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Adsorption of Cs onto biogenic birnessite: effects of layer structure, ionic strength, and competition cations Qianqian Yu, Kazuya Tanaka, Naofumi Kozai, Fuminori Sakamoto, Yukinori Tani, and Toshihiko Ohnuki ACS Earth Space Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acsearthspacechem.8b00042 • Publication Date (Web): 21 Jun 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on June 25, 2018
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ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
Adsorption of Cs onto biogenic birnessite: effects of layer structure, ionic strength, and competition cations Qianqian Yu 1,2*, Kazuya Tanaka 2, Naofumi Kozai 2, Fuminori Sakamoto 2, Yukinori Tani 3, Toshihiko Ohnuki 2,4
1. School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China 2. Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan 3. Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan 4. Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1-16 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
* Corresponding author: Qianqian Yu:
[email protected] 1
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Abstract
2
Although the adsorption of cesium (Cs) onto phyllosilicate minerals has been
3
widely studied, the effect of Cs on redox-sensitive biogenic Mn oxide is not well
4
understood. In this study, the structural transformation of biogenic birnessite
5
stimulated by commonly occurring natural heavy metals, and the influence of those
6
metals on the adsorption behavior of Cs over a wide range of concentrations (1×10-10
7
mol/L to 0.1 mol/L) was carefully examined via solution chemistry and XAFS
8
techniques. The Cs was reversibly adsorbed onto the mineral surface to form an
9
outer-sphere coordination for all biogenic birnessite samples. The presence of heavy
10
metals (e.g., Zn and Ni) during bio-oxidation of Mn(II), followed by acid treatment,
11
increased the number of available layer vacancies, which consequently increased the
12
adsorption capacity of Cs in the final product. The analysis of the dependence of
13
sorption values on the ionic strength showed distinct results on biogenic birnessite and
14
chemically synthesized birnessite. Trace ions (e.g. Mn2+) that were loosely bound to
15
biogenic birnessite were released into the solution when they came in contact with the
16
NaCl solution. The competition between these trace ions significantly influence Cs
17
adsorption on biogenic birnessite. The results in this study indicated that it is
18
necessary to account for the competition effect of trace ions, particularly when
19
considering poorly crystalline adsorbents, such as bio-minerals.
20 21
Keywords: Biogenic birnessite, Radioactive Cs, Adsorption model, Mn oxide, XAFS
2
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1. Introduction
2
The weapons testing, and nuclear accidents, such as those that occurred at
3
Chernobyl and Fukushima, may result in the release of radioactive cesium into the
4
environment, raising the need for remediation 1-6. The mobility and bioavailability of
5
cesium (Cs) in the environment is dependent on its adsorption and desorption
6
behaviors in soils and sediment. Cs has a strong and selective interaction with
7
phyllosilicate minerals, such as illite and vermiculite, either through weak
8
electrostatic attraction or through the formation of strong bonds via the partial sharing
9
of electrons between Cs and the oxygen-donor ligand sites of clay minerals
7-9
.
10
However, the interactions between Cs and non-phyllosilicate minerals remain
11
relatively unstudied.
12
Mn oxides are present in both aquatic and terrestrial environments
10, 11
. Despite
13
their minor abundances, Mn oxides play as scavengers of trace elements in soils,
14
sediments, and aquatic environments
15
oxides commonly occur at the interface between pore solutions and the primary soil
16
minerals. Moreover, their large specific surface area and high cation adsorption
17
capacity are well documented. In comparison with phyllosilicate minerals, Mn oxides
18
are more sensitive to seasonal changes and soil properties like pH, organic matter
19
content and type, redox conditions, and root exudates acting as chelates
20
Mn oxides with layer and tunnel structures are most frequently observed in soils, and
21
birnessite is typically the most reactive 17.
12-15
. As coatings on clay, silt, and sand, Mn
16
. Hydrous
22
The octahedral sheets of birnessite exhibit negative structural charges that arise
23
from vacancies, the isomorphous substitution of Mn(IV) by lower valence cations (e.g.
