ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY J U N E
NEWS
1 9 5 8
M . F. Hasler, A p p l i e d Research Laboratories (right) received t h e Beclcman A w a r d in C h e m i c a l Instrumentation from A . O . Beclcman, Beclcman Instruments
The Pacific C h e m i c a l Exposition drew 12,000 visitors. M a n y exhibits were of interest t o a n a l y t i c a l chemists. Perlcin-Elmer's booth f e a t u r e d novel open structure
ACS Meeting a n d Chemical Exposition D r a w Large Attendance Analytical chemists discuss radiochemical analysis, electroanalytical techniques, a n d emission spectrometry AN FRANCISCO.
S ing
The
ever-broaden-
scope of responsibilities of t o day's analytical chemist was noted in the wide variety of analytical techniques a n d instrumentation described at t h e recent 133rd meeting of t h e
AMERICAN
CHEMICAL
SOCIETY,
held
here April 13 t o 18. Attendance was very good a t t h e sessions. Also of interest to t h e analytical chemist were exhibits shown a t t h e Pacific Chemical Exposition, held in conjunction with
J . J . Lingane, H a r v a r d University, accepts t h e Fisher A w a r d in A n a l y t i c a l Chemistry f r o m G . L. Buc, Fisher Scientific C o . Lingane is the eleventh analytical chemist t o receive this honor
the meeting. F u r t h e r details a p p e a r in the N e w Products section. A new topic, not previously covered in t h e sessions of t h e Division of Analytical Chemistry, was direct-reading emission spectrometry, t h e subject of
Paul L. Kirk, School of C r i m i n o l o g y , University of C a l i fornia ( l e f t ) , was introduced as t h e dinner speaker b y John Y o e , University of Virginia, chairman of t h e Division of A n a l y t i c a l Chemistry VOL. 30, NO. 6, JUNE 1958 ·
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the symposium honoring Beckman Award winner M . F . Hasler, Applied Research Laboratories. Papers in the symposium on electroanalytical techniques, held in honor of J. J. Lingane, H a r v a r d University, and recipient of the Fisher Award, emphasized fundamental, physical phenomena which are the basis of analytical methods. W i t h the growing interest in fallout of radioactive materials, the five sessions on radiochemical analysis proved to be very informative. The Division of Analytical Chemistry joined with the Division of Chemical Literature in presenting a successful symposium on the literature of automation as applied to analytical chemistry. Direct-Reading Emission Spectrometers
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The spectacular and far-reaching effects on industrial analytical chemistry of direct-reading emission spectrometers were emphasized in the Beckm a n award symposium honoring M . F . Hasler. This technique, widely used in the metals industry, is replacing photographic spectroscopy and wet chemistry. Reasons for this trend are speed, economy, and reliability not attainable b y other existing techniques. As stated by J. R. Churchill, Aluminum Co. of America, "This has made possible a giant step on the road from historical analysis to control analysis." Churchill paid tribute to M . F . Hasler's contributions to the field of emission spectroscopy. Through his efforts instruments were developed to utilize emission spectra as an analytical tool. Starting in the mid-thirties with a low cost, relatively simple 1.5-meter spectrograph, Hasler and his associates went on and developed a comparatordensitometer, high voltage spark unit, and excitation source. After World W a r I I , a major step forward resulted with development of a commercial direct-reading spectrograph (Quantometer) which became possible with availability of the electron multiplier phototube. This instrument, which has gone through major design improvements, has made it possible to speed u p metal and alloy analyses to the extent t h a t it can be used as a production control instrument. Hasler, says Churchill, is now engaged in improving the Quantometer so t h a t it can do automatically the whole job of computation, recording, and transmission of results. Another project is work on the area of x-ray fluorescence as a rival to optical emission spectroscopy. Award Address. Solution of several
A n a l y t i c a l Chemistry was honored by the A r t Directors C l u b of M e t r o politan W a s h i n g t o n by having t h e cover of the September 1957 issue selected for hanging in the c a t e g o r y " M a g a z i n e C o v e r s " a t the 9th A n nual A r t Directors Show. This exhibit w i l l be shown in various parts of the Free W o r l d during the next year under sponsorship of the U . S. Information A g e n c y .
