (3H, s);

13

C

NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 194.9, 166.9, 141.3, 138.5, 136.2, 135.2, 132.9, 131.1, 129.2, 124.1, 121.8, 121.4, 112.4 (aromatic C), 52.9, 17.2 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C15H12N2O3; 269.0926 (M+H), found: 269.0927; LCMS: m/z = 269.15 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 67.16; H, 4.51; N, 10.44 %; found: C, 67.25; H, 4.61; N, 10.31 %. Ethyl 1-formyl-4-methyl-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (13). In a 150 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic bar, compound 12 (400 mg, 1.2 mmol) was dissolved in H2O/ AcOH (40 mL/ 32 mL) solvent mixture then the solution was heated at 70 oC over a period of 30 min. The hot solution was cooled down to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with EtOAc, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum. The title compound 7 was isolated as a pale yellow solid which was carried forward to further reactions without further purifications. (326 mg, 95%). mp: 148 °C; IR(KBr): 3360, 2986, 1707, 1331, 1280, 927, 742 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ 10.34 (1H, s), 10.30 (1H, s), 8.30 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.64-7.65 (2H, m), 7.39-7.43 (1H, m), 4.56 (2H, q, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.16 (3H, s), 1.51 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz);

13

C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 195.2,

166.7, 141.3, 139.3, 135.6, 135.2, 133.0, 131.0, 129.2, 124.1, 121.8, 121.5, 112.4 (aromatic C), 61.9, 17.3, 14.4 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C16H14N2O3; 283.1082 (M+H), found:


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283.1084; LCMS: m/z = 283.10 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 68.07; H, 5.00; N, 9.92 %; found: C, 68.15; H, 5.12; N, 9.85 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 4-methoxy-2-nitrophenol (15). A round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar, was charged with 4-methoxy-nitrophenol (14) (500 mg, 4 mmol) and glacial AcOH (25 mL), then 67% nitric acid was added drop wise and maintaining the internal temperature of the flask below 20 oC. Upon completion of acid addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for a period of 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by saturated solution of NaHCO3 and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The title compound (15) was purified by column chromotography (silica-gel: hexanes/EtOAc = 10:0.5) (476 mg, yield. 70%). The spectroscopic data of the compound 15 were in full accordance with those reported.19a,19b mp: 80 °C; IR(KBr): 3321, 2831, 1675, 765 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 10.31 (1H, s), 7.48 (1H, d, J = 3.2 Hz), 7.20 (1H, dd, J = 3.2 & 9.2 Hz), 7.07 (1H, d, J = 9.2 Hz), 3.81 (3H, s);

13

C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 152.6, 150.0, 132.9, 127.3, 120.9,

105.6 (aromatic C), 55.9 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C7H7NO4: m/z = 170 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 49.71; H, 4.17; N, 8.28 %; found: C, 49.65; H, 4.06; N, 8.35 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 2-bromo-4-methoxy-6-nitrophenol (16). To a solution of 4methoxy-2-nitrophenol (15) (400 mg, 2.3 mmol), KBr (1 equiv) in H2O (5 mL) and AcOH (15 mL), was added bromine (1 equiv.) in drop wise. After completion of the addition, the reaction mixture was agitated at room temperature for a period of 1 h. Then, the reaction was quenched with saturated solution of Na2S2O3.5H2O and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was obtained (557 mg, 95%) as a yellow solid and carried forward to the next step without purification. The 21 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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spectroscopic data of the compound 16 were in full accordance with those reported.20a,20b mp: 116 °C; IR(KBr): 3244, 3101, 2845, 1711, 1244, 1138, 858, 677 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 10.79 (1H, s), 7.50-7.53 (2H, m), 3.82 (3H, s);

13


TMS) δ: 152.2, 147.1, 133.6, 129.8, 113.8, 106.3 (aromatic C), 56.2 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C7H6BrNO4: m/z = 246 (M-H), negative mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 33.90; H, 2.44; N, 5.65 %; found: C, 33.85; H, 2.39; N, 5.57 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 1-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-3-nitrobenzene (17). To the solution of compound 16 (500 mg, 2 mmol), KOH (3 equiv.) in acetone (20 mL) was added CH3I (1.5 equiv.) dropwise. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature of acetone. After completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mass was concentrated under vacuum and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum. The compound 17 (475 mg, 90%) was isolated as a yellow solid and carried forward to the next step without purification. The spectroscopic data of the compound 17 were in full accordance with those reported.20b,21 mp: 106 °C; IR(KBr): 2854, 1544, 1012, 756 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 7.35 (1H, d, J = 3.0 Hz), 7.29 (1H, d, J = 3.0 Hz), 3.97 (3H, s), 3.84 (3H, s); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 155.5, 145.0, 144.5, 123.9, 120.2, 109.2 (aromatic C), 62.7, 56.3 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C8H8BrNO4: m/z = 261 (M+), 262 (M+H), 263 (M+2), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 36.67; H, 3.08; N, 5.34 %; found: C, 36.51; H, 3.13; N, 5.28 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 3-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyaniline (6). To compound 17 (400 mg, 1.5 mmol) in AcOH (20 mL) was added Fe-powder (3 equiv.). The reaction mixture was heated at 80 oC for a period of 20 min. then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was filtered to remove iron powder using Celite-545 bed. The filtrate was concentrated and extracted with 22 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum. The compound 3-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyaniline (6) was obtained as a brown viscous oil in 93% yield and used for further reactions without any purification. The spectroscopic data of the compound 6 were in full accordance with those reported.20b,21,22a,22b IR(KBr): 3463, 3369, 2832, 1616, 1227, 997, 838 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 6.31 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 6.08 (1H, d, J = 2.8 Hz), 3.88 (2H, s), 3.63 (3H, s), 3.54 (3H, s);

