Research Article www.acsami.org
A Shared-Electrode-Based Hybridized Electromagnetic-Triboelectric Nanogenerator Ting Quan,† Zhong Lin Wang,†,‡ and Ya Yang*,† †
Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China ‡ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States ABSTRACT: Integration of electromagnetic generators (EMGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can increase the total energy conversion efficiency from one mechanical motion by connecting the two devices in parallel after using power management circuits. A critical issue is how to realize the integration of the EMG and TENG in the same current circuits. Here, a hybridized nanogenerator, including an EMG and a TENG with the same set of electrodes, has been utilized to simultaneously scavenge mechanical energy. The hybridized nanogenerator can deliver a high output current of about 3.8 mA and a high output voltage of about 245 V when the switch in the device circuit was turned on and off, respectively. A acceleration sensor can be achieved by using the hybridized nanogenerator, where the detection sensitivities are about 143.2 V/(m/s2) for TENG and 291.7 μA/(m/s2) for EMG. The fabricated hybridized nanogenerator may have practical use for scavenging mechanical energy and self-powered acceleration sensor systems. KEYWORDS: hybridized nanogenerator, electromagnetic generator, triboelectric nanogenerator, sliding motions, self-powered sensor, power management circuit Here, we report the first shared-electrode-based hybridized nanogenerator to simultaneously harvest mechanical energy from one motion. The hybridized nanogenerator consists of an EMG and a TENG with two planar coils as the same electrodes. When the switch in the device circuit was turned on and off, a 3.8 mA output current and a 245 V output voltage, respectively, can be obtained from the hybridized nanogenerator. The detection sensitivities of a hybridized nanogenerator-based selfpowered acceleration sensor can be up to 143.2 V/(m/s2) for TENGs and 291.7 μA/(m/s2) for EMGs. This work presents the integration of EMGs and TENGs in the same circuits for potential applications in mechanical energy scavenging technologies and sustainable sensor powering.
1. INTRODUCTION The process to efficiently scavenge mechanical energy has been extensively investigated by harvesting ambient wasted mechanical energy to solve the power source issues of some sensor systems.1,2 Currently, electromagnetic,3,4 triboelectric,5,6 and piezoelectric effects can be used to harvest mechanical energy,7−9 where electromagnetic generators (EMGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are the two most efficient approaches. Due to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the EMG can produce a low output voltage but a high output current, while the TENG is based on the periodic contact/separation between two different triboelectric materials for producing a large output voltage but a low output current. As compared with EMGs, TENGs exhibit lower cost, smaller volume, and lower weight. To increase the total energy conversion efficiency, it is necessary to fabricate a hybridized nanogenerator, including an EMG and a TENG, to simultaneously scavenge mechanical energies from one mechanical motion. Previous works have been reported about the integration methods of the EMG and the TENG.10−12 Usually, an EMG can be fabricated using a magnet and two planar coils, where the two planar coils can be also used to fabricate a TENG, so that the EMG and the TENG have the same set of electrodes and circuits. It is very interesting to build this hybridized nanogenerator for decreasing the volume and cost of the device to realize the high output performances. Although EMGs and TENGs have been extensively investigated,13−18 there has been no report on the same electrode/circuit-based EMG and TENG for simultaneously scavenging mechanical energy. © 2016 American Chemical Society
2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Fabrication and Performance Measurement of the Hybridized Nanogenerators. The hybridized nanogenerator has a TENG and an EMG in the same circuit. First, two planar Cu coils were fabricated on a printed circuit board (PCB) as the electrodes of both the TENG and the EMG. The functionality of the fabricated TENG is due to the relative movements between a FEP film/Cu coils and a nylon film with the different triboelectric polarities. The functionality of the EMG is based on the relative movements between the Cu coils and a magnet. The hybridized nanogenerator includes a fixed part and a moving part. The fixed part consists of a FEP film, a protection layer, two planar Cu coils, a sponge film, and an acrylic substrate. The moving part includes a Received: June 14, 2016 Accepted: July 12, 2016 Published: July 12, 2016 19573
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07162 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 19573−19578
Research Article
