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http://pubs.acs.org/ac ISSN 0003-2700
October 1, 2001 / Vol. 73, No. 19
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GC/MS of Chemical Vapor Deposition Precursors. Semiconductors are made by depositing highly reactive vaporphase chemicals in very thin layers onto a substrate. Because semiconductors require absolute purity to operate properly and there is no opportunity to clean up a layer once it has been deposited, special care must be taken to ensure that precursors are extremely clean. Michael Bartram at Sandia National Laboratories uses five case studies to demonstrate how GC/MS ensures the purity of semiconductor precursors.
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Hadamard Transform Capillary Electrophoresis. 548 A Separation sciences don’t have many examples of multiplexing, but Takashi Kaneta at Kyushu University in Japan adds to the list by applying Hadamard transformation to CE for the first time. This multiplexing method encodes CE signals so that many can be measured at the same time and are then transformed to give results with better S/N.
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Better Brain Imaging with Chemometrics. What a way to use their heads! Han Witjes, Arjan Simonetti, and Lutgarde Buydens at the University of Nijmegen in The Netherlands apply chemometrics to the analysis of magnetic resonance imaging and the spectroscopy of the human brain to develop more accurate diagnoses and treatment methods for brain tumors with less invasive techniques.
Brain analysis.
COVER STORY
news 527 A
Analytical Currents A better glucose mousetrap. a Fractals add dimension to gold DNA probes. a Silver nanoparticles look good in gold. a Pollutant monitor— an environmental bargain. a Wellpat a shape. a 3-in-1 ion manipulator. a New techniques to FRET over. a A word of caution.
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Research Profiles Internet algorithm tracks microorganisms. Improving the accuracy of MALDI-TOF analysis and database searches. a PEBBLEs measure O2 in living cells. The technique with a cute name probes cell metabolism.
Baiting the trap. 527 A
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contents
A first for CE. 540 A
Meeting News Counting bugs. a 2002 Pittsburgh Conference Memorial National College Grant Program.
ILLUSTRATION © 2001 LINDA NYE
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departments 517 A
Editorial Academic Instrument Builders. Analytical chemistry has long benefited from academics who create new devices with emerging technologies. Today, working with instrument companies, that spirit of innovation is even stronger.
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In AC Research
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Product Review Chiral Stationary Phases for HPLC. Choosing the right column can be a daunting task for the novice. Dan Armstrong and Bo Zhang at Iowa State University discuss the various CSP columns.
Keeping it clean with GC/MS. 534 A
State of the column.
AC Webworks Looking for Spin in All the Right Places. Steve Miller highlights the sites that review the basics of NMR and those that elucidate the advanced experiments.
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Meetings
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New Products
1C
AC Research Contents
4551–4753
AC Research
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Author Index
CDC/PEGGY S. HAYES
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One bug, two bugs . . . 533 A
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Academic Instrument Builders T
he lectures by the Division of Analytical Chemistry awardees at the ACS national meeting in Chicago in August were a pleasure to hear. The awardees’ reminiscences and ruminations were fun. Particularly interesting was the pervasive theme of how enabling instrument design had been in research. This has always been the case in analytical chemistry, but over the decades there has been an ebb and flow in which elements of design were most investigated. The appearance of a significant instrument is always presaged by new concepts connecting a measurable quantity to a molecular property and by timely education providing researchers with the tools for instrument design. For example, the 1950s saw a rising academic interest in applying new electronic components to chemical instruments, which pushed devices such as spectrophotometers and polarographs toward more versatile forms. I was privileged in my doctoral research to work with the Mark-II version of an operational amplifierbased multipurpose electrochemical instrument. The “op-amp” subsequently permeated various instruments. These changes took place in university-built instruments before they appeared in commercial systems. The opportunities for commercialization in this era were slowly recognized, but eventually a strong demand developed for analytical chemists with instrument design backgrounds. (Commercialization was also fueled by a growing need for analytical measurements.) As a result, the backbone of today’s strong instrument industry was formed in the 1950s and 1960s. This was followed by the incorporation of minicomputers, such as the DEC PDP8, into chemical instruments. Although the minicomputer was used to control instrument parameters, its major role at first was as an accurate, fast, digital data recorder, replacing the chart recorder and oscilloscope. Again, the first minicomputer applications appeared in academia. As the microelectronics revolution progressed, minicomputers “grew” into microcomputers with orders-of-magnitude greater speed and memory. This enhanced computing capability drew substantial commercial interest because it offered a value-added feature for an otherwise ordinary chemical instrument. Following the introduction of modern electronic components and microcomputers, a lot of the “action” in instrument building has seemingly shifted from academia to industry. For example, there have, in general, been many more user-friendly changes in the microcomputer and the computational side of commercial chemical instrumentation than there have been new basic ideas for instrument measurement systems. Is this to say that instrument design has passed from aca-
demic corridors to industry? No, indeed! The past two decades have seen a steady tide of new measurement concepts originating from academic research. Some of these have quickly become commercial systems; others are waiting their turn. These new concepts include CE, multichannel CE, electrospray and MALDI ion sources, ion trap mass analyzers, ion mobility spectrometers, ultralow-current potentiostats, scanning electrochemical microscopes, cavity ringdown spectrometers, surface plasmon resonance spectrometers, and microcoil NMR, just to name a few. These new instruments have profited from a solid base of electronics, microcomputer control, and experience with measurement devices and principles; these are clearly enabling features of modern instrumental research. Prompted by the need for chemical sensing and the highthroughput analysis of analytical samples for combinatorial chemistry, genome sequencing, and recognition arrays, we have seen a veritable explosion in the past decade of research dealing with multichannel approaches to separations, spectroscopy, NMR, and MS. These systems have also included microchannel and various microfluidic assemblies for fast chemical separations and reaction mixing. Moreover, arrays of sensor and biosensor elements for imaging and DNA and protein binding recognition have also appeared. This progress arises from ideas such as parallel analysis and miniaturization. A new generation of instruments is being born as we watch. In this research, industrial laboratories are now fully equal players with academia because many of the economic benefits of successful technology are already apparent. This is exciting to watch; analytical chemistry has turned on the “afterburners”. I have described instrumental development in four broad, overlapping phases: applications of modern electronics followed by microelectronics, fresh generations of measurement concepts, and the current emphasis on high-throughput analysis. Those who look for the benefits from societal investments in chemical research should pay special heed to the steady development of new instruments in academic analytical chemistry research laboratories. Indeed, the entire infrastructure upon which modern chemical manufacturing, environmental testing, drug discovery and pharmaceutical development, and clinical health care are based rests on such instruments. This particular horn deserves to be blown loudly and often.
O C T O B E R 1 , 2 0 0 1 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
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EDITOR Royce W. Murray University of North Carolina
ASSOCIATE EDITORS Daniel W. Armstrong
Reinhard Niessner
Iowa State University/Ames Laboratory
Technische Universität München (Germany)
Catherine C. Fenselau
Robert A. Osteryoung
University of Maryland
North Carolina State University
William S. Hancock
Edward S. Yeung
ThermoFinnigan
Iowa State University/Ames Laboratory
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