13


141.5, 138.6, 116.9, 106.9, 101.2 (aromatic C), 59.8, 55.6 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C8H10BrNO2: m/z = 231 (M+), 232 (M+H), 233 (M+2), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 41.40; H, 4.34; N, 6.04 %; found: C, 41.52; H, 4.31; N, 6.15 %. A typical procedure for the preparation of methyl 1-(quinolin-2-yl)-9H-β-carboline-3carboxylate 20: In a round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, mixture of 0.3 mmol of α-formyl-β-carboline (18), 0.3 mmol of aniline (19) and 0.5 mmol of anhydrous MgSO4 in 10 mL of dichloromethane was refluxed for 1 h under stirring. The yellow solution was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. Without purification, the isolated imine in 10 mL of THF solvent were added 0.32 mmol of n-butylvinyl ether and 10 mol% of I2. The mixture was refluxed for 8 h. After completion of the reaction, as indicated by the TLC, the reaction mixture was quenched by saturated solution of Na2S2O3.5H2O, extracted with ethyl acetate and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The solvent was concentrated under the reduced pressure. Product was purified by column chromatography (silica-gel: hexanes/ethyl acetate = 10:2) to afford 20 (Yield. 89%). mp: 202-204 °C; IR(KBr): 3364, 3061, 2854, 1712, 1564, 1259, 750 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.96 (1H, s), 9.04 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.98 (1H, s), 8.38 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.31 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.26 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.92 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.83 (1H, t, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.75 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.63-7.69 (2H, m), 7.40 (1H, t, J = 7.6 23 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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Hz), 4.13 (3H, s);

Page 24 of 41

13


136.9, 136.7, 130.7, 129.8, 129.2, 129.1, 128.1, 128.0, 127.1, 122.0, 121.6, 121.0, 119.7, 118.7, 112.4 (aromatic C), 52.7 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C22H15N3O2; 354.1242 (M+H), found: 354.1242; LCMS: m/z = 354.15 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 74.78; H, 4.28; N, 11.89 %; found: C, 74.65; H, 4.21; N, 12.07 %. Methyl-1-(7-bromo-5,8-dimethoxy-2-quinolyl)-4-methyl-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (4). mp: 284-286 °C; IR(KBr): 3346, 1714, 1456, 1082, 1016 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 12.42 (1H, s), 8.90 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.67 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.40 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.66 (1H, dt, J = 0.5 & 7.5 Hz), 7.41 (1H, dt, J = 0.5 & 8.0 Hz), 7.01 (1H, s), 4.27 (3H, s), 4.11 (3H, s), 4.05 (3H, s), 3.24 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 167.9, 157.8, 151.8, 146.7, 142.0, 141.0, 137.0, 135.9, 134.8, 132.6, 132.1, 130.1, 128.2, 124.1, 122.3, 120.7, 120.5, 118.7, 116.6, 112.2, 108.7 (aromatic C), 61.5, 56.1, 52.5, 16.9 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C25H20BrN3O4; 506.0715 (M+H), found: 506.0716; LCMS: m/z = 507.90 (M+2), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 59.30; H, 3.98; N, 8.30 %; found: C, 59.42; H, 3.93; N, 8.45 %. Ethyl-1-(7-bromo-5,8-dimethoxy-2-quinolyl)-4-methyl-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate

(21).