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces nylon film, a magnet, and an acrylic substrate. The moving part was fixed on a linear motor to control the periodic movements. The two planar Cu coils have four terminals, where two of the terminals were connected with a mechanical switch and the other two terminals were connected to a current/voltage meter. The outputs of the hybridized nanogenerator were performed under the different accelerations produced using the linear motor.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1a depicts a schematic demonstration of the fabricated nanogenerator, consisting of a TENG and an EMG with planar Cu coils that are the same as their common electrodes. The AC output current and voltage can be obtained from the fabricated EMG under the relative sliding motions between a magnet and the two planar Cu coils. Moreover, the AC output current and voltage can be obtained from the TENG under the relative sliding motions between an FEP film and a nylon film with the different triboelectric polarities. Figure 1b illustrates a photograph of the two planar Cu coils used, covered with a protection layer to avoid the oxidation of Cu, where the two Cu coils have four terminals marked as 1−4. Operation of the hybridized nanogenerator is based on the relative sliding between the fixed part and moving part. The working principles can be divided into two parts: the TENG and the EMG. As displayed in Figure 2, the TENG can deliver an AC output current signal when the switch between two terminals is turned off. When the nylon film slides along the surface of the FEP film on the two Cu coils, electrons can be moved into the surface of the FEP film due to the different triboelectric polarities between the FEP and the nylon film. The nylon film has the corresponding charge density of about two times larger than that on the FEP film due to triboelectric charge conservation. At the initial state, the two Cu coils have the same quantity of the triboelectric charges based on the electrostatic induction effect. When the nylon film has a relative sliding motion on the FEP film, the electrons flow from the left Cu coil to the right Cu coil, resulting in a pulsed output current. When the nylon film appears on the right Cu coil, an equilibrium state can be created due to the electrostatic induction effect so that there is no output current. When the nylon film slides back along the surface of the FEP film on the two Cu coils, the electrons flow between two Cu coils, resulting in a reversed pulsed output current. As a result, the TENG can deliver an AC output current signals in the relative sliding motions. As displayed in Figure 2, the EMG can deliver an AC output current signal when the switch between two terminals is turned on. Due to Faraday electromagnetic induction, the magnetic flux through the Cu coils can be periodically changed, resulting in the AC output characteristics.
Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the designed hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator. The inset shows the electrodes used for the device. (b) Photograph of the electrodes used for the hybridized nanogenerator.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the working principle for the designed hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator, where the distribution of the magnetic lines was calculated using COMSOL. 19574
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07162 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 19573−19578
Research Article
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Figure 3. Measured output current (a) and output voltage (b) of TENG with electrodes 1 and 2. Measured output current (c) and output voltage (d) of TENG with electrodes 1 and 4. Measured output current (e) and output voltage (f) of TENG with electrodes 3 and 4. (g) Measured output current and voltage signals of the TENG under the different electrodes. (h) Measured output current signals of the TENG with electrodes 1 and 2 under different loading resistances and the corresponding output powers.
2.8 μA, and the output voltage of the fabricated TENG under the different connections can be about 250 V. As shown in Figure 3h, the output current of the TENG decreases with increasing loading resistance, resulting in the fabricated TENG having the largest output power of about 0.22 mW at a load resistance of 200 MΩ. Figures 4a and b show that the output current I12 and voltage V12 of the EMG can be about 3.8 mA and 0.13 V, respectively. Figures 4c−f illustrate the output performances of the EMG under the different connections of the four terminals, indicating a large difference for the different terminals. Figure 4g displays that the
To find the optimized connection method of the four terminals in Figure 1b, the output performances of the fabricated devices can be characterized with the different connection methods. As diagrammed in Figures 3a and b, the output current I12 and voltage V12 of the fabricated TENG are about 2.8 μA and about 245 V, respectively, when the switch in the device circuit is turned off. Figures 3c−f display the output current and voltage signals of the fabricated TENG with the different connections of the four terminals. Figure 3g shows that the output current of the fabricated TENG under the different connections can be about 19575
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07162 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 19573−19578
Research Article
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Figure 4. Measured output current (a) and output voltage (b) of EMG with electrodes 1 and 2. Measured output current (c) and output voltage (d) of EMG with electrodes 1 and 4. Measured output current (e) and output voltage (f) of EMG with electrodes 3 and 4. (g) Measured output current and voltage signals of the EMG under the different electrodes. (h) Measured output current signals of the EMG with electrodes 1 and 2 under different loading resistances and the corresponding output powers.
