em. Teachers with whom I have talked who know the book are uniformly en-
fare are incomolete renresentations of realquite some detail his own procedure in teaching from models but continually raises questions rand willingly supplies alternative suggestions. The fact t h a t one can make worthwhile predictions and carrelations of physical and chemical properties from models (e.g., that of the water maleeule) argues thst this device is invaluable in assisting the student to organize chemical information. Covalent radii, rather than Van der Waal's radii, are used throughout, with spheres scaled to covalent radii being the fundamental structural units. The argument made by the author is that covalent radii are easier to work with and are more surely known except in the case of the noble gases. He also feels that one can better emphssize differences among single, double, and triple bonds with covelent radii. He encourages teachers to use their own inventiveness in coming up with new ideas and in improving the models. Although the details are present in his text, "Chemieal Periodicity" (Reinhold, 1960), he presents in this little text the essential features of the calculntions of charge and radius which he uses. The book is full of teaching ideas; in fact the firat 96 pages are devoted almost exclusively to what the title implies, namely, the leaching of chemistry with models. The next 32 pages pass an to the reader what the author has learned about the actual details of model construction; materials, coloring, cutting, shaping, fsstening, etc. Specific instructions are supplied for hundreds of models. There are 32 pages of photographs which are an invaluable aid to those who wish to canstruct models of their own. Unfortunately, they me not uniformly good. The color photographs are quite good in general but the black and white photographs w r y from quite good to rather poor. Extensive tahles with laborious calculations already performed are availeblc for assistance in constructing almost any model which could be used in General Chemistrv. A biblioeraohv of 37 nerti-
prints or errors. H e questions such expressions sa "double decomposition" (p. 44) and was somewhat distressed by the equation (p. 57) which implies the formation of NHIOH in aqueous solution. (What an interesting model this must be!) On psge 58, however, the reaction of an,monia with water to produce two ions is explicitly given. Finally, the teaching profession owes Professor Sanderson its thanks, for he has made availa,hle in one small but rich hook the product of his talents and extensive experience in this sree. I t is a, most vdnahle contribution to the profession.
JOHN F. BAXTER University qf Florida Gainesville
Actually, the chronology of treatment and printing of this monumental work is a James V . Qmgliano, Florida State triflemixed. Volume I whiehis to deal with University, Tallahassee. 2nd ed. the subject from the origins in antiquity up Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewoad Cliffs, to A.D. 1500 is still in preparation. Volume 897 xnvii New Jersey, 1963. xvi 2 published in 1961, picks up the subjeat pp. Figs. and tables. 17 X 23.5 cm. in 1500 with Leanardo da Vinci, Biringuc$8.95. eio, Agriools, and Paracelsus and brings it into the eighteenth century w-it11 Stahl, The second edition of this widely used Marggraf, and Boerhnave while intengeneral chemistry textbook includes much tionally omitting the chemists who were more than the usual minor modifications active in France after 1600. Volume 3 and revisions. The first edition was redeals, in three chapters, with the lesser viewed in THIS JOURNAL 35, 638 (1958). figures in French chemistry between 1600 While the author has not changed the and 1800, then turns to a more detailed over-all format of the book, he has introexamination of the contributions of the A very duced considerable new material. more prominent European chemists from noticeable addition is the emphasis the time of Hales and Black through the placed on the shapes of molecules and ions. major contributions of Dalton to atomic Although the author does not utilize theory. Volume 4, still in preparation, is hybridization to introduce this material on intended to bring the subject from 1800 t o structure he presents general rules for the the present time. student relating molecular shape with the Partington's "A Short History of number of bonding pairs and lone pairs of Chemistry" has been a standard text in the electrons. field eversince the first edition appeared in A new chapter has been added dealing 1937. His "Origins and Development of with the chemistry of some light elements Applied Chemistry" (1935) and "A and post-transition elements, including History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder" groups IB, IIB, IIIa, IIIR, and IVA of the (1960) are definitive works shedding much periodic classification. The chapter on light on early chemical technology. The complex ions and molecules including co~rr.senr at i.; hringlne to rli~nnv a ordination compounds has been materially liicti~neofdilirrnl and ~ l : t i t ~ r t a k i n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I enhanced by the addition of such ims1.i~i n tlw Imt~,rv.,f cl.tm>i3trv. This will portant topics as conformation of beinvaluable to'students of-the subject. molecules and hybridization. The only even approximately con~parable A chart of electron configurations of the work in the field is Hermann Iiopp's elements has been reproduced on the inside "Geschicbte der Chemie" published in of the back cover and a seven-page four volumesin 184347. Kopp's four volexplanetion of its use provides the student umes have been invaluable despite being with a. thorough discussion of the distrioutdated. More chemical history has been bution of the electrons in the main shells made since 1847 than had been made up to and sub-shells (orhitals) of the atoms. that time. Further, historical studies The author in the first edition did not during the past century have shed new u t i l i ~ ethe description of energy levels on light on the matters recounted by Kopp. the basis of quantum numbers nor did he Therefore, Partington's definitive work is include any treatment of hybrid orbitals. very welcome. Evidently the author continues to feel The organization of volume 3, as was the that these concepts should be deferred to a case with the previous volume, is biolater course with the