A Sustainable Human-Machine Interactive Triboelectric

Subscriber access provided by WEBSTER UNIV

Article

A Sustainable Human-Machine Interactive Triboelectric Nanogenerator towards a Smart Computer Mouse Arunkumar Chandrasekhar, Venkateswaran Vivekananthan, Gaurav Khandelwal, and Sang-Jae Kim ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.9b00175 • Publication Date (Web): 28 Feb 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 28, 2019

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

A Sustainable Human-Machine Interactive Triboelectric Nanogenerator towards a Smart Computer Mouse Arunkumar Chandrasekhar,a,b† Venkateswaran Vivekananthan,b†Gaurav Khandelwal,bSang-Jae Kim*b a,b

Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

b

Nanomaterials and Systems Lab, Department of Mechatronics, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, South Korea, 63243

Mailing address: 1

Prof. Sang-Jae Kim*, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar, Venkateswaran Vivekananthan Gaurav khandelwal Nanomaterials & System Lab, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Engineering Building No: 4, D-130, Jeju National University, Ara-1-Dong, Jeju-Si, Jeju-Do Jeju-63243, South Korea. Email Id: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] *Corresponding author (Prof. Sang-Jae Kim) 2

Arunkumar Chandrasekhar

Department of Sensors and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632014, Tamilnadu, India. Email Id: [email protected]

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Abstract With a rapid increase in day-to-day consumer electronics and maximum usage of it builds multiplepossibilities in human-machine interaction (HMI). By considering the use of electronic components such as smartphones, tablet computers, keyboards, etc. a large amount of biomechanical energy would be generated. To harvest the waste mechanical energy, the authors have fabricated a Smart Computer Mouse TENG (SCM-TENG) with inter-digitated array (IDA) electrode made of aluminum (Al) and nylon, paper, cotton, polyethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) as sliding layers. The SCM-TENG has a high energy output with FEP/Al as a triboelectric material and shows a maximum output of V OC ≈ 210 V and JSC (peak-peak) ≈ 3 A/m2. We have also carried out stability tests, load resistance analysis, charging commercial capacitors and lithium ion (Li-Ion) battery. These types of TENG based electronic devices paves the way for battery-free electronics and commercialize.

Keyword: Biomechanical energy, energy harvesting, Inter-digitated electrode, battery-free electronics, commercialization


Page 2 of 18

Page 3 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Introduction In recent days, exploring the alternative energy sources from the environment had received tremendous attention. One of the promising approaches is harvesting through mechanical energy particularly for specific applications. For utilizing the mechanical energy, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG)1, piezoelectric2-3, thermoelectric4,and pyroelectric5 effects gained more attention in the recent past. Among these energy harvesting effects, TENG has several advantages over the other such as high energy harvesting efficiency, high stability and low fabrication cost, substantial output power and easy fabrication. Whereas the other methods such as piezoelectric, which has limitations in the choice materials. Also, it is sensitive to temperature, and with time, the poling effect decays in piezoelectric material causing lower output. The pyroelectric energy harvesting utilizes a time-varying input signal, and its output performance is less due to its low operating frequency. In the case of thermoelectric energy harvesting, the thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency is very low. In the recent past TENGs were successfully used for scavenging waste mechanical energy and be utilized for a variety of applications form healthcare to electronics 6-8. There are many reports on TENG for various other applications ranging from sensors6,