mp: 276-278 °C; IR(KBr): 3342, 2843, 1764, 1034, 754 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 12.34 (1H, s), 8.86 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.63 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.36 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.71 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.63 (1H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.38 (1H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 6.97 (1H, s), 4.57 (2H, q, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.25 (3H, s), 4.02 (3H, s), 3.20 (3H, s), 1.56 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 167.6, 157.8, 151.8, 146.6, 141.9, 141.0, 137.6, 135.8, 134.7, 132.0, 130.0, 128.2, 124.0, 122.3, 120.6, 120.5, 118.6, 116.6, 112.2, 108.6 (aromatic C), 61.5, 61.4, 56.1, 16.9, 14.5 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C26H22BrN3O4; 520.0872 (M+H), found: 24 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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520.0870; LCMS: m/z = 520.00 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 60.01; H, 4.26; N, 8.07 %; found: C, 60.15; H, 4.21; N, 7.96 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 1,4-dimethoxy-3,5-dinitrobenzene (26). To a solution of 4methoxy-2,6-dinitrophenol23 (1.00 g, 4.6 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added methyliodide (0.99 g, 6.99 mmol), and K2CO3 (1.49 g, 14.03 mmol). The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-cooled water. The solid precipitate was filtered off and dissolved in EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The compound 26 was obtained as a colorless solid in 92% yield (0.965 g) and used for further reactions without any purification. The spectroscopic data of the compound 26 were in full accordance with those reported.23,11 mp: 111-112 °C; IR(KBr): 3094, 1416, 1037, 787 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 7.57 (2H, s), 4.02 (3H, s), 3.92 (3H, s); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 154.7, 145.7, 141.0, 114.7 (aromatic C), 65.0, 56.7 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C8H8N2O6; 251.0280 (M+Na), found: 251.0280; LCMS: m/z = 229.15 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 42.11; H, 3.53; N, 12.28 %; found: C, 41.25; H, 3.43; N, 12.15 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 2,5-dimethoxy-1,3-benzenediamine (27). The dimethoxynitro compound 26 (0.5 g, 2.19 mmol) was dissolved in AcOH (15 mL) and heated to 80 oC. After 10 min stirring, Fe powder (0.611 g, 10.95 mmol) was added in the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was then allowed to 80 oC over 1 h with stirring. After disappearance of starting material monitored by TLC, the residue was filtered off and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica-gel, hexanes/EtOAc = 100:30) to give the desired product 27 as a viscous liquid in 86% yield (0.965 g). The spectroscopic data of the compound 27 were in full 25 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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accordance with those reported.24 IR(KBr): 3345, 2876, 1675, 1544, 776 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 5.77 (2H, s), 3.73 (3H, s), 3.69 (3H, s);

13


TMS) δ: 157.0, 140.4, 129.1, 92.1 (aromatic C), 58.8, 55.2 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C8H12N2O2: m/z = 169.10 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 57.13; H, 7.19; N, 16.66 %; found: C, 57.26; H, 7.23; N, 16.43 %. Procedure

for

the

synthesis

of

3-Amino-2,5-dimethoxy-1-(4-

methylphenylsulfonamido)benzene (28). To a solution of compound 27 (0.2 g, 1.19 mmol) in CH3CN was added tosyl chloride (0.181 g, 0.951 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and then quenched with water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc and dried over Na2SO4. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo and was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes/EtOAc = 10:3) to give the desired compound 28 (0.203 g, 53%) as a viscous liquid. IR(KBr): 3211, 2425, 1433, 1221, 1024, 744 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 7.74 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.21 (2H, d, J = 7.3 Hz), 6.56 (1H, s), 5.98 (1H, s), 3.76 (2H, s), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.42 (3H, s), 2.35 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 156.8, 143.9, 140.3, 136.4, 130.9, 130.8, 129.6, 127.2, 97.6, 94.7 (aromatic C), 59.7, 55.4, 21.5 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C15H18N2O4S: m/z = 323.20 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 55.88; H, 5.63; N, 8.69 %; found: C, 55.68; H, 5.59; N, 8.81 %. Ethyl

1-[5,8-dimethoxy-7-(4-methylphenylsulfonamido)-2-quinolyl]-4-methyl-9H-β-

carboline-3-carboxylate (24). mp: 267-269 °C; IR(KBr): 3423, 3034, 2834, 2234, 1897, 1327, 867 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 12.08 (1H, s), 8.76 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.59 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.34 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.80 (2H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.62-7.64 (2H, m), 7.52 (1H, s), 7.34-7.39 (2H, m), 7.24-7.27 (1H, m), 4.56 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.05 (3H, s), 3.86 (3H, s), 3.17 26 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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(3H, s), 2.30 (3H, s), 1.55 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz);

13


157.7, 152.1, 144.4, 141.1, 140.8, 137.7, 136.9, 136.2, 135.6, 134.7, 131.9, 131.8, 130.3, 129.97, 129.9, 128.1, 127.2, 124.0, 122.3, 120.7, 118.1, 117.6, 111.9, 98.1 (aromatic C), 61.9, 61.4, 56.1, 21.5, 16.8, 14.5 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C33H30N4O6S; 633.1784 (M+Na), found: 633.1786; Anal. calcd. for: C, 64.90; H, 4.95; N, 9.17 %; found: C, 64.71; H, 4.86; N, 9.25 %. Ethyl