24
Mn(III) or Co(III)), and the unsaturated oxygen anions that are exposed at the particle
25
edge. A variety of cations can be adsorbed onto the sheets of birnessite to balance the
26
charge deficit. Mn octahedral layer symmetry and composition are sensitive to
27
coexisting cations during formation. The direct incorporation of Co into the birnessite
28
layer by coprecipitation results in reduce thermal stability and crystallinity 18. Doping
29
of Ni into birnessite led to a decreased in layer stacking 19. Coprecipitation of Ni with
30
biogenic birnessite enhanced vacant site formation
31
bio-oxidation of Mn modifies the layer stacking of biogenic birnessite
32
structural changes would further influence their effects on the geochemical behaviors
33
of other elements. For instance, partial substitution of Co into Mn octahedral layer 3
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. Zn sorption during 21
. These
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22
1
caused improved catalytic activity with respect to olefin oxidation
2
hexagonal birnessite exhibited better performance to remove Pb(II) and As(III) from
3
solution phase
4
formation of vacancies in the Mn octahedral layer. However, adsorption capacities for
5
Pb2+ and Zn2+ by these Ni-doped birnessites are reduced, since most of vacancies
6
were occupied by a large amount of Ni 19. Birnessite could form in a wide variety of
7
geochemical conditions. The crystal structure of birnessite is affected by coexisting
8
heavy metals such as Zn2+ and Ni2+. Despite structural factors of birnessite affecting
9
adsorption of transition metals have been widely studied, their influence on Cs
10
. Co-doped
23
. The doping of Ni during birnessite crystallization enhances the
adsorption is still unknown.
11
Alkaline metals, including Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ are primarily located in the
12
interlayer of birnessite, where they bind to the interlayer water, and have a significant
13
effect on the stability of birnessite layer structures
14
energy among all alkaline metals, it does not bind the water molecules as tightly as
15
would a more highly charged cation
16
demonstrated a Cs adsorption capacity of 1×10-3 – 4.6×10-3 mol/g
17
interlayer cation exchange with Cs+ in birnessite is completed within hours
18
is accompanied by the release of the interlayer cations (e.g. K+, Na+) into the aqueous
19
phase. The rate of Cs cation exchange into hexagonal birnessite exhibited only a weak
20
dependence on pH, but the total amount of Cs loading in the interlayer region
21
increased dramatically above pH 6.5 +
24
. Cs+ has the lowest hydration
25
. Chemically synthesized birnessite 26, 27
. The
28, 29
, and
28
. Time-resolved XRD has revealed that the
+
22
ion-exchange between Na and Cs occurred via a sequential delamination and
23
reassembly of the birnessite sheets. Exfoliation of a given interlayer region allows for
24
the wholesale replacement of Na+ by Cs+
25
outer-sphere complex can form, allowing for Cs+ to reversibly adsorb onto the surface
26
of chemically synthesized birnessite 30, 31, which concur with previous reports that Cs
27
is located at the midpoint of the interlayer and is surrounded by water molecules 25, 28.
25
. Our recent studies have shown that the
28
Most studies of the interaction of Cs with birnessite are based on chemically
29
synthesized birnessite. However, most birnessite in terrestrial environments is
30
believed to be of biologic origin. This is because the oxidation rate of Mn(II) is up to
31
five orders of magnitude greater when formed biologically than in abiotically
32
Compared with chemically synthesized birnessite, biogenic birnessite generally
33
exhibits a poorer crystallinity with many more structural defects. Still, there are many 4
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.
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unknowns regarding the structural factors of biogenic birnessite affecting adsorption
2
of Cs+. Sasaki et al., (2014) investigated Cs+ adsorption on biogenic birnessite at high
3
levels. They found that the adsorption density of Cs+ on biogenic birnessite was
4
smaller than that on chemically synthesized birnessite, despite the former showed
5
larger adsorption densities of Co2+ and Ni2+ 30. Cs adsorption at trace levels has been
6
studied only on several hydrated Mn oxides
7
available to compare with biogenic birnessite.