major problems is required if directreading optical emission spectrochemical analysis is to continue the rapid progress which has marked t h a t of the past 25 years, said Beckman Award winner M . F . Hasler in his award address. Today there are about 1700 spectrochemical laboratories in the U. S. alone, about one in four of which has directreading instruments. These instruments are used to analyze samples, particularly metals, with a minimum amount of sample preparation; to analyze simultaneously 70 to 80 elements in a matrix over wide ranges of concentration; t o analyze 10 to 20 chemicals in any particular type of sample in one m i n u t e ; and to analyze nonmetallic samples when p r o p erly prepared. Areas requiring improvement include sampling. One approach is to use molten samples in an inert atmosphere stirred by inductive effects. A second objective is to extend spectrochemical analysis to all elements in the periodic system. One method involves the use of special source conditions which favor excitation of high energy spectrum lines. A second method involves developing instruments for use in the far-ultraviolet (200 to 2000 A.) which would help in analysis of many nonmetallic elements. The red and near-infrared regions (6500 to 10,000
NEWS A.) also offer possibilities for nonmetallic element studies. A third area of improvement relates to developing instruments and methods for increasing conoentrational sensi tivity of spectrochemical analysis. Typical examples include the carrierdistillation method, utilization of vapor pressure differential of metallic ele ments when melted in vacuum furnaces, collection of sample fractions on elec trodes, ion exchange, chromatographic, electrochemical, and zone refining methods. A fourth area of improvement would increase accuracy of analysis by means other than improving sample quality. A fifth area involves computations. With more than two elements present in a sample, interelement effects occur, and as wider and wider concentration ranges are covered, the need for com puters becomes greater. Another pioneer in the field of di rect-reading spectrometry, J. L. Saunderson, who worked originally with Dow Chemical Co. and at present with Baird-Atomic, discussed recent devel opments in direct-reading spectrom eters. Such improvements as rapid change over for different types of analyses, and simple and speedy adjustments have led to improved performance, reli ability, and ease of operation. In creased flexibility has expanded the scope of work possible. A new approach to signal-measuring techniques, reported by Frederick Brech, Jarrell-Ash Co., involves con version of the signal from photomultiplier transducers into pulses, the inte grated number of which is a direct measure of the signal strength. Inte gration is achieved through use of a pulse-actuated motor responding to pulses at any rate up to 400 cycles per second. Precision and stability are at tained through this means, he said. Work done in the automatic record ing and computation of spectrochemical data at the National Bureau of Stand ards was outlined by B. F. Scribner. The spectrometer output is fed to a digital electronic storage and read into an IBM card. Intensity measurements on 18 elements are recorded in 10 sec onds after the exposure is completed. Advantages of high-speed electronic read-out systems are reduced transcrip tion errors and increased speed. NBS has applied this system to studies of homogeneity of alloys. Several other applications of emission spectroscopy were outlined at the sym posium. A pioneering application re lates to a study on the concentration of metals in human tissues. As many as 14 different tissues are analyzed for 13
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NEWS elements, reported R. E. Nusbaum, University of California. Trace elements in feed stocks, which poison catalysts used in catalytic crack ing units, are determined by directreading spectrographic analysis. In this case, said G. D. Hoggan, Richfield Oil Corp., results are compared with standard solutions. Progress in Electroanalytical Techniques
Contributions of leading electroana lytical chemists from university labora
tories all over the country highlighted the symposium on electroanalytical techniques, honoring Fisher Award win ner J. J. Lingane, Harvard University. Emphasis in the symposium was placed primarily on the theoretical as pects of methods rather than on re fined methods for specific determina tions, said R. L. Pecsok, University of California. Trends examined in various presentations include new, general pur pose, automatic instrumentation; a.c. polarography, new coulometric, amperometric, and polarographic meth-
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ods; mechanism of electrical reactions, thermodynamics of electrode processes, and new kinds of indicating electrodes. P. J. Elving, University of Michigan, stated that through such fundamental research on properties of electrodes and electrode reactions including kinetics and mechanisms of the reaction, will come a better understanding of elec trical methods of analyses and, thus, improved analytical methods. Lingane presented a comprehensive paper on coulometric analysis, a field in which he has pioneered. He outlined basic principles and applications of two types of coulometric analytical tech niques which have been developed— namely, at controlled potential and with constant current. A cheap, fast, and precise photo electric titrator was described by R. H. Millier, Los Alamos Scientific Labora tory. The instrument employs a phototube and trigger circuit which cuts off reagent flow beyond the end point. The