1-[5,8-dimethoxy-7-(4-methylphenylsulfonamido)-2-quinolyl]-9H-β-carboline-3-

carboxylate (29). mp: 284-286 °C; IR(KBr): 3423, 2639, 1123, 1102, 732 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS) δ: 12.11 (1H, s), 10.29 (1H, s), 9.06 (1H, s), 8.65 (2H, s), 8.50 (1H, d, J = 7.7 Hz), 7.80-7.82 (3H, m), 7.69 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.36-7.42 (3H, m), 7.21 (1H, s), 3.97 (3H, s), 3.94 (3H, s), 3.86 (3H, s), 2.29 (3H, s); Due to limited solubitity of the compound 29 both in CDCl3 as well as in DMSO-d6, we were unable to record 13C NMR spectrum. HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C31H26N4O6S; 583.1651 (M+H), found: 583.1656; Anal. calcd. for: C, 63.91; H, 4.50; N, 9.62 %; found: C, 63.85; H, 4.45; N, 9.56 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 2,4-Dibromo-6-nitrophenol (36). A mixture of o-nitrophenol (35) (1.0 g, 7.18 mmol), KBr (0.846 g, 7.18 mmol) in acetic acid/water (10 mL/ 5 mL) was stirred for 10 min and cooled on ice. Then, 1 mL of con. H2SO4 was added dropwise over a period of 10 min. Into the ice cooled solution, was added bromine (1.133 g, 7.18 mmol) dropwise. After the addition, the reaction was left stirring at room temperature for a further 1 h. After completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC, the reaction was then quenched with saturated solution of Na2S2O3.5H2O and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo to yield the desired compound 36 (1.97 g, 93%) as a bright yellow solid. The spectroscopic data of the compound 36 were in full 27 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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accordance with those reported.25a,25b mp: 108-110 °C; IR(KBr): 3387, 3088, 1704, 1453, 1022, 675 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.05 (1H, s), 8.25 (1H, d, J = 2.2 Hz), 7.99 (1H, d, J = 2.1 Hz);

13

C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 151.4, 142.9, 134.4, 126.8, 114.5, 111.5

(aromatic C); LCMS found for C6H3Br2NO3: 296.05 (M+2), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 24.27; H, 1.02; N, 4.72 %; found: C, 24.36; H, 1.12; N, 4.85 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 1,5-Dibromo-2-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-3-nitrobenzene (37). A solution of compound 36 (1.0 g, 3.39 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.41 g, 10.17 mmol) in 20 mL of acetone was vigorously stirred whilst adding p-methoxybenzyl bromide (0.812 g, 4.06 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature of acetone. Upon completion (disappearance of starting materials as indicated by TLC), the mixture was quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (silica-gel, hexanes/ethylacetate = 10:1) to give the desired product 37 as a colorless solid (1.48 g, 92%). mp: 105-107 °C; IR(KBr): 3299, 3099, 1654, 1455, 1287, 876, 653 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 7.90-7.96 (2H, m), 7.45 (2H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 6.93 (2H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 5.11 (2H, s), 3.83 (3H, s);

13

C NMR (100 MHz,

CDCl3, TMS) δ: 160.2, 148.5, 145.9, 140.1, 130.8, 127.4, 127.1, 121.3, 116.9, 114.0 (aromatic C), 76.7, 55.3 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C14H11Br2NO4: 415.25 (M+1), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 40.32; H, 2.66; N, 3.36 %; found: C, 40.38; H, 2.62; N, 3.31 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 3,5-Dibromo-2-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)aniline (34). Into a solution of compound 37 (1.0 g, 2.41 mmol) in 20 mL of acetic acid was added Fe powder (0.672 g, 12.05 mmol) and heated around 65-70 oC. After the completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC, the reaction mixture was filtered off. The filtrate was quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure 28 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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and purified using column chromatography (silica-gel: hexanes/EtOAc = 10:3) as a colourless solid 34 (0.798 g, 86%). mp: 88-90 °C; IR(KBr): 3455, 2976, 1527, 1235, 987 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 7.42 (2H, d, 8.6 Hz), 7.06 (1H, d, J = 2.2 Hz), 6.93 (2H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 6.79 (1H, d, J = 2.2 Hz), 4.89 (2H, s), 3.83-3.85 (5H, m);

13


TMS) δ: 159.9, 142.8, 142.3, 130.2, 128.8, 124.3, 118.0, 117.6, 114.1 (aromatic C), 74.1, 55.3 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C14H13Br2NO2; 385.9391 (M+H), found: 385.9393; LCMS: m/z = 385.35 (M+), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 43.44; H, 3.39; N, 3.62 %; found: C, 43.52; H, 3.32; N, 3.51 %. Methyl

1-[5,7-dibromo-8(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-2-quinolyl]-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate

(38) mp: 320-322 °C; IR(KBr): 3432, 3133, 2298, 1723, 1673, 739 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.64 (1H, s), 8.96 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.89 (1H, s), 8.54 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.14 (1H, d, J = 7.3 Hz), 8.00 (1H, s), 7.49 (2H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.40 (1H, t, J = 6.96 Hz), 7.297.31 (1H, m), 6.86 (2H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 6.55 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 5.20 (2H, s), 4.11 (3H, s), 3.81 (3H, s);

13


136.5, 136.4, 133.7, 130.9, 129.8, 128.7, 128.6, 127.5, 121.5, 121.2, 120.9, 119.0, 117.3, 114.2, 113.1 (aromatic C), 75.9, 55.4, 52.7 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C30H21Br2N3O4: m/z = 647.30 (M+2), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 55.66; H, 3.27; N, 6.49 %; found: C, 55.76; H, 3.21; N, 6.43 %. Ethyl