29, 33, 34
. However, no structural data are
8
Multisite cation exchange models is an effective method to explain Cs adsorption
9
on phyllosilicate minerals 9, 35-38. Benedicto et al., (2014) modeled Cs adsorption onto
10
illite in the presence of different exchangeable cations. They found that large hydrated
11
cations such as Ca2+ induce expansion of illite layer, and finally increased Cs
12
adsorption capacity from near 200 meq/kg to 900 meq/kg
13
investigated the dependence of Cs sorption values on the ionic strength by using three
14
homoionic smectites. They found that competition effects of trace ions in solution
15
significantly influence sorption data interpretation
16
sorption site density for radiocesium on chemically synthesized birnessite and
17
todorokite by exploring a cation exchange model. Two types of adsorption sites were
18
observed for todorokite, and a small fraction of sorption site on todorokite possess
19
much higher selectivity coefficient than birnessite
20
the Cs uptake by biogenic birnessite, sorption data under a wide range of Cs
21
concentrations and ionic strengths are required. Unfortunately, no experimental data
22
are available for Cs adsorption on biogenic birnessite at trace loading (< 1×10-4
23
mol/L).
39
. Missana et al., (2014)
38
. We recently estimate the
31
. To comprehensively interpret
24
In the current study, a large set of experimental adsorption data was collected
25
under a wide variety of Cs+ concentrations (1×10-10 mol/L to 0.1 mol/L) and ionic
26
strengths (10-3 mol/L to 1 mol/L). The structural factors of biogenic birnessite
27
affecting adsorption of Cs+ were investigated via an ion-exchange model approach
28
combined with XAFS analysis. This study aims to give clarification of how the
29
structural transformation of biogenic birnessite, induced by the presence of common
30
naturally occurring heavy metals, affects the adsorption/desorption behavior of Cs.
31
2. Materials and methods
32
2.1 Preparation of biogenic and chemically synthesized birnessite 5
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The Mn(II)-oxidizing fungus A. strictum KR21-2 was used to produce biogenic
2
birnessite 40, 41. The cultivation medium (HAY) was prepared following the procedure
3
of Miyata et al., (2004) and Tani et al., (2004)
4
medium is described in the Supporting Information. The aqueous stock solutions of
5
MnSO4, ZnSO4, and NiCl2 were filtered in advance with a sterile 0.2-µm membrane
6
filter (Advantec, Toyo Kaisha Ltd.) and added to the autoclaved HAY medium before
7
incubation. 1 mmol/L Mn(II) and a 100 µL spore suspension was added into the HAY
8
medium (50 mL) before incubation. For some treatment, either 0.5 mmol/L Zn(II), or
9
0.5 mmol/L Ni(II) was added in addition. Details of all incubation conditions are
10
summarized in Table 1. For all experiments, the pH of solution was kept at 7.0 using
11
20 mmol/L HEPES buffer solution. The medium was then incubated at 25 °C on a
12
reciprocal shaker (~100 strokes/min). After one week incubation, the solid products
13
were collected by filtration. These solid products were subsequently resuspended in
14
HCl solution at a pH value of 2.0 for 12 h, in order to remove adsorbed cation upon
15
the vacant site. After the reaction, the suspension was filtered through a 0.2-µm
16
membrane, washed by distilled water three times, and the solid products were
17
lyophilized using a FD-5N freeze-drier (EYELA, Tokyo, Japan) for 48 h. The final
18
product, which was derived from biogenic binressite, Zn-doped birnessite, and
19
Ni-doped birnessite, was named as BB, ZB, and NB, respectively.
42, 43
, and the composition of the HAY
20
Elemental compositions of solid products before and after acid wash were
21
measured using an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer
22
(ICP-AES, Vista-Mpx, Seiko, Japan) after decomposition in 0.25 mol/L hydrochloric
23
acid hydroxylamine. The cationic exchange capacity (CEC) is 7.28×10-3 mol/g Mn
24
for BB, 8.20×10-3 mol/g Mn for ZB, and 8.95×10-3 mol/g Mn for NB. These values
25
were obtained from the maximum Cs adsorption capacity that we observed and are
26
consistent with previous reports 31, 44.