exception that he does graphical. Certain chapters h m p todescribe in Chapter 31 the hybrid orhitals gether s. score or more chemists of the used in complexes. same national origin or the same type of Previous users of the firet edition will contributions, e.g., later phlogiston theory, appreciate the fact that the second edition foundations to stoichiometry; others has the same principal aim which is to deal principally with the work of one man, teach chemistry to the beginning student e.g., Seheele, Priestley, Cavendish, clearly, accurately and completely. Lavoisier, Dalton. This causes a fragP . CALVINMAYBURY mentation of certain developments but extensive cross-referencing makes it posUniversity qf South Florida sible to connect the more significant Tampa materials. As in Volume 2, the author gives essentially complete bibliographies of the books published by his subjects and the very extensive footnotes full? document the murces of his information. This A History of Chemistry. Volume 3 makes the volumes a vnluahle reference for scholars undertaking work in t,he field. J . R. Padington, University of London, Volume 3 lacks some of the choppiness England. St. Martin's Press (an afwhich characterized Volume 2, perhaps filiate of Macmillsn and Co., Ltd., because Dr. Partington is now dealing with London), New York, 1962. 854 pp. more chemists who made major contribu17.5 X 25.5 em. $25. tions to the science and the interrelationships between these cont,ributions This is a superb book for the serious are more readily apparent. student of the history of chemistry. I t is The chspter dealing with the work of the second volume published of a proLavoisier, covering 133 pages, is par jected four volume set and deals with the ticulerly well written. I n this chapter the fundamental period during which author brings out s. point (pp. 484-5) chemistry became a science, the time of which has been very much overlooked, Lavoisier and Dalton and their predenamely, t h s t there has been too great a cessors during the previous century.
Chemistry
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tendency t o have "modern" chemistry start with Lavoisier's explanation of eombustion. There is no question that Lavoisier performed a service in revealing that combustion can be handled without the mysterious phlogiston, but this service was one of clearing away accumlated rubbish which was impeding the growth of chemical knowledge. Lavoisier's own handling of combustion was encumbered by his introduction of caloric and his notions oxygen as an acidifying principle. These were ultimately abandoned but only after confusing the development of chemical ideas for nearly three decades. I t was the working definition of the element, the concept of conservation of matter, and the doctrine of definite proportions which really laid the foundations of modern chemistry. I n summary, this volume is a welcome addition to the scholarly literature in this historv of chemistrv. I t will not anneal to
await Volumes 1 and 4.
Nickel: An Historical Review
F . R. Howard-White. D. Van Nostrsnd Co., Inc., Princeton, S e w Jersey, 1963. xiii 350 pp. Figs. and tables. 14.5 X 22 cm. $6.95.
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Thanks are due to H o w a d W h i t e for this contribution to metallurgical litereture. In an ere. of rapidly expanding scientific achievement, the history of our technology seldom receives the attention it so richly deserves, and the hook provides a welcome addition to one's library. I t is extremely well written and will appeal equally to both layman and speclalist. The scope of the treatment and the research required to compile such a review reflects the author's interest and familiarity with his subject. H e traces the history of nickel from its use in crude tools of meteoritic origin produced in Samarii~and Syria some four to five thousand years ago, through the identification and isolation of the element, the establishment of the industry, and up to its most recent uses in aero-space hardware. Charts, maps, and photographs are used advantageously throughout the text, and a very complete index is included. Furthermore as an aid to the reader in unfamiliar territory, or where greater detail is desired, the author provides an extensive section of notes and bibliography. The initial chapters give a thorough description of the earliest usage of nickel in coina and implements of pre-Christian times, derived from the Chinese, white copper "pai-thnng," or nickel silver, under which name i t was later manufactured in Europe. The smelting of "kupfer-nickel" in Eastern Germany and the first separation of the metal by Cronstedt are described, and lead to the founding of the
nickel industry. To supply this emerging industry, adequate ore supplies were required, and the author relates how the nickeliferaus donosits of Eurooe., New C d edania. and ~ a k s d a were . discovered and developed. The "refractoriness" of nickel and the difficulties encountered in preparing pure unalloyed metal were formidable, and provide informative reading. Such classic procedures as the "Orford tops and b o b toms," "Hybinette," and "Mond Carbonyl" processes are described, but one would prefer to see simplified flow sheets rather than the tabular presentations sfforded. More recent processes are also treated, such as those researched by Professors Caron and Forward, and the "International Nickel Compeny's" matte separation. No account can he complete without reference to the tremendous search for nonmilitary nickel applications t h a t was successfully pursued by the faltering industry, immediately following the First World War. The author treats with this subject in depth and reviews the countless uses for the metal from coinage and plating to high temperature alloys. Of prtrticular interest is the find chapter, which tells of the Large role played by nickel in supersonic transportation. Throughout the later chapters, the reader is constantly aware of the structure and state of the industry, and prominent personages connected with the development of nickel receive just attention. Howard-White regrets that he cannot give more detailed treatment to the numerous events bearing on nickel in recent years. Nevertheless, we are grateful for what has been offered and heartily recommend the book to all of those readers who are interested in the evolution and aceomplishments of our technologies.
