SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES: TABULATIONS OP SCIENTIFIC DATA Fabric cleaners and spot removers. C. S. KIMBALL. C k m . is indicated. The general properties (c. g., inflammability, Industries, 35, 25-6 (July, 1934).-Stains are classified, as are volatility, and odor) of various solvents are summarized. No 0 . R. cleansing agents, and the type of cleaner for each type of stain detailed directions for cleaning are given. TEACHING OBJECTIVES, METHODS, AND SUGGESTIONS Praise a s an educational instrument. J. ADAMS. 3. Educ., gradually t o the state where he works almost exclusively for self66, 505-7 (Aug., 1 9 3 4 ) . 4 i r John Adams points out that the approval rather than for external praise. universal human love of praise, though often condemned, has "Praise gives an excellent illustration of the working out of the not always been looked upon with disfavor. With frequent educational process. At the beginning the educator is praiser-inclassical and literary allusions he draws a distinction between chief. As time gws an, the educand takes a hand, first by mere love of applause, per se, irrespective of its source and justice, evaluating more or less deliberately the praise that his teacher and a proper feeling of satisfaction in having deserved praise. gives or withholds, then proceeding t o fall back more and more He suggests that, in the hands of the teacher, praise is a uqeful on his own inner court. But till he leaves school altogether he is but dangerous drug-salutary when astutely applied to meet the never quite independent of his external expert in praise. All of needs of the individual case, but worthless or harmful when mis- which tends to emphasize the responsibility of that expert to be handled. In his opinion praise should be employed with a dual worthy of his name, and turn out an educand capable of managend in view: first, to further the pupil's day-to-day educational ing for himself in the not sufficiently realized difficulties of praise 0. R. progress; second, and more important, to bring the pupil manipulation." ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS Science in the new secondary school. H. E. BROWN. Tuxhers' Coll. Record, 35, 694-707 (May. 1934).-After describing the critical state of secondary-school physical science and discussing probable causes for this, the author advances some pertinent arguments for the teaching of science as a separate body of
AND DEVICES; CLTRRICULA knowledge. The author sets up certain desirable and valid criteria for determining the content of a physical science course that shall he required of all students. The course, as outlined, would be organized around broad science themes. C. M. P.
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENTS AND DATA The chronological age of highly intelligent freshmen. H. inclusive. The high-intelligence group, I. Q., ll(t131, had an average I. Q. of 115.31 and an average chronological age of PATTERSON. Peabody I. Educ., 12, 19-20 (July, 1934).-The Otis Self-Administering Tests of Mental Ability were given t o 18.58 years; the average group, I. Q. 100.06, age 18.98 years; 1280 freshmen entering the School of Education, Oklahoma Agri- the low group, I. Q. 85.04, age 19.57 years. The correlations cultural and Mechadcal College, during the years 1923 t o 1933 (Pearson formula) between I . Q. and chronological age were not 0.R. significant. TFIE PHILOSOPEIY OF SCIENCE The supreme intellectual obligation. J. DEWEY. SCi. thinking of the masses. This obligation of instilling desirable Educ., 18, 1-4 (Feb., 1934).--Science is mqre than subject attitudes and ways of thinking into the lives of others is more matter, more than method. I t is a way of thmking. I t is the important than the imparting of information, however essential supreme intellectual obligation of every scientist t o work to the latter may be. Our science teaching in the schools has been attempt t o get this way of thinking over into the everyday t m largely focused an imparting information, almost t o the utter C. M. P. neglect of this more important phase. PROFESSIONAL Types of useful organizations of science teachers. W. L. be done by professors who do active consulting work. It can EIKENBERRY.SCi. Educ., 18, 6 9 ((Feb., 1934).-The author also be accomplished by getting practicing engineers acquainted describes new types of science organizations that would seem t o with undergraduates, who will cultivate their friendship, stimube desirable, and enunciates the guiding principles under which late and gutde their thinking. There should be more emphasis on bringing desirable young C. M. P. they should be organized. What about my job? asks John Jones, B.S. in Ch.E., '34. men into every industrial organization that wants to grow. Far too few firms each year take on a substantial number of cadets. R. S. MCBRIDE. Chem. & Met. Eng., 41, 344-5 (July, 1934).Industry is no greater than the personnel which runs it. A pro- There are enough trained men now to fill the wider variety of fession is no more valuable than the service of its members. plant positions. These young men will be an investment in enThis is true of chemical engineering as a profession and of the larged opportunity for theenterprise. The stimulation of personnel development after employment chemical engineering industry. The chemical engineer is an artisan who deals with raw materials, money, and men. Without should be definitely planned. I n no other way does a man success in personal relationships of all sorts he may be a failure grow so rapidly ashy professional association with contemporaries despite great ability. The methods and thinking of modern of his own type. Chemical engineers in all walks of life will do industry should he brought into the classroom. This can best well to read the fust annual report of the Engineers Council for Professional Development. J. W. H. GENERAL The use of permanent paper in scholarly publishing. S. T. tributes them to a selected list of institutions as depositories. After much study of the problem of securing a durable paper. FARQUWR. Sc&ce, 79, 522-3 (June 8, 1934).-Records printed on paper ordinarily used in periodicals will have disappeared or the specifications adopted were tho? of paper used by the United became unusable within fifty years. To avoid this the Uni- States Government Printing Office ~n the purchase of paper for versity of California Press prints twenty-five copies of its scien- the Federal Government's permanent printed records. tific works on a special permanent rag paper and disG. H. W.
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