27
As reference substances, chemically synthesized birnessite were prepared
28
according to Feng et al., (2004) 49. Briefly, one-hundred and twenty-five mL of 44 g
29
of NaOH were added to an aqueous solution of 125 mL of 14.96 g of MnCl2﹒4H2O
30
while stirring to form pink gel precipitates of Mn(OH)2. Then, a solution containing
31
3.982 g of KMnO4 in 250 mL of deionized water was slowly added to the above
32
mixture under vigorous stirring to form a dark gray precipitate. The reaction mixture
33
was stirred for another 30 min and aged at 60 °C for 12 h. The precipitate was 6
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collected on a filter with a pore size of 0.2 µm and then repeatedly washed with
2
purified water until the pH of the filtrate reached around 7. δ-MnO2 and triclinic
3
birnessite were prepared according to Villalobos et al., (2003) 46. MnCl2 and Mn2O3
4
were of special grade and purchased from Wako, Osaka, Japan.
5
2.2 Characterization
6
The powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns of birnessite samples were
7
obtained using a Multi Flex X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Akishima, Japan) at room
8
temperature with CuKα radiation (40 mA, 40 kV, at 0.02° 2θ intervals and 2s per
9
step). The relative humidity was measured during daily XRD measurement, which is
10
lower than 55%. The freeze-dried samples were ground with an agate mortar prior to
11
the XRD measurement.
12
The X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra of the Mn K-edge for
13
birnessite samples before and after Cs adsorption were collected in transmission mode
14
at room temperature on BL 12C at the Photon Factory, KEK (Tsukuba, Japan). A
15
silicon (1 1 1) double-crystal monochromator was used to obtain the incident X-ray
16
beam. The intensities of the incident and transmitted X-rays were monitored with an
17
ionization chamber. The energy was calibrated by adjusting the second pre-edge peak
18
of δ-MnO2 (synthesized) to 6539 eV. All powder samples were lyophilized, diluted
19
with BN (Wako, special grade, Osaka, Japan) to adjust to 2 wt% of Mn, and were
20
pressed into a tablet with a diameter of 1 cm. To avoid the possibility of radiation
21
damage, only one spectrum was collected from each sample. The sample
22
homogeneity and the lack of sample damage by the X-ray radiation was confirmed by
23
the reproducibility of the spectra.
24
The local coordination structures of Cs in the birnessite were examined by Cs
25
LIII-edge EXAFS spectra. In order to obtain sufficient intensity, Cs-saturated samples
26
were prepared according to our previous work
27
equilibrated once with a 0.5-mol/L CsCl solution for 1 h, twice with a 0.1-mol/L CsCl
28
solution for 1 h, and once with a 0.05-mol/L CsCl solution for 6 h. The final
29
suspensions were filtered, rinsed carefully with distilled water to remove the CsCl
30
solution remaining in the sample and then sealed into polyethylene bags. The sample
31
was placed at an angle of 45° from the incident X-ray to measure the EXAFS
32
spectrum in fluorescence mode using a 19-element Ge solid-state detector. All spectra
33
were analyzed by using REX2000 software (Rigaku, Akishima, Japan). The analysis
31
. Briefly, the samples were
7
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procedure was similar to that in our previous work 44, 47.
2
2.3 Cs adsorption experiments
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3
The adsorption kinetics were investigated first to determine the time required to
4
attain an adsorption equilibrium. Kinetic tests were carried out in 50-mL polyethylene
5
tubes containing 1 mol/L NaCl and 0.1 g/L the prepared birnessite sample. Two
6
different Cs concentrations (6.0×10-6 mol/L and 1.2×10-7 mol/L), traced with 137Cs,
7
were introduced into the suspension. Two mL of liquid samples were taken at time
8
intervals ranging from 1 h to 120 h to measure the Cs concentration. The liquid phases
9
were separated using a 0.2-µm pore size membrane for the analysis of the Cs
10
radioactivity. It has been confirmed in advance that the membrane does not adsorb Cs
11
during filtration.