electron deficient molecules, and hydrogen bonding. Chapter 4 presents the classification of crystals, the structure of the elements, bonding in the crystalline state, the classification of the elements according to their structure, and the btructure of inorganic compounds. Chapter 5 discusses oxidation and reduction (reduction potentials are used), acid and bases, and reactions in nonaqueous solvents. Chapter 6, on coordination ohemistry, treats stereochemistry, stability of complex compounds, complexones, factors influencing the stability of complexes, theoretical aspects of coordination chemistry (valence bond, crystal field, and ligand field theories), metal carbonyls and related compounds, and oomplexes between metals and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chapter 7 is concerned with the distribution and extraction of ohemical elements and also the theoretical principles of the extraction of metals by pyrometallurgy. (This chapter includes a very interesting fivepage table on the chief ores of the elements and the methods used to extract the elements from the ores.) Chapter 8 treats solvent extraction and ion exchange and some of their spplicetions. Chapters 9 and 10 (about 80 pages) give a survey of the comparative chemistry of the r e p resentative elements and transition elements, respectively. An appendix of seven pages is devoted to physical measurements in inorganic chemistry. These include diffraction methods, spectroeopy, thermochemistry, magnetism, and dipole moments. To oover so large a number of topics in such s small volume, the authors' prep entstion is concise and to the point and requires the close attention of the reader. I n many cases, the topio is only outlined and will have to he supplemented. The D. H.W I L K I N ~ ~ Nmaterial is up-to-date and appears to he accurate in factual detail. There are no Research Depa~tmat exercises a t the end of each chapter, but a New Jersey Zinc Cornpanu number of references for further reading Palmerion, Pansylvania are included. The authors have succeeded in providing a fine summary of modern inorganio chemistry and the hook should Modern Approach to Inorganic he seriously considered by those wanting a Chemistry text suitable for a ane-semester course. C . F. Bell and K . A. K. Loti, both of RUDOLPH S. BOTTEI Brunel College, London. ButterUniversity ojNotre Dame 293 pp. worths, London, 1963. ix n'otre Dame, Indiana Figs. and tables. 16.5 X 25.5 cm.
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$8.95.
This book is intended to provide a modern s p p r o ~ c hto inorganic chemistry for students with a. limited mathematical background and to introduce some of the recent advances in the field. Although it is only about 300 pages long, virtually all of the topics of modern inorganic chemistry, except mechanism, are included. Chapters 1 and 2 are devoted to atomic structure and cover the electrical nature of matter, radioactivity, nuclear fission, transuranic elements, quantum theory and atomic spectra, wave mechanios, and periodic classification and electronic configuration. Chapter 3 deals with the electrovalent bond, the covalent bond, polyatomio molecules and hybridisatinn, shapes of inorganio molecules and ions, one- and three-electron bonds,
Practical Mathematics for Chemists
F . H. C. Kelly, University of Tasmania. Butterworth, Inc., Washington, D. C., 1963. 156 pp. 19 X 12.5 cm. $3.95. Here is a pocket-sized book, very clearly written in a non-sophisticated manner. I t collects much of the simple mathematics encountered by s. student who pursues his course no further than clsssicd physical chemistry. If he has $3.95 to pay far having together in one place what he should already have read in his texts and laboratory manuals in analytical and physical chemistry, it may be a sensible investment. W. F. K. (Continued on page A288)
