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FOCUS on surfaces. Other uses include the determination of atmospheric com p o s i t i o n c h a n g e s t h a t took place thousands of years ago as well as the a b i l i t y to t r a c k t h e m o v e m e n t of ocean currents and the effects of glo bal warming. These applications were p r e s e n t e d in a n oral session t h a t followed Davis' plenary lecture. "It's as though you h a d reinvented scintillation counting," Davis said. W h y is t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n so large? "You can think of an accelera tor m a s s spectrometer as a tandem mass spectrometer, in the center of which someone has inserted a 1000fold gain in energy," Davis said. A Cs sputtering ion source produces nega tive ions, a n d a l o w - e n e r g y m a s s s p e c t r o m e t e r deflects t h e d e s i r e d m a s s fraction into t h e accelerator. The ions are accelerated to 7 χ 10 6 eV in the center of the machine, stripped to remove m o l e c u l a r i s o b a r s , a n d passed through a high-energy mass spectrometer. The negative ion beam mass fraction t h a t is selected alter n a t e s between m a s s e s for the r a r e and the stable isotopes before accel eration. After p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e high-energy mass spectrometer, the stable isotope ions are integrated as a current, whereas ions for the rare i s o t o p e — w i t h energies o f - 1 9 - 8 1 MeV, d e p e n d i n g on t h e i s o t o p e — pass through a magnetic filter to a gas ionization counter w h e r e they are determined redundantly. AMS h a s been developed most completely to date for 10 Be, 1 4 C, 26 A1, 36 C1, 4 1 Ca, and 1 2 9 I. The gargantuan i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n used at Livermore can determine rare-to-stable isotope ratios for all of these, but this kind of flexibility d e m a n d s changes in Cs s p u t t e r i n g source p a r a m e t e r s , ion optics, and chemical suppression of isobars for each isotope. This much instrumentation is neither practical n o r n e c e s s a r y for m o s t r o u t i n e analyses in a r e a s such as biomedicine, where perhaps only 14 C or 4 1 Ca m i g h t be used. Davis said p r i v a t e c o m p a n i e s a r e developing a d e d i cated 14 C tandem accelerator for bio medical experiments that has a foot print of ~ 8 χ 12 ft. and a projected cost o f - $ 7 5 0 , 0 0 0 . Most of Wednesday was devoted to the ASMS business meeting. But to start things off, Ron Hites of Indiana University at Bloomington presented an e n t e r t a i n i n g plenary lecture on applications of MS to environmental science, followed by Christie Enke's 1993 ASMS Award lecture. Hites described the use of continu ous-flow fast a t o m b o m b a r d m e n t M S / M S to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e
758 A • ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 65, NO. 17, SEPTEMBER 1, 1993
process a t a w a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t plant was breaking down and remov ing alkylbenzenesulfonate detergents effectively. "It's the first FAB spec trum of 'Fab', " he quipped. Although some of the detergents were removed in the first stage of t r e a t m e n t , t h e quantity of longer chain detergents rose in the second stage because they were adsorbed onto solids and recy cled. Other examples of MS for envi r o n m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s included electron capture negative ionization MS, used to determine the temporal trends of dioxin deposition from the atmosphere to lake sediments, and the detection of Triton nonionic de t e r g e n t s in P h i l a d e l p h i a d r i n k i n g water. This study helped to convince t h e city's w a t e r a u t h o r i t y to stop t a k i n g water into the system when the Delaware River tide was coming in from downstream, where a sewage plant was located. This year's 1993 ASMS Award for a Distinguished Contribution in Mass S p e c t r o m e t r y was p r e s e n t e d jointly to Christie Enke of Michigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y in E a s t L a n s i n g a n d Rick Yost of the U n i v e r s i t y of Florida in Gainesville for the devel o p m e n t of t h e t r i p l e q u a d r u p o l e mass spectrometer. Enke and Yost announced their in vention in a short communication in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1978. Prior to that, the only tandem mass spectrometers had been electrostatic and magnetic sec tor instruments. The new spectrome t e r u s e s two quadrupoles for m a s s a n a l y s i s of p r e c u r s o r a n d product ions, respectively, with a third qua drupole between t h e m for collision» ally induced dissociation of selected precursors from the ionization source (see Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 1251 A 1264 A). In his award lecture, Enke described the process of developing t h e triple quadrupole t a n d e m m a s s spectrometer with Yost at Michigan State University and stressed the importance of selecting an interme d i a t e process t h a t would m a k e t h e two mass separations truly orthogo nal. Research a w a r d s w e n t to S u s a n Graul of C a r n e g i e - M e l l o n Univer sity and Robert Levis of Wayne State University. Nominations are being sought for t h e 1994 ASMS Award, which will be presented at the 42nd Conference, May 2 9 - J u n e 3, 1994, at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Chicago. Those interested in making a nomi nation for the award may contact J u dith Sjoberg, ASMS, 815 Don Gaspar Ave., Santa Fe, NM 87501; 505-9894517. Deborah Noble