need for slow approach to the end point is eliminated as the same tube, feeding a cathode follower, provides a photometric measurement of color pro duced by excess reagent. Dilution of sample to a constant initial volume is automatic. A correction is made for λ-olume of titrant added. A versatile, precise, and low-cost in strument has been built from commer cially available, chopper-stabilized, computer amplifiers, said D. D. De Ford, Northwestern University. The instrument can be used for a variety of electroanalytical studies, including voltage-scan and current-scan voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, coulo metric analysis, controller potential electroanalysis, and potentiometric, amperometric, conductometric, and photo metric titrimetry. An analysis and comparison of vari ous criteria proposed for determining whether or not a polarographic reaction is reversible were presented by P. J. Elving, University of Michigan. Through use of alternating current polarography, several electrode proc esses can be studied. These include the heterogeneous rate constant, and trans fer coefficient. Another paper involving the applica tion of new techniques to classical polarography extending measurements to lower amounts and application to complex mixtures was given by W. D. Cooke, Cornell University. He stated that alternating current polarography permits solution of some difficult prob lems that direct current techniques can not handle. Use of electrochemical techniques by an organic chemist for analysis and preparations was described by J. W. Sease, Wesleyan University. This
NEWS study involved use of constant potential coulometric reduction of organic halogen compounds. Processes of importance to electroplaters were outlined by a well known German chemist, Heinz Gerischer, Max Planck Institut. He has reviewed the mechanism of electrolytic deposition of metals with respect to distinguishing the different steps in the course of the reaction, and particularly the charge transfer reaction. To do this experimentally he divides the electrode polarization into two components: concentration polarization and charge transfer polarization. Chelons, such as EDTA and polyamines, are useful as complementary titrants, reported C. N. Reilley, University of North Carolina. He has found that many organic and inorganic substances, not subject to direct analysis with chelons, are reduced when exposed to metal amalgams. The metal ions freed from the amalgam and which are equivalent in quantity to the reducible substance, can be titrated with chelons, permitting an indirect analysis. Use of Teflon and polyethylene membranes has given good over-all performance and reproducibility in the polarography of gases, D. T. Sawyer, University of California, reported. Prior to the development of such membranes, polarographic analysis of gases was restricted to materials dissolved in solution, since both a diffusion layer and electrical contact with the reference electrode are necessary. Studies to date, using a polarographic cell with a platinum electrode and plastic membrane connected by a salt bridge to a saturated calomel reference electrode, have been effective in a concentration range of 0.01 to 100% by volume. Possible applications include air pollution studies. New electrode systems for use with a variety of organic applications were reported by M. G. Yakubik of Du Pont. He said that potentiometric titration curves with sharp voltage peaks are obtained in nonaqueous solvents using ''unpolarized" glass-silver electrodes. This unique effect makes possible quantitative determination of many acids. The voltage peak method is rapid and accurate, allows use of small samples, and has possibilities for use in automatic titrations. A new technique for polarographic applications to the qualitative and quantitative determination of radioactive substances was described by Daniel L. Love, U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. His report was the second in a series describing radiochemical techniques based on procedures of standard polarographic an-
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NEWS alyses. T h e m e t h o d involves reducing the radioisotope polarographically t o the zero oxidation state a n d amalga mating with t h e m e r c u r y drop. T h e d r o p is removed from t h e solution and radioactivity measured b y s t a n d a r d counting techniques. I n addition to analytical applications, other possible uses include electro chemical studies, in situ analysis of highly radioactive solution, p r e p a r a tion of carrier-free radioactive sources, analyses of short-lived nuclides, a n d determination of radiochemical yields. N e w methods for analysis of high energy fuels, such as rocket propellants, were outlined b y G. C. Whitnack, U . S. N a v a l Ordnance T e s t Station. Polarographic procedures have been devel oped for determination of b o t h organic
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Radiochemical Analysis T h e three-day symposium on radio chemical analysis covered fission prod uct analysis, counting methods a n d techniques, nondestructive analysis and gamma spectrometry, general proce dures, a n d applications. Determination of fallout material from nuclear detonations on land a n d in the sea was described in two papers. G. A. Welford, IT. S. Atomic Energy Commission, described a system for offsite measurement of fallout material. T h e system, which is relatively simple,
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and inorganic constituents of doublebase and single-base powders and plas tic materials used in solid a n d liquid propellants.
