Sept., 1 9 1 2
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y .
Kjeldahl nitrogen digestion is out of the question. Three years ago the writer began using a n arrangement similar in principle t o the one here described and shown.
f
I
681
to the apparatus, allowing the flasks t o be shaken without detaching them. The rubber tubing lasts for many determinations and can easily be replaced. The bulb-tubes are held in position by a special support, allowing their easy removal when shaking is necessary. The bulbs act as air cooled condensers for the acid fumes, and prevent the materials in the flasks from going dry as quickly as when the fumes are allowed to escape. The lower bulb acts as a loose stopper for the flask, while the upper one rests on the support when the apparatus is not in use, always leaving the bulb tubes in position. At the beginning of a digestion, water is driven off, and in order t o prevent its dropping into the hot acid and causing spurting, the supports of the Kjeldahl flasks are so arranged a s to give the latter a slanting position, allowing the condensed water to flow down the sides gradually. I n its present form the apparatus has a quadruple burner on a clamp attached to theironstand, asshownin the drawings. Tooperate, connect the pump with the watersupply and drain, andstart heating the flasks with a low flame. The operation and advantages of this arrangement need no further explanation. The apparatus may be obtained from Eimer and Amend, of New York City. UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO, BUFFALO,N. Y.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR PURIFYING DRINKING WATER. By J. L. SAMMIS. Received July 10, 1912.
FIG. 1. FRONT VIEW’.
It has been in constant use in the university as well as the writer’s laboratory, and in its present form seems t o answer all requirements f o r fume absorption. A brief description and reference to Figs. I and z readily explain the apparatus. The whole is mounted on a portable iron s t a n d , occupies but a little space a n d is easily moved. I n . t h e apparatus here shown, four ordinary long-necked 500 cc. Kjeldahl flasks. suitable for FIG. 2. SIDEVIEW. digestion and distillation, are used. The Kjeldahl flasks are supported a t the bottom by a special ring-clamp. Into the neck of each flask there is a loosely fitting bulb-tube with two large bulbs and an elbow bend. These bulb-tubes are connected with a large glass suction pump having four branches. Rubber tubing is used for connecting the bulb-tubes and pump, in order t o give flexibility
Water for drinking purposes is commonly purified on the small. scale by distillation. Distilled water is flat and unpalatable and has to be cooled and stored for use. The possibility of pasteurizing water for drinking purposes, as it flows from the pipes, seems to have attracted little attention. For this purpose, water flowing through a small pipe can be momentarily heated (in a steam jacket or otherwise) to a tempera( 7 9 - 8 2 O C . ) , by which means ture of 175-180OF. disease germs such as those producing typhoid fever, dysentery, etc., are destroyed, while the water under pressure in the pipe does not lose its dissolved gases or its palatability. The water thus heated can be quickly cooled in the pipe, by means of a cold water jacket. I n most buildings, only a small proportion of the water used would require to be heated and cooled for drinking purposes, but the entire quantity used for all purposes could be run through the jacket, to aid in the cooling. An arrangement of pipes for this purpose can be set up by any pipe fitter a t any point where a steam pipe and a water service pipe pass near each other. It is desirable that the steam pressure be uninterrupted, and that the pipe be drained free from condensation. Also the water pipe should be one through which more or less water is flowing continually. The diagram shows the arrangement of the parts. The steam main is cut at A A’, the water main a t B B’, and the cut ends are reconnected through by-passes which constitute the steam jacket C, and the water jacket D, used for cooling the drinking water.
68 2
T H E J O U R N A L OF I X D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E A 4 I S T R Y .
A small stream of water is drawn from the main
SAMPLING CONE.
through valve 0 , passing through the small jacket P, where itpartlycools the water in the i n t e r i o r coil M. From the jacket P, the water flows through V and upwards through K within the steam jacket C, where it is heated to 180200°F The heated water flows past the thermometer T , through the coil M , and finally into the cooling coil of the water jacket D. The water thus heated and cooled flows out below, FIG.1. when the faucet X is opened, either into a cup or into a bubble fountain.
By C. W. KNEFF. Received M a y 28, 1912.
Sept.,
1912
Every one who does ore sampling has noticed that the lumps always roll to the bottom of the pile, when the ore is piled in the form of a cone preparatory to quartering. When the cone is built up by placing shovelfuls of ore on the apex of the cone, this is unavoidable and segregation of lumps and fines always results. By the use of a hopper such as is shown in the sketch, this condition can be almost entirely overcome. The ore is shoveled into the hopper, and allowed to run through the hole in the bottom; each piece of ore remains practically where it falls and when the pile is flattened out for quartering there is no segregation of coarse and fine to be seen. The sketch shows a I inch hole in the bottom of the hopper, but for some work i t should be larger, e . g., for coke, which has a tendency to choke the opening and stop operations. For general work I find a hole
Very efficient cooling can be secured by making coils M and S of tin lined brass pipe. These can be of thin material, since the water pressure inside and outside of them is always alike. I n practice, with such an arrangement, no difficulty was found in cooling the water for drinking t o within '2 of the temperature of the cooling water in the jacket D. For some reason, not well understood, the water thus heated and cooled under pressure is more palatable to some observers than the untreated water supply.
i,Y n.
The water pressure should be about 2 5 pounds greater in the main B, than the steam pressure in A, in order that the water may not boil in the pipe K, which may be made of I / ~ or 3 / 8 inch galvanized or tinned iron pipe. I n cities where the municipal water supply is known t o be contaminated with sewage, causing typhoid fever, the pasteurization of water as it flows from the pipes for drinking purposes appears desirable. In large office buildings, factories, schools, etc., where steam pressure is maintained throughout the summer, and where water flows continually through the mains for supplying toilet rooms, work rooms, etc., such an arrangement for pasteurizing' water for drinking purposes might find useful application. The amount of steam used in such an apparatus is small, because the regenerative cooler P prevents waste of heat. For residences, either gas or electric heat might be substituted for steam in such an arrangement as the one described above. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, MADISON.
FIG.
1.
C O X E FOR SAMPLING ORE.
of 1 3 / ~ " diameter most satisfactory, but I have some funnels with smaller openings, which I can drop inside the main funnel, and obtain any size of opening desired. As the sample come's from the crusher, the largest piece is about 3 / / , inch and is mixed with considerable fines. This is passed through the hopper three times, which gives a very uniform mix, much better than can