12
The adsorption isotherm experiment was conducted at two background
13
electrolyte concentrations (10-3 mol/L and 1 mol/L) by varying the Cs concentration
14
from approximately 10-10 mol/L to 10-1 mol/L. For the experiment with a high Cs
15
concentration (higher than 10-6 mol/L), a non-radioactive chemical of high-purity
16
CsCl (Wako, special grade, Osaka, Japan) was used in addition to the radiotracer. For
17
each sample, 0.1 g/L Mn oxide was added. The suspensions were shaken for 2 days.
18
After the adsorption experiments, the solid and liquid phases were separated using a
19
centrifuge (10,000 rpm, 30 min) and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.2-µm
20
pore size membrane for measurements of the Cs concentration. The adsorption
21
amount (Q, mol/g) of Cs was calculated using the following equations:
22 23 24
Q =
( ⁄ )
(1)
and the distribution coefficient Kd (mL/g) was calculated with the following equation:
=
×( ⁄ )
× 1000
(2)
25
where C0 and Ce are the initial Cs concentration (mol/L) and the equilibrium Cs
26
concentration in the filtrate (mol/L), respectively and S/L is the solid-to-liquid ratio
27
(g/L).
28
2.4 137Cs measurement
29
The concentrations of
137
Cs in liquid samples were determined with a liquid
30
scintillation analyzer (Tri-Carb 2550TR/AB, Packard Instruments Company, Meriden,
31
CT, USA) by counting beta rays of
137
Cs
48-50
. The sample solution was added to the
8
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liquid scintillation cocktail before measurement (Ultima-Gold AB and FG, Packard
2
Instruments Company, Meriden, CT, USA).
3
2.5 Modeling background
4
The adsorption data were fitted using a multisite adsorption model based on the
5
premise that Cs is adsorbed by the Mn oxides by a cation exchange reaction: the ionic
6
exchange between Cs and Na at the surface of the birnessite (≡ bir) can be defined by
7
Equation 3:
8
Na≡ bir+Cs+ ↔ Cs≡ bir + Na+
9
The cation exchange reaction can be expressed with selectivity coefficients
10
(
) 51:
11
=
(3)
×
(4)
×
12
where αNa and αCs are the activities of Na and Cs respectively and NNa and NCs are the
13
equivalent fractional occupancies. The equivalent fractional occupancy is defined as
14
the sorbed quantity of the cations per mass divided by CEC. According to Bradbury
15
and Baeyens (1994)
16
determined by adsorption test. If Cs is present at trace levels, then NNa is
17
approximately 1, and the selectivity coefficient can be determined with Equation 5:
18
!
" = #$# ×
35
, selectivity coefficients of a cation at trace levels can be
%
%
× (&')
(5)
19
where γNa and γCs are the solution activity coefficients and can be calculated with the
20
Davies’ approximation:
21
Log+, = −0.51 × 0
√2 34√2
− 0.3 × 67
(6)
22
where I represents the ionic strength of the solution. These analytical expressions
23
allow the determination of apparent selectivity coefficients directly from the
24
adsorption data.
25
The verification of the experimentally determined parameters were performed 52
with the Gaines-Thomas equivalent ratio convention 51 for
26
using PHREEQC v2.17
27
the calculation of the exchanged species activity. The Davies equation was used to
28
account for the ionic strength correction for the solutes 53.