9-11

to self-

powered systems12. Majority of household things that we operate requires a minimum amount of mechanical energy for its operation in any form such as moving, applying pressure through push or pull, etc. The rapid development in the information and communication technology made a significant platform in human-machine interfacing (HMI)13 in our day-to-day life by interacting us with touch screens, keyboards, buttons, biometric readers, etc. For operating the keyboards and moving the mouse mechanical energy as an input is highly required by pressing the keys in keyboard and moving the mouse 14-15. By introducing TENG with these components particularly computer mouse appropriately; we could able to harvest the



mechanical energy by sliding the mouse16-17. This approach has a possibility of replacing the batteries, which has a problem in disposing of as well as hazardous to the environment18-19. In this work, we have presented a smart computer mouse for the first time, made of TENG operating under a sliding mode20. The sliding mode is one of the four working modes of the TENG where it occurs the sliding between dielectric-dielectric and conductordielectric. Here the dielectric-conductor model was studied. Here, the metal is not only the top triboelectric layer; also it acts itself as a top electrode. When the metal and dielectric were separated by sliding, a uniform charge produces on the dielectric region. Similarly, the same amount of charge with an opposite sign develops on the metal21. The electrical output performances of the SCM-TENG were analyzed by various contact materials such as nylon, paper, cotton, polyethylene and FEP with Aluminum. With FEP as a sliding material, the SCM-TENG shows a maximum output of VOC ≈ 210 V and JSC (peak-peak) ≈ 3A/m2. Further, force analysis, load resistance analysis, stability test for 1250 s, force analysis, LCD &LED litup, commercial capacitor charging, lithium ion battery charging had been successfully performed. Finally, this self-powered smart mouse had proven its possibility to harvest mechanical energy as well as it can replace the usage of battery in the near future 22-23. Experimental section An inter-digitated electrode was cut on a PET sheet (50 × 2 mm) using a laser cutter. A gap of 2 mm was provided between each electrode. The patterned IDT electrode was cleaned with de-ionized water and ethanol and then dried with nitrogen gas. A thin layer of Al layer was deposited using sputter coater here, aluminum of 1 mm was used as the target substrate, and before coating aluminum electrode on the substrate, chromium was coated to increase the adhesion. Copper wires were attached to the electrode, and this device was


Page 4 of 18

Page 5 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


attached to the backside of a Bluetooth mouse. The total electrode area of the SCM-TENG device was 16 cm2. Measurement System The electrical response of SCM TENG was measured by applying an external motion using a linear motor (LinMot, INc., Elkhorn, WI, USA). The electrical responses were measured using an electrometer (Keithley 6514) and a low noise current amplifier SR 570 (Stanford research systems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Before carrying out the electrical measurements, all the contact materials were heated in a hot air oven at 70 ℃ for 30 minutes to remove the humidity. A homemade Faraday cage with the proper ground connection was used in the measurement of electrical responses. LabVIEW software platform was used in the real-time data acquisition control and analysis. Results and Discussion The basic structure of TENG for harvesting waste mechanical energy was explained in Figure 1, where the IDA electrode made of PET sheet (50  2 mm) was cut using the laser cutter and coated with Aluminium, followed by cleaning using nitrogen gas. Then copper wires were attached on the Al electrode, and the electrode area was attached on the rear side of the computer mouse. Figure 1 shows the schematic arrangement of the SCM-TENG. Figure 1a shows the IDA electrode used for the fabrication of free-standing SCM-TENG, with the visibility of electrode A and B side. Figure 1b and 1c show the whole view of a computer mouse and the position of IDA electrode which will be operating as an energy harvester under sliding mode. The digital photograph of the SCM-TENG made of the original computer mouse and the electrode attachment is shown in Figure 1d and 1e. The general working schematic of a free-standing TENG is shown in Figure 1f, and the working schematic of the SCM-TENG with IDA electrode in free-standing mode is shown in Figure