1-[5,7-dibromo-8(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-2-quinolyl]-4-methyl-9H-β-carboline-3-

carboxylate (33). mp: 298-300 °C; IR(KBr): 3011, 2109, 1543, 1109, 621 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.75 (1H, s), 8.97 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz), 8.59 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz), 8.30 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 8.03 (1H, s), 7.52 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.40 (1H, dt, J1 = 1.0 & J2 = 7.2 Hz), 7.32 (1H, dt, J1 = 1.0 & J2 = 7.2 Hz), 6.86-6.89 (2H, m), 6.62 (1H, d, J = 8.2 Hz), 5.24 (2H, s), 29 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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4.59 (2H, q, J = 7.1 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.20 (3H, s), 1.58 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 167.5, 159.9, 158.2, 151.8, 142.9, 140.7, 137.7, 136.4, 135.6, 133.9, 133.5, 132.3, 130.2, 129.9, 128.7, 127.7, 127.5, 123.6, 122.0, 120.9, 120.6, 117.3, 117.2, 114.2, 112.9 (aromatic C), 75.9, 61.4, 55.4, 16.9, 14.5 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C32H25Br2N3O4; 674.0290 (M+H), found: 674.0290; Anal. calcd. for: C,56.91; H, 3.73; N, 6.22 %; found: C, 56.85; H, 3.68; N, 6.15 %. Procedure for the synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxy-3-nitroaniline (41). To a solution of dinitro compound 26 (0.5 g, 2.19 mmol) in AcOH (20 mL) was added Fe powder (0.367 g, 6.58 mmol). After stirring for 2 h at room temperature, water was added and the reaction mixture was filtered off. The residue was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organics were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified using column chromatography (silica-gel: hexanes/EtOAc = 10:2) to give compound 41 as a red color solid (80%, 0.347 g). The spectroscopic data of the compound 41 were in full accordance with those reported.11 mp: 85-87 °C; IR(KBr): 3456, 2876, 1498, 1231, 765 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 6.71 (1H, d, J = 3.2 Hz), 6.49 (1H, d, J = 3.2 Hz), 4.13 (2H, s), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.76 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 155.7, 143.9, 142.9, 134.9, 106.1, 98.3 (aromatic C), 61.2, 55.7 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C8H10N2O4: m/z = 199.10 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C,48.48; H, 5.09; N, 14.14 %; found: C, 48.37; H, 5.15; N, 14.06 %. Procedure for the synthesis of N1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide (42). The mixture of mononitro compound 41 (0.3 g, 1.51 mmol), acetylchloride (0.177 g, 2.27 mmol) and K2CO3 (0.631 g, 4.54 mmol) was stirred in CH2Cl2 at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was directly concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica-gel: hexanes/EtOAc = 10:2) to afford the compound 42 as a light 30 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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brownish color solid (0.304 g, 84%). The spectroscopic data of the compound 42 were in full accordance with those reported.24 mp: 140-142 °C; IR(KBr): 3321, 2987, 1548, 1290, 1092, 947 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 8.29 (1H, d, J = 2.8 Hz), 7.85 (1H, s), 7.09 (1H, d, J = 3.2 Hz), 3.87 (3H, s), 2.99 (3H, s), 2.25 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 168.7, 155.6, 134.2, 111.3, 104.3 (aromatic C), 62.6, 56.0, 25.0 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C10H12N2O5; 241.0824 (M+H), found: 241.0825; LCMS: m/z = 241.30 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 50.00; H, 5.04; N, 11.66 %; found: C, 50.12; H, 5.12; N, 11.43 %. Procedure for the synthesis of N1-(3-amino-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acetamide (40). To a solution of 42 (0.250 g, 1.04 mmol) in AcOH (5 mL)/ ethanol (10 mL) mixture was added Fe powder (0.174 g, 3.12 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 85 oC. After completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC (disappearance of starting material), water was added and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organics was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica-gel: hexanes/EtOAc = 10:3) to afford the compound 40 as a viscous liquid (92%, 0.201 g). The spectroscopic data of the compound 40 were in full accordance with those reported.23,24 IR(KBr): 3321, 2987, 1548, 1290, 1092, 947 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 7.75 (1H, s), 7.34 (1H, d, J = 2.6 Hz), 6.02 (1H, d, J = 2.8 Hz), 3.88 (2H, s), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.66 (3H, s), 2.16 (3H, s);

13

C NMR

(100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 168.5, 156.6, 139.8, 131.9, 130.3, 97.5, 95.8 (aromatic C), 59.7, 55.4, 24.9 (aliphatic C); LCMS found for C10H14N2O3: m/z = 211.15 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 57.13; H, 6.71; N, 13.33 %; found: C, 57.23; H, 6.75; N, 13.43 %. Methyl

1-(5,8-dimethoxy-7-methylcarboxamido-2-quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate

(43). mp: 323-325 °C; IR(KBr): 3438, 3056, 2987, 1223, 1098, 864 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 12.25 (1H, s), 8.95 (1H, s), 8.83 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.64 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 31 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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8.24 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.16 (1H, s), 8.13 (1H, s), 7.63-7.68 (2H, m), 7.37-7.41 (1H, m), 4.22 (3H, s), 4.12 (3H, s), 4.04 (3H, s), 2.36 (3H, s);

13


166.8, 157.2, 151.9, 141.1, 140.8, 137.6, 136.8, 135.4, 132.1, 132.0, 130.6, 129.0, 122.1, 121.6, 120.9, 118.7, 117.7, 117.3, 112.0, 99.0 (aromatic C), 61.7, 56.0, 52.7, 25.3 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C26H22N4O5; 471.1668 (M+H), found: 471.1668; Anal. calcd. for: C, 66.37; H, 4.71; N, 11.91 %; found: C, 66.25; H, 4.65; N, 11.85 %. Methyl