May 30 to June6
Fifth World Petroleum Congress and Exposition, New York Coli seum, New York City, N . Y. Contact: C. E. Davis, General Secretary, Fifth World Petroleum Congress, Inc., 527 Madison Ave., New York 22, Ν . Υ.
June 2 to 6
ASTM Committee E-14, Sixth Meeting on Mass Spectrometry, Jung Hotel, New Orleans, La. Contact: R. A. Friedel or A. G. Sharkey, Jr., U. S. Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes St., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. See page 46A.
June 9 to 11
Ninth Annual Symposium on Spectroscopy, Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago, 111. Contact: Henry J. Hettel, Armour Research Founda tion, 10 West 35th St., Chicago 16, 111. Sec page 43 A, D e c ; page 34 A, May.
June 16 to 20
Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Contact: Harold H . Nielsen, Dept. of Physics and Astron omy, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, Ohio. See page 30 A, May.
June 19 to 21
Division of Analytical Chemistry, ACS, annual summer symposium, "Analytical Chemistry of Fused Solids," General Electric Research Laboratory, T h e Knolls, Schenectady, N . Y. Contact: Ε. Κ. Bacon, Dept. of Chemistry, Union College, Schenectady 8, Ν . Υ. See page .46 A, March; page 26 A, May.
June 23 to 27
American Society for Testing Materials, annual meeting, Hotel Statler, Boston, Mass. Contact: Fred F . Van Atta, Assistant Secretary, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia 3, P a .
Aug. 13 to 15—Seventh Annual Conference on Industrial Application of X-Ray Analysis, Denver Research Institute. University of Denver, Albany Hotel, Denver, Colo. Aug. 20 to 27—Society for Analytical Chemistry, Symposium on Microchemistry, Birmingham, England. Sept. 1 to 13—Second International Congress on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Switzerland. Sept. 4 to 6—Electron Microscope Society of America, annual meeting, Miramar Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif. Sept. 7 to 12—American Chemical Society, 134th National Meeting, Chicago, 111. Sept. 7 to 20—XXXI Congrès International de Chimie Industrielle, Liège and Brussels, Belgium. Sept. 9 to 12—ACS Chicago Section, Tenth National Chemical Exposition, International Amphitheatre, Chicago, 111. Sept. 15 to 17—Canadian Association for Applied Spectroscopy, Fifth Ottawa Symposium on Applied Spectroscopy, Ottawa, Canada. Sept. 15 to 19—Instrument Society of America, thirteenth annual instrument automation conference and exhibit, Philadelphia, Pa. Sept. 24 to 26—ASTM Committee E-14 and Institute of Petroleum, Mass Spectrometry Panel, Hydrocarbon Research Group, joint meeting, London, England. Sept. 29 to Oct. 1—Second Conference on Analytical Chemistry in Nuclear Reactor Technology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Gatlinburg, Tenn. Oct. 20 to 22—American Oil Chemists Society, fall meeting, Hotel Sherman, Chicago, 111. April 5 to 10, 1959—American Chemical Society, 135th National Meeting, Boston, Mass. Sept. 13 to 18, 1959—American Chemical Society, 136th National Meeting, Atlantic City, N. J. f, . COming
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NEWS consists of a furnace, ion exchange column, and leveling device constructed of polyethylene. The column is packed with paper pulp and ion exchange resins. The units are exposed for a month and shipped to a central labora tory for analysis. Results are comparable to other systems in use but have the advantage that untrained persons can operate them as no laboratory procedures are required prior to shipping the sample. Several interesting radiochemical ap plications were reported. The moni toring of nonradiological gases by a radiological analyzer was described by C. A. Ziegler, of Tracerlab. In this method nonradioactive gases are passed through a radiochemical reactor bed where they undergo a gas exchange re action. The radioactive effluent gas is measured by standard counting tech niques. Advantages are accuracy of tracer techniques without the need of tagging the material to be measured. The system is applicable to continuous flow or batch analysis and even to battery operation for field use. Several papers relating to applica tions of the characteristic x-rays ex cited by beta particle bombardment were presented. This work was done by R. H. Miiller, D. C. Millier, F. D. Lonadier, and R. W. White of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Scintil lation spectrometry using a strontium-90-yttrium-90 source allows posi tive identification of a wide range of elements. Present limitations restrict identification to elements above bro mine. Targets used can be in the form of films, thick metal disks, powders molded in a plastic binder, deposits on combined-spot filter paper disks, or solutions in plastic cups. A related development