1g. The electrical output analysis of SCM-TENG is shown in Figure 2. The SCM-TENG under sliding motion with FEP as a triboelectric material produces a VOC ≈ 210 V and JSC≈ 3 A/m2 as shown in Figure 2a and b. On the other hand, the energy harvesting performance of the SCM-TENG with different siding materials such as nylon, paper, cotton, polyethylene, and FEP have been analyzed over an IDA electrode pattern of aluminum (Al). Among these materials, FEP/Al shows a higher output as shown in Figure 2c and 2d. FEP made SCM-TENG shows the maximum electrical response of VOC  210 V & JSC ≈ 3 A/m2 and other materials such as Nylon, Paper, cotton, polyethylene produces 25 V/ 0.5 A/m2 , 40 V/ 1 A/m2, 80 V/1.5 A/m2, 130 V/2.2 A/m2 respectively at an acceleration of 1 m/s2. Further analysis and demonstrations were made with FEP/Al sliding layers due to its maximum energy harvesting output. The working mechanism of the SCM-TENG is shown schematically in Figure 3, which is based on the combined effect of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. In Figure 3a the Al electrode A and Al electrode B (A and B are IDA electrode pair) is placed on the FEP material. Under the influence of a horizontal force, the Al electrodes start sliding on the FEP film which is triboelectric negative. Now the electrons in B electrode flows towards the A electrode through an external load resistance as shown in Figure 3b. In Figure 3c, the electrodes reach back to the regular position and complete the first half-cycle of the SCM-TENG with no flow of electrons. Further with the second-half cycle the Al electrodes A and B starts moving towards the opposite direction. This makes the electrons to flow from electrode A to electrode B as shown in Figure 3d. The controlledsliding motion was performed using a linear motor (LinMot, Inc., Elkhorn, WI, USA), which quantifies the electrical performance of the SCM-TENG. In general, the computer mouse which is used every day will be under motion in certain acceleration depends upon the usage. By keeping this in the consideration, the electrical


Page 6 of 18

Page 7 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


performance of the SCM-TENG under various accelerations (0.3 m/s2, 0.5 m/s2, 0.7m/s2 and 1 m/s2) was recorded. The voltage value remains the same with the little variations with the increase in acceleration, while the current increases from 0.2 A/m2 to 3 A/m2. For any sliding mode TENG device, the maximum charge transfer at any fixed displacement range is proportional to the triboelectric surface charge density and the triboelectric surface area. Therefore this phenomenon makes the voltage slightly increased and current to be greatly improved upon different acceleration24. Further, to justify the energy harvesting performances, the load resistance analysis and stability test were performed. The device shows an instantaneous peak power of 45 W and a peak power density of 275 W/m2 at 1G load matching resistance. To investigate the durability of the SCM-TENG, the device is operated for 1150 s, and the device shows stability throughout the test which confirms that the device can be operated for a long duration as shown in Figure 4b. Also, the extended stability test has been carried out for the period of 4000 s using the SCM-TENG which is shown in Figure S1. To demonstrate the storage capability of harvested mechanical energy three commercial capacitors (47 nF, 0.1 F and 0.2 F) were charged for the duration of 100 s as shown in Figure 5a. The 47 nF capacitor stores maximum energy of 58.75 J and the further increase in capacitor rating to 0.1 F and 0.2 F, the value of stored energy decreases to 24.2 J and 12.5 J respectively which is shown in Figure 5c. Additionally, we have charged a commercial Li-ion battery (Maxell CR 2032) using the SCM-TENG from 0.39 V to 1.05 V within 18000 s which is shown in Figure 5b. Also, with the use of SCM-TENG an LCD was litup, which shows the digit 1 and 8 when the device slides. Similarly, eight bigger size LEDs were lit up under the sliding motion of the SCM-TENG which is shown in Figure 5d. The circuit connection diagram for LED and LCD lit up were shown in Figure S2.The obtained results demonstrate the SCM-TENG is capable of harvesting waste mechanical energy and can be able to store the harvested energy. This



approach can make a path to replace the batteries and can be commercialized shortly. Conclusions To summarize, we have successfully fabricated an SCM-TENG which can be used to harvest biomechanical energy from various materials such as nylon, paper, cotton, polyethylene, and FEP, which are used in everyday life. The SCM-TENG can generate electricity from sliding motion as well as can charge a commercial capacitor and Li-Ion battery. The device generates a maximum output of VOC ≈ 210 V and JSC (peak-peak) ≈ 3A/m2. Also, the SCM-TENG was tested under various accelerations, LCD and LED lit up. Other than this the device is easy to fabricate with less cost which significantly improves the field of self-powered systems. Finally, the SCM-TENG can replace the wired and battery mouse to battery-free mouse in the near future and has a high probabilityof commercializing it as a finished product. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (2018R1A4A1025998, 2019R1A2C3009747).