1-(5,8-dimethoxy-7-methylcarboxamido-2-quinolyl)-4-methyl-9H-β-carboline-3-

carboxylate (39). mp: 336-338 °C; IR(KBr): 3432, 3083, 2234, 1876, 1276, 865 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 12.24 (1H, s), 8.72 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.57 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.35 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.15 (1H, s), 8.11 (1H, s), 7.63-7.65 (2H, m), 7.39 (1H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.20 (3H, s), 4.11 (3H, s), 4.03 (3H, s), 3.19 (3H, s), 2.37 (3H, s); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 168.8, 168.0, 157.3, 151.8, 140.8, 140.7, 137.0, 135.7, 135.5, 135.0, 132.2, 131.8, 130.0, 128.0, 124.0, 122.3, 120.6, 117.4, 117.0, 112.0, 99.0 (aromatic C), 61.6, 56.0, 52.4, 25.2, 16.8 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C27H24N4O5; 485.1825 (M+H), found: 485.1825; Anal. calcd. for: C, 66.93; H, 4.99; N, 11.56 %; found: C, 67.06; H, 4.89; N, 11.43 %. Methyl-1-(6-fluoro-2-quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate

(20a).

mp:

204-206

°C;

IR(KBr): 3386, 3046, 1742, 1254, 1227, 734, 586 cm-1;1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.59 (1H, s), 8.93 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.84 (1H, s), 8.16-8.20 (3H, m), 7.60-7.63 (2H, m), 7.52 (1H, t, J = 6.0 Hz), 7.44 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.36 (1H, t, J = 6.0 Hz), 4.09 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 166.6, 161.9, 159.5, 156.9, 144.1, 140.8, 137.0, 136.8, 136.3, 136.0, 131.5, 131.4, 130.6, 128.9, 128.7, 128.6, 121.9, 121.5, 120.9, 120.3, 119.9, 119.7, 118.5, 112.3, 111.2, 110.9 (aromatic C), 52.6 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C22H14FN3O2;


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372.1147 (M+H), found: 372.1148; LCMS: m/z = 370.15 (M-H), negative mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 71.15; H, 3.80; N, 11.32 %; found: C, 71.28; H, 3.73; N, 11.22 %. Methyl-1-(6-chloro-2-quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate

(20b).

mp:

230-232

°C;

IR(KBr): 3348, 2922, 1749, 1431, 889, 625 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.70 (1H, s), 9.02 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.94 (1H, s), 8.24 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.19 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.86 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.71-7.74 (2H, m), 7.67 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.41 (1H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.13 (3H, s);

13

C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 166.6, 157.7, 145.5, 140.9, 136.9, 136.8,

136.5, 135.8, 132.7, 130.8, 130.7, 130.6, 129.1, 128.6, 126.7, 121.9, 121.5, 121.1, 120.5, 118.7, 112.3 (aromatic C), 52.7 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C22H14ClN3O2; 388.0853 (M+H), found: 388.0853; LCMS: m/z = 387.30 (M+), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 68.13; H, 3.64; N, 10.83 %; found: C, 68.06; H, 3.75; N, 10.75 %. Methyl-1-(6-bromo-2-quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate

(20c).

mp:

270-271

°C;

IR(KBr): 3465, 2976, 1765, 1288, 1043, 654 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.72 (1H, s), 9.01 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.96 (1H, s), 8.24 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.14 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.05 (1H, s), 7.85-7.88 (1H, m), 7.71-7,73 (1H, m), 7.67 (1H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.41 (1H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.12 (3H, s);

13


136.6, 135.8, 133.2, 130.8, 130.7, 130.1, 129.2, 129.1, 122.0, 121.5, 121.1, 120.9, 120.6, 118.8, 112.3 (aromatic C), 52.7 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C22H14BrN3O2; 432.0347 (M+H), found: 432.0349; LCMS: m/z = 432 (M+H), 433.15 (M+2), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 61.13; H, 3.26; N, 9.72 %; found: C, 61.05; H, 3.21; N, 9.85 %. Methyl-1-(6-methyl-2-quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (20d).

mp:

218-220

°C;

IR(KBr): 3358, 2854, 1709, 1103, 601 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.89 (1H, s),



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8.96 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.93 (1H, s), 8.22-8.25 (2H, m), 8.14 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.69-7.71 (1H, m), 7.60-7.66 (3H, m), 7.38 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 4.11 (3H, s), 2.58 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 166.8, 156.6, 145.7, 140.9, 137.7, 137.1, 136.8, 136.6, 136.1, 132.0, 130.5, 128.9, 128.8, 128.1, 126.9, 121.9, 121.6, 120.9, 119.6, 118.4, 112.3 (aromatic C), 52.6, 21.7 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C23H17N3O2; 368.1399 (M+H), found: 368.1399; LCMS: m/z = 368.10 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 75.19; H, 4.66; N, 11.44 %; found: C, 75.36; H, 4.61; N, 11.32 %. Methyl-1-(6-methoxy-2-quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (20e). mp: 195-197 °C; IR(KBr): 3366, 2854, 1707, 1500, 1261, 746, 597 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.79 (1H, s), 8.93 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.89 (1H, s), 8.19-8.22 (2H, m), 8.12 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.69 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.64 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.42 (1H, dd, J = 2.0 & 9.0 Hz), 7.38 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.12 (1H, d, J = 2.5 Hz), 4.12 (3H, s), 3.98 (3H, s);