29
2.6 Sequential extraction
30
Sequential extraction was used to clarify the Cs partitions in the birnessite with 9
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different treatments. Birnessite samples after adsorption of 10-9 mol/L Cs were
2
collected for the desorption experiment. The desorption experiments were carried out
3
in conditions that were identical to those used in the adsorption experiment (Section
4
2.3). All samples were rinsed with deionized water after removing the Cs solutions
5
before the sequential extraction test. The sequential extraction procedures were
6
modified based on the methods of Rauret et al. (1999) and Rigol et al. (1998; 1999)
7
54-56
8
solution for 24 h. The solution was separated from the minerals by centrifugation for
9
1 h at 10,000 rpm. The radioactivity of the supernatant was measured after filtration
10
through a 0.2-µm pore size membrane filter. This fraction of Cs was defined as the
11
weak exchangeable fraction (fNaCl). The minerals treated with NaCl solution were then
12
soaked with 40 mL of a 1 mol/L NH4Cl solution for 24 h after being washed with
13
deionized water. The NH4Cl solution was separated from the minerals by
14
centrifugation for 1 h at 10,000 rpm. This fraction was defined as the strong
15
exchangeable fraction (fNH4Cl). After being washed with deionized water, the solid
16
residues were completely decomposed in 5 mL of a 0.5 mol/L NH2OH·HCl solution
17
to determine the fraction of Cs in the solid residue (fresidue).
18
3. Results
19
3.1 Physicochemical Data
. Firstly, the Cs-adsorbed samples were contacted with 40 mL of a 1 mol/L NaCl
20
The elemental compositions of all birnessite samples before and after the acid
21
treatment were initially compared. After the acid treatment, the weight percentage of
22
Mn in biogenic birnessite decreased from 33.6% to 28.1% (Table 1). Note, the
23
biogenic birnessite contained significant concentrations of layer vacancies, which
24
resulted in a high negative charge on the octahedral sheet that was balanced by
25
interlayer Mn(II) or Mn(III) 15, 46, 47, 57. While under proton attack, these exchangeable
26
Mn ions were released into the solution. The Zn-doped birnessite contained 23.2%
27
Mn and 12.9% Zn (Table 1). Previous research base on EXAFS analysis shows that
28
Zn occurs in the interlayer as tetrahedral or octahedral triple-corner-sharing (TCS)
29
complexes on vacancies
30
Mn content decreased from 23.2% to 21.8% after the acid treatment. This result
31
indicated that most of surface adsorbed Zn could be replaced by protons. Similar
32
results were observed with Ni-doped birnessite. The Ni content decreased from 6.0%
21, 58
. The Zn content decreased from 12.9% to 0.2% and the
10
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to 0.8%, and the Mn content decreased from 26.1% to 13.4% after the acid treatment.
2
Decrease in Mn content might be attributed to release of exchangeable Mn in the
3
interlayer as well as dissolution of the Mn at the particle edge under proton attack.
4
3.2 XRD patterns
5
The structures of all acid treated samples before and after the Cs adsorption were
6
determined by X-ray diffraction. The XRD patterns of BB, ZB, and NB showed broad
7
peaks at 2.4 Å, and 1.4 Å (Fig. S1). The characteristics of the XRD patterns were
8
typical of poorly crystalline hexagonal turbostratic birnessite
9
basal diffraction peaks at 7.2 Å and 3.6 Å indicated a small number of randomly
10
stacked layers per diffraction particle. The peak intensities of BB were slightly higher
11
than ZB and NB. It has been reported that the presence of Zn and Ni modifies the
12
layer and interlayer structure of Mn oxide, which results in smaller crystal sizes and
13
more layer vacancies
14
adsorption, which is caused by the interference from Cs as a heavy scatterer (Fig. S1).
15
3.3 XAFS spectroscopy
46, 59
. The absence of
19-21, 58
. The peak intensities of all samples decreased after Cs
16
The Mn K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra for all
17
the birnessite samples displayed a distinct peak around 6558 eV (Fig. 1a). The
18
negative shifts in the shoulders of the birnessite samples were in the following order:
19
BB > ZB > NB
20
It has been reported that the more significant peak broadening near the 60
21
absorbance maximum may be reflecting a larger contribution from Mn(III)
.
22
Therefore, a linear combination fitting (LCF) was performed for all samples on a
23
fixed energy scale (6520 eV – 6590 eV) using the standards of MnCl2, Mn2O3, and
24
δ-MnO2; the fitting results are plotted in Fig. S4 and the obtained fractions of Mn(II)
25
(fMn(II)), Mn(III) (fMn(III)), and Mn(IV) (fMn(IV)) in BB, ZB, and NB were given in Fig.