Supporting Information Figure S1 shows the extended stability test of SCM-TENG for a period of 4000s and the inset shows the peak pattern and value for 100s, 2000s and 4000s. Figure S2 Presents the circuit diagram of (a) real-time LED and (b) LCD lit up.


Page 8 of 18

Page 9 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


References 1.

Wang, J.; Li, S.; Yi, F.; Zi, Y.; Lin, J.; Wang, X.; Xu, Y.; Wang, Z. L., Sustainably powering wearable electronics solely by biomechanical energy. Nature Communications 2016,7, 12744-12751, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12744.

2.

Wang, Z. L.; Song, J., Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays. Science 2006,312 (5771), 242-246, DOI: 10.1126/science.1124005.

3.

Vivekananthan, V.; Alluri, N. R.; Purusothaman, Y.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Kim, S.-J., A flexible, planar energy harvesting device for scavenging road side waste mechanical energy via the synergistic piezoelectric response of K0.5Na0.5NbO3-BaTiO3/PVDF composite films. Nanoscale 2017,9 (39), 15122-15130, DOI: 10.1039/C7NR04115B.

4.

Yang, Y.; Guo, W.; Pradel, K. C.; Zhu, G.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Hu, Y.; Lin, L.; Wang, Z. L., Pyroelectric Nanogenerators for Harvesting Thermoelectric Energy. Nano Letters 2012,12 (6), 2833-2838, DOI: 10.1021/nl3003039.

5.

Wang, Z.; Yu, R.; Pan, C.; Li, Z.; Yang, J.; Yi, F.; Wang, Z. L., Light-induced pyroelectric effect as an effective approach for ultrafast ultraviolet nanosensing. Nature Communications 2015,6, 8401-8407, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9401.

6.

Jao, Y.-T.; Yang, P.-K.; Chiu, C.-M.; Lin, Y.-J.; Chen, S.-W.; Choi, D.; Lin, Z.-H., A textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator with humidity-resistant output characteristic and its applications in self-powered healthcare sensors. Nano Energy 2018,50, 513-520, DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.071.

7.

Hinchet, R.; Kim, S.-W., Wearable and Implantable Mechanical Energy Harvesters for Self-Powered Biomedical Systems. ACS Nano 2015,9 (8), 7742-7745, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04855.

8.

Li, J.; Jiao, Y.; Liu, Q.; Chen, Z., Colorimetric Detection of Thrombin Based on Intensity of Gold Nanoparticle Oligomers with Dark-Field Microscope. ACS Sustainable Chemistry

&

Engineering

2018,6

(5),

6738-6745,

DOI:

10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00521. 9.

Alluri, N. R.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Kim, S.-J., Exalted Electric Output via Piezoelectric– Triboelectric Coupling/Sustainable Butterfly Wing Structure Type Multiunit Hybrid Nanogenerator. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2018,6 (2), 1919-1933, DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03337.

10. Pu, X.; Liu, M.; Chen, X.; Sun, J.; Du, C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhai, J.; Hu, W.; Wang, Z. L.,



Page 10 of 18

Ultrastretchable, transparent triboelectric nanogenerator as electronic skin for biomechanical energy harvesting and tactile sensing. Science Advances 2017,3 (5), e1700015- e1700025, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700015. 11. Chang, T.-H.; Peng, Y.-W.; Chen, C.-H.; Chang, T.-W.; Wu, J.-M.; Hwang, J.-C.; Gan, J.Y.; Lin, Z.-H., Protein-based contact electrification and its uses for mechanical energy harvesting

and

humidity

detecting.