13


TMS) δ: 166.8, 158.2, 155.1, 143.1, 140.9, 137.7, 136.7, 136.3, 135.5, 130.5, 130.4, 129.1, 128.9, 122.5, 121.9, 121.6, 120.8, 119.9, 118.2, 112.3, 105.4 (aromatic C), 55.6, 52.6 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C23H17N3O3; 384.1348 (M+H), found: 384.1348; LCMS: m/z = 384.00 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 72.05; H, 4.47; N, 10.96 %; found: C, 72.15; H, 4.41; N, 10.86 %. Methyl-1-(8-methoxy-2-quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (20f). mp: 206-208 °C; IR(KBr): 3456, 2962, 1711, 1504, 1018, 798 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 12.49 (1H, s), 8.92-8.94 (2H, m), 8.30 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.23 (1H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J = 3.5 Hz), 7.51 (1H, t, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.45 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.35-7.40 (1H, m), 7.11 (1H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.24 (3H, s), 4.14 (3H, s); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 166.8, 155.5, 155.1, 141.3, 138.7, 137.8, 136.8, 136.5, 136.4, 130.4, 128.8, 128.7, 127.2, 121.9, 121.6, 120.7, 119.5, 119.4, 34 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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118.6, 112.4, 107.7 (aromatic C), 56.2, 52.6 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C23H17N3O3; 384.1348 (M+H), found: 384.1356; LCMS: m/z = 384.05 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 72.05; H, 4.47; N, 10.96 %; found: C, 72.15; H, 4.41; N, 10.85 %. Methyl-1-(5,7-dichloro-2-quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate

(20g).

mp:

254

°C;

IR(KBr): 3365, 2928, 1593, 1259, 764 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.56 (1H, s), 9.09 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.96 (1H, s), 8.67 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.25 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.19 (1H, d, J = 1.0 Hz), 7.75-7.76 (1H, m), 7.69-7.71 (1H, m), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 1.0 Hz), 7.43 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 4.14 (3H, s); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 166.5, 159.1, 147.9, 140.9, 137.1, 136.6, 136.3, 135.0, 133.5, 132.7, 131.1, 129.3, 127.6, 127.2, 124.6, 122.0, 121.4, 121.2, 120.7, 119.0, 112.4 (aromatic C), 52.7 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C22H13Cl2N3O2; 422.0463 (M+H), found: 422.0463; LCMS: m/z = 419.25 (M-2), negative mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 62.58; H, 3.10; N, 9.95 %; found: C, 62.45; H, 3.17; N, 9.88 %. Methyl-1-(7-methoxy-2-quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (20h). mp: 178 °C; IR(KBr): 3433, 2920, 1726, 1585, 1022 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.72 (1H, s), 8.86 (1H, s), 8.80 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.17-8.19 (2H, m), 7.68-7.70 (2H, m), 7.62 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.42 (1H, s), 7.37 (1H, t, J = 6.0 Hz), 7.21 (1H, dd, J1 = 2.0, J2 = 8.5 Hz), 4.11 (3H, s), 4.05 (3H, s);

13


136.5, 136.3, 130.5, 128.83, 128.82, 123.3, 121.9, 121.5, 120.8, 119.8, 118.3, 117.5, 112.3, 107.3 (aromatic C), 55.7, 52.6 (aliphatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C23H17N3O3; 384.1348 (M+H), found: 384.1344; LCMS: m/z = 384.00 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 72.05; H, 4.47; N, 10.96 %; found: C, 71.89; H, 4.56; N, 10.86 %.



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1-(2-Quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (45). mp: 276 °C; IR(KBr): 3478, 3054, 2876, 1785, 1022, 739, 643 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 12.89 (1H, br), 12.37 (1H, s), 9.08 (1H, s), 9.04 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.77 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.60 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.48 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.05-8.08 (2H, m), 7.91 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.67-7.71 (2H, m), 7.37 (1H, t, J = 7.2 Hz);

13


137.1, 135.8, 131.1, 130.3, 130.2, 129.5, 128.3, 128.1, 127.8, 122.6, 121.3, 121.2, 119.8, 118.7, 114.0 (aromatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C21H13N3O2; 362.0906 (M+Na), found: 362.0906; LCMS: m/z = 340 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 74.33; H, 3.86; N, 12.38 %; found: C, 74.26; H, 3.94; N, 12.25 %. 1-(2-Quinolyl)-9H-β-carboline (3). mp: 176 °C; IR(KBr): 3360, 3049, 2851, 1626, 1502, 1284, 1151, 682, 474 cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) δ: 11.72 (1H, s), 8.93 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.64 (1H, d, J = 5.0 Hz), 8.37 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.33 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.23 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.10 (1H, d, J = 5.0 Hz), 7.92 (1H, dd, J = 1.0 & 8.0 Hz), 7.82-7.85 (1H, m), 7.72-7.74 (1H, m), 7.61-7.66 (2H, m), 7.34-7.37 (1H, m);