presented by D. G. Gardner, Westinghouse Electric Corp., concerns a specially designed plastic detector which emploj^s a hollow construction to minimize electron scattering. In beta-ray spectroscopy, he said, there is an improvement in re-solution over the conventional flattype detector. Other advantages are: operation in air atmosphere, small quantities of activity needed, good re solving time, simplicity of operation, and low cost. Fallout fission products in the ocean promise to be a new tool for measuring horizontal and vertical ocean circula tion times, T. T. Sugihara, Clark Uni versity, said. Since the chemical nature of the fission product can affect its distribution, several nuclides are studied. Strontium-90 and cesium-137 ions in sea water, for example, should show a roughly constant ratio of con-
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into the far ultraviolet. It thus provides the most sensitive arc lines of C, S, P, As, and Se for spectrochemical analyses, be sides t h e usual lines of t h e metallic elements. In fact, as many as 24 elements may be analyzed simultaneously in the 1600-3300A r a n g e with the Quantovac. The Quantovac will provide high-speed furnace control. It will save time and labor. Please write for full information. Your inquiry will be answered fully and promptly. * T R A D E MARK
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3 0 , N O . 6 , JUNE
1958
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41
A
NEWS centrations. Cerium-144 and promethium-147 are colloidal at pH 8 and therefore may show a different movement in sea water than strontium-90 and cesium-137. By working with samples of 60 to 100 liters of sea water, all four nuclides can be recovered in yields of 70%. Direct activation analysis studies being made in Canada were described by R. E. Jervis, Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. He said that the high thermal neutron density of the Chalk River heavy water reactors makes it possible
to determine submicrogram quantities of most elements by neutron activation. Fluxes up to 7 X 1013n cm.~2 seer 1 are attainable. Equipment used in gammaray scintillation spectrometry includes an automatic recording single-channel spectrometer and a 100-channel automatic step-scan analyzer with digital readout. Several interesting presentations were made in the session devoted to nondestructive analysis and gamma spectrometry. Since each radionuclide can be char-
acterized by the radiations it emits and by its radioactive decay, measurements employing decay, absorption, and spectrometry can be used in nondestructive analysis methods. These various methods are employed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, G. W. Leddicotte stated. Beta radiation, alpha spectrometry, and gamma scintillation spectrometry are all used depending on the fission product involved. Nondestructive methods are also used in routine neutron activation analysis for trace elements. Automation and Analytical Chemistry
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
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The need for more accurate data faster is spurring development of automatic methods of measurement. This is true in many fields, including analytical chemistry, reported G. D. Patterson, Jr., of Du Pont in the symposium on the literature of automation applied to analytical chemistry. Contributions to answers to the problems of better measurement come from analytical chemists and literature specialists, who are providing new and improved approaches to measurements. These measurements provide the parameters needed to define a process mathematically and to allow its automation. In the area of thermal methods, Thomas De Vrics, Purdue University, said some are more adaptable to automation than others. Thermal methods which lend themselves to automation include calorimetry, particularly heats of reaction, differential thermometry, thermal conductimetry, and thermogravimetry. Other methods studied include solubility, vapor pressure, and velocity of sound. These are based on temperature-dependent properties. Many spectroscopic methods have been automatized for routine analysis and for continuous, process stream monitoring, C. D. Lewis, Du Pont, reported. Some spectroscopic instruments are even applied to direct control of continuous processes. Recent advances have been made through use of longer optical paths, more sensitive detectors, special samplehandling devices, narrow-band optical filters, novel compensation techniques, and a combination of photometric measurements with color-forming reactions. The ideal instrument for automatic titrations is one in which the chemist places the sample, presses a button, and in a short time reads the results on a report sheet. While such an apparatus is not available for all titrations, it is available in some specific cases, said H. V. Malmstadt, Univer-