current signals of the fabricated TENG when the switch is turned off and on, showing that the output current can be up to 3.8 mA when the switch is turned on. Figure 5c displays that the enlarged output current signal of the device can be about 2.8 μA when the switch is turned off. As illustrated in Figure 5d, when the switch is turned off and on, the output voltage of the fabricated hybridized nanogenerator can be up to 245 V when the switch is turned off. The enlarged output voltage of the fabricated device can be 0.13 V when the switch is turned on, as displayed in Figure 5e. Thus, a 3.8 mA output current and a 245 V output voltage can be achieved from the fabricated hybridized nanogenerator.
output current and voltage of the EMG have the largest values when terminals 1 and 2 were used as the output terminals of the device, respectively. The output current of the EMG can be decreased by increasing the loading resistance so that the EMG has a largest output power of about 0.08 mW under a loading resistance of 40 Ω. Compared with the TENG, the EMG has a much lower impedance. A schematic diagram of the connections of the four terminals is displayed in Figure 5a. A switch was connected between terminals 3 and 4, where the output performances of the device were measured using terminals 1 and 2. Figure 5b depicts the output 19576
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07162 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 19573−19578
Research Article
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the working principle for the current measurements. (b) Measured output current signals of the hybridized nanogenerator after using a switch to replace the resistance in (a). (c) Enlarged output current signals in (b) marked with a circle. (d) Measured output voltage signals of the hybridized nanogenerator after using a switch to replace the resistance in (a). (e) Enlarged output voltage signals in (d) marked with a circle.
used as the response signals, the sensitivity of the sensor using the EMG is much larger than that when the TENG is used. However, if the voltage signals were utilized as the response signals, the sensitivity of the sensor using the EMG is much smaller than that when the TENG is used. When the hybridized nanogenerator is used, the detection sensitivities of the sensor are about 143.2 V/(m/s2) and 291.7 μA/(m/s2), which have advantages of both the TENG and the EMG.
The advantages of the TENG and the EMG were integrated in the hybridized nanogenerator. To demonstrate that the hybridized nanogenerator can be used to power a sensor, we measured the output voltage and current signals of the fabricated hybridized nanogenerator at different accelerations for achieving a self-powered acceleration sensor. Figure 6a displays that both the output current and voltage of the TENG can increase with increasing acceleration. When the obtained current and voltage data are fitted, the detection sensitivities of the sensor are about 1.3 μA/(m/s2) and 143.2 V/(m/s2). Figure 6b displays the output current and voltage signals of the fabricated EMG at the different accelerations, showing a clear linear increase for both the voltage and the current. When the voltage and current data of the fabricated EMG are fitted, the detection sensitivities of the sensor are about 291.7 μA/(m/s2) and 0.007 V/(m/s2). If the current signals were
4. CONCLUSION In summary, we fabricated a hybridized nanogenerator, including a TENG and an EMG with shared electrodes, for scavenging mechanical energy from sliding motions, where the use of the same electrodes can decrease the cost and volume of device. When the individual advantages of the EMG and TENG are utilized, the hybridized nanogenerator can deliver a 3.8 mA 19577
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07162 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 19573−19578
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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Figure 6. (a) Measured output current and output voltage signals of the TENG under different accelerations. (b) Measured output current and output voltage signals of the EMG under the different accelerations.
output current and a 245 V output voltage when a switch in the device circuit was turned on and off, respectively. A self-powered acceleration sensor can be achieved using the hybridized nanogenerator, which has detection sensitivities of about 143.2 V/(m/s2) for the TENG and 291.7 μA/(m/s2) for the EMG. This invention of a hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator may be used in low-cost- and small-volume-based energy harvesting units for mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensor systems.
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AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
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[email protected]. Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant 2154059), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 51472055 and 61404034), the External Cooperation Program of BIC, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant 121411KYS820150028), the 2015 Annual Beijing Talents Fund (Grant 2015000021223ZK32), and the “Thousands Talents” program in China for the pioneer researcher and his innovation team.
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REFERENCES
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DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07162 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 19573−19578