13


147.4, 140.7, 138.3, 138.0, 136.7, 135.3, 130.6, 129.7, 129.2, 128.6, 127.9, 127.8, 126.8, 121.8, 121.3, 120.0, 119.3, 115.9, 112.0 (aromatic C); HRMS (ESI-MS) calcd. for C20H13N3; 296.1187 (M+H), found: 296.1188; LCMS: m/z = 296.15 (M+H), positive mode; Anal. calcd. for: C, 81.34; H, 4.44; N, 14.23 %; found: C, 81.25; H, 4.51; N, 14.12 %. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge DST for the financial assistance (Project) number: SR/S1/OC-70/2008) and for providing a single crystal X-ray diffractometer facility to our school. S.R thanks CSIR for the Senior Research Fellowship.


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Supporting information 1

H,

13

C spectra, mass and elemental analysis reports of compounds (3-6, 11-13, 15-17,

20, 20a-h, 21, 24, 26-29, 33, 34, 36-43, 45) are available in the supporting information. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org/. References (1) For reviews on Povarov reactions, see: (a) Babu, G.; Perumal, P. T. Aldrichimica Acta 2000, 33, 16. (b) Kouznetsov, V. V. Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 2721. (c) Sridharan, V.; Suryavanshi, P. A.; Menéndez, J. C. Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 7157. (2) For iodine catalyzed Povarov reactions, see: (a) Wang, J.; Xu, F. - X.; Lin, X. -F.; Wang, Y. G. Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 5208. (b) Wang, X. -S.; Li, Q.; Yao, C. -S.; Tu, S. -J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 3513. (c) Wang, X. -S.; Li, Q.; Wu, J. -R.; Tu, S. -J. J. Comb. Chem. 2009, 11, 433. (d) Jin, G.; Zhao, J.; Han, J.; Zhu, S.; Zhang, J. Tetrahedron 2010, 66, 913. (e) Wang, X. -S. Zhou, J.; Yin, M. -Y.; Yang, K.; Tu, S. -J. J. Comb. Chem. 2010, 12, 266. (f) Reddy, B. V. S.; Grewal, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 761. (g) Li, X.; Mao, Z.; Wang, Y.; Chen, W.; Lin, X. Tetrahedron 2011, 67, 3858. (3) For alkaloid synthesis using Povarov approach, see: (a) Grieco, P. A.; Kaufman, M. D. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 7586. (b) Powell, D. A.; Batey, R. A. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2913. (c) Kende, A. S.; Fan, J.; Chen, Z. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3205. (d) Twin, H.; Batey, R. A. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 4913. (e) Desrat, S.; van de Weghe, P. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 6728. (f) Tam, N. T.; Jung, E. -J.; Cho, C. -G. Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 2012.



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(15) Tulyaganov, T. S.; Ibragimov, A. A.; Yunusov, S. Y.; Vakhabov, A. A.; Aminov, S. D.; Sultanov, M. B. Khim. Farm. Zh. 1984, 18, 1474. (16) (a) Hibino, S.; Sugino, E.; Yamochi, T.; Kuwata, M.; Hashimoto, H.; Sato, K.; Amanuma, F.; Karasawa, Y. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35, 2261. (b) Tulyaganov, T.S.; Ibragimov, A. A.; Yunusov, S. Y.; Vakhabov, A. A.; Aminov, S. D. Khim. Pharm. Zhurn. 1987, 295. (17) (a) Bracher, F.; Hildebrand, D. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 12329. (b) Molina, P.; Fresneda, P. M.; García-Zafra, S.; Almendros, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 8851. (c) Rocca, P.; Marsais, F.; Godard, A.; Queguiner, G. Tetrahedron 1993, 49, 3325. (18) The CCDC deposition number for compound 12d is 856967. Formula: C22H16BrN3O3. Unit cell parameters: a = 7.3928(6), b = 9.1829 (8), c = 14.4452 (13), α = 87.961 (7), β = 86.302 (7), γ = 71.408(8), space group P-1. (19) (a) Zabik, M. J.; Schuetz, R. D. J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 300. (b) Dwyer, C. L.;

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Nittoli, T.; Dushin, R. G.; Discafani, C.; Nilakantan, R.; Marini, J.; Ravi, M.; Cheung, K.; Tan, X.; Musto, S.; Annable, T.; Siegel, M. M.; Loganzo, F. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 7560. (23) LaBarbera, D. V.; Bugni, T. S.; Ireland, C. M. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 8501. (24) Burger, A.; Fitchett, G. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 1359. (25) (a) Adimurthy, S.; Ramachandraiah, G.; Bedekar, A. V.; Ghosh, S.; Ranu, B. C.; Ghosh, P. K. Green Chem. 2006, 8, 916. (b) Kumar, L.; Mahajan, T.; Agarwal, D. D. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 2187.


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