NEWS sity of Illinois. At present the ana lytical chemist has to select the com ponents best suited to his needs. Microchemical Apparatus Stand ards. The recommendations of the Committee on Microchemical Appara tus relating to pipets ranging in size from 1 to 1000 μ\. were presented. The committee is one of those of the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry. Al Steyermark, Hoffmann-LaRoche, is chairman. Acceptance of the specifica tions was recommended by the divi sion's executive committee. The many problems involved in standardization of micropipets as well as the status of national and interna tional efforts in arriving at suitable specifications were described by Η. Κ. Alber, A. H. Thomas Co. Criminology. The deductive powers of a Sherlock Holmes plus the tools of the analytical chemist make the criminalist a worthy match for to day's criminals. Paul L. Kirk, School of Criminology, University of Cali fornia, speaker at the Analytical Di vision dinner, said that the criminalist's functions extend beyond that of the analytical chemist, who is seeking the answer to "what is it?" to "where did it come from?" Limited budgets generally restrict crime laboratories to such instruments as the stereoscope binocular microscope, the spectrograph, and ultraviolet ab sorption. Where costs permit, infrared is being more widely used. Gas chromatography is coming into use. The criminalist works largely with natural and industrial products and utilizes the simplest methods and in strumentation possible to do the job. Kirk described several case histories to illustrate the unique applications of analytical techniques. Chemical Exposition. Another unique aspect of the meeting was the Pacific Chemical Exposition, held in conjunction with the ACS meeting. Sponsors of the exhibit, the California Section of the ACS, also honored two individuals who have made major con tributions to the chemical industry of the West. Recipients, who were honored at a luncheon, are George L. Parkhurst, Standard Oil Co. of Cali fornia, and Wilhelm Hirschkind, Dow Chemical Co. The exposition was the first to be held in the exhibit hall of San Fran cisco's Civic Center. The finishing touches were being put in the new hall as the exhibitors moved in. A wide variety of new products and equipment were exhibited. Many of these items, of interest to analytical chemists, are described in the New Products section, this issue (page 73A).
Announcing... PROJECT
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NEWS
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Gas Mixtures Our complete stock of 76 gases assures you of the ready availability of a n y type of gas mixture, compounded t o your exact spécifications. Five cylinder sizes. Participants in the combined session for manufacturers and distributors at the SAMA meeting include (left to right) Ο . Β. Wilson, general sales manager, Brown Instruments Division; Richard E. Welch, SAMA president and vice president, W . M. Welch Manufacturing Co., and A . O. Beckman, president, Beckman Instruments
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ANALYTICAL
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Instrument M a k e r s H a v e High R&D Budgets PALM SPRINGS, CALIF.
Research and
development budgets, more than three times greater than the national average per sales dollar, is one reason that ap paratus makers have fared better than industry, in general, during the cur rent recession. Richard E. Welch, president of the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association, made this state ment before 400 association members gathered here for their 40th annual meeting. "Business slumps may very well re flect lags in pure research," he said. "In the past, ovir economic growth came largely from expansion into new lands or through discovery of rich deposits of natural resources. Such opportunities are relatively limited now. "Only a little more than 8% of the country's $4 billion yearly investments in R&D goes for basic research today. Yet, basic research is a thorough eco nomic practicality." SAMA officers re-elected include Welch, president and G. A. Downsbrough, Boonton Radio Corp., presi dent pro tempore. T. M. Mints, Ε. Η. Sargent & Co., Aiken W. Fisher, presi dent, Fisher Scientific Co., and Edward B. Patterson, president, Arthur Thomas Co., were elected directors at large. Charles S. Redding, board chairman, Leeds & Northrup Co., was awarded the Scientific Apparatus Makers Award for "highest achievement in developing the industry's capacity for serving the nation in the fields of industry, re search, education, health, and defense."
NEWS
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