Nano

Energy

2016,21,

238-246,

DOI:

10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.017. 12. Zhao, Y.; Deng, P.; Nie, Y.; Wang, P.; Zhang, Y.; Xing, L.; Xue, X., Biomoleculeadsorption-dependent piezoelectric output of ZnO nanowire nanogenerator and its application as self-powered active biosensor. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2014,57, 269-275, DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.022. 13. Ding, W.; Wang, A. C.; Wu, C.; Guo, H.; Wang, Z. L., Human–Machine Interfacing Enabled by Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Tribotronics. Advanced Materials Technologies 2019,4 (1), 1800487-1800503, DOI: 10.1002/admt.201800487. 14. Yin, W.; Xie, Y.; Long, J.; Zhao, P.; Chen, J.; Luo, J.; Wang, X.; Dong, S., A self-powertransmission and non-contact-reception keyboard based on a novel resonant triboelectric nanogenerator

(R-TENG).

Nano

Energy

2018,50,

16-24,

DOI:

10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.009. 15. Li, S.; Peng, W.; Wang, J.; Lin, L.; Zi, Y.; Zhang, G.; Wang, Z. L., All-Elastomer-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Keyboard Cover To Harvest Typing Energy. ACS Nano 2016,10 (8), 7973-7981, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03926. 16. Shang, W.; Gu, G. Q.; Yang, F.; Zhao, L.; Cheng, G.; Du, Z.-l.; Wang, Z. L., A SlidingMode Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Chemical Group Grated Structure by Shadow Mask

Reactive

Ion

Etching.

ACS

Nano

2017,11

(9),

8796-8803,

DOI:

10.1021/acsnano.7b02866. 17. Chandrasekhar, A.; Alluri, N. R.; Sudhakaran, M. S. P.; Mok, Y. S.; Kim, S. J., A smart mobile pouch as a biomechanical energy harvester towards self-powered smart wireless power transfer applications. Nanoscale 2017, 9818-9824, DOI: 10.1039/C7NR00110J. 18. Chandrasekhar, A.; Khandelwal, G.; Alluri, N. R.; Vivekananthan, V.; Kim, S.-J., Battery-Free Electronic Smart Toys: A Step toward the Commercialization of Sustainable Triboelectric Nanogenerators. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2018,6 (5), 6110-6116, DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04769. 19. Pu, X.; Hu, W.; Wang, Z. L., Toward Wearable Self-Charging Power Systems: The Integration of Energy-Harvesting and Storage Devices. Small 2018,14 (1), 1702817-


Page 11 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


1702836, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702817. 20. Wang, S.; Niu, S.; Yang, J.; Lin, L.; Wang, Z. L., Quantitative Measurements of Vibration Amplitude Using a Contact-Mode Freestanding Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ACS Nano 2014,8 (12), 12004-12013, DOI: 10.1021/nn5054365. 21. Niu, S.; Liu, Y.; Wang, S.; Lin, L.; Zhou, Y. S.; Hu, Y.; Wang, Z. L., Theory of SlidingMode Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Advanced Materials 2013,25 (43), 6184-6193, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302808. 22. Vivekananthan, V.; Alluri, N. R.; Purusothaman, Y.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Selvarajan, S.; Kim, S.-J., Biocompatible Collagen Nanofibrils: An Approach for Sustainable Energy Harvesting and Battery-Free Humidity Sensor Applications. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2018,10 (22), 18650-18656, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02915. 23. Dong, K.; Wang, Y.-C.; Deng, J.; Dai, Y.; Zhang, S. L.; Zou, H.; Gu, B.; Sun, B.; Wang, Z. L., A Highly Stretchable and Washable All-Yarn-Based Self-Charging Knitting Power Textile Composed of Fiber Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Supercapacitors. ACS Nano 2017,11 (9), 9490-9499, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05317. 24. Zi, Y.; Guo, H.; Wen, Z.; Yeh, M.-H.; Hu, C.; Wang, Z. L., Harvesting Low-Frequency (

A Sustainable Human-Machine Interactive Triboelectric

Recommend Documents