26
1b and Table S1. The fMn(IV) increased in the order of BB < ZB < NB, and fMn(III)
27
decreased in the order of BB > ZB > NB. The data indicate Mn(III) make a larger
28
contribution in BB than in ZB and NB.
29
The experimental k3-weighted Mn K-edge EXAFS spectra and the corresponding
30
radical structure functions (RSF) of BB, ZB, and NB are shown in Fig. 2a and 2b. The
31
spectra of the δ-MnO2 and the triclinic birnessite were also plotted for comparison.
32
The δ-MnO2 had sharp peaks at 8.10 Å-1 and 9.25 Å-1 in k space, while the triclinic 11
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1
birnessite shows peak split and broadened at these region. According to Marcus et al.
2
(2004), the position and shape of the two wave resonances in region between 7.5Å-1
3
and 9.5 Å-1 is sensitive to the presence and distribution of Mn(III) in the manganese
4
layer
5
resonances are intense and symmetrical. When the amount of layer Mn(III) is higher,
6
the amplitudes are lower and the peaks are broadened on their left side. The spectrum
7
for triclinic birnessite shows a split peak in this region because of Jahn-Teller
8
distortion. The peaks at 8.10 Å-1, and 9.25 Å-1 tended to broaden with decreased
9
intensity in the order of NB > ZB > BB (Fig. 2a), which indicated that the amount of
10
61
. In the absence of layer Mn(III), as in stoichiometric δ-MnO2
46
, the two
layered Mn(III) increased in the order of NB < ZB < BB.
11
The radial structure functions (RSF) of all samples show two distinct peaks at R+
12
△R = 1.4 Å and 2.5 Å, indicating a single scattering photoelectron interaction in the
13
first Mn-O shell and Mn-Mn shell, respectively 15. Based on this point, shell-by-shell
14
fitting was performed for those two shells, and the fitting results are listed in Table 2.
15
For all biogenic samples, the peak intensity ratio of the Mn-Mn shell to the Mn-O
16
shell (Mn/O ratio) increased and the peak intensities at 5.2 (R+△R) increased in the
17
order of BB < ZB < NB (Fig. 2b). The peaks at 5.2 Å (R+△R) are attributed to
18
Mn-Mn-Mn multiple scattering (MS). Their intensities were significantly attenuated
19
by an ordered Mn(III) distribution 62. According to Zhu et al. (2010), Mn oxides with
20
more octahedral vacancies and less octahedral Mn(III) usually denotes increased
21
Mn/O ratios with higher peak intensities at 5.2 Å (R+△R)
22
results suggested that the amount of layer vacancies increased in the order of BB
ZB >
26
NB.
20
. Thus, the obtained
27
Figs. 3a and 3b show the experimental Cs LIII-edge EXAFS spectra and the
28
corresponding RSFs of Cs adsorbed on BB, ZB, and NB, as well as CsCl solution.
29
The oscillatory frequencies and the amplitudes were similar for all measured samples.
30
One intense peak at R+△R = 2.4 Å was observed in the RSFs for all biogenic
31
samples, which is similar to the spectra of CsCl solution. The Cs-O distance obtained
32
from shell-by-shell fitting was 2.87 Å, 2.98 Å, and 2.92 for BB, ZB, and NB,
33
respectively (Table 3). This result is in agreement with our previous results and 12
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suggests that Cs primarily forms outer-sphere coordination on birnessite 30, 31.
2
3.4 Adsorption of Cs on Mn oxides
3
Kinetic tests on BB, ZB, and NB were performed using two different Cs
4
concentrations: 6.0×10-6 mol/L and 1.2×10-7 mol/L. The adsorption equilibrium was
5
obtained within 12 hours (Fig. S2). Accordingly, the adsorption experiments were
6
carried out with a contact time of 2 days.
7
A comparison of the three isotherms for BB, ZB, and NB with the same ionic
8
strength of 0.001 mol/L at pH 7.0±0.2 is shown in Fig. 4a. Cs sorption amount
9
increase in the order of BB < ZB < NB. Adsorption isotherms for all samples showed
10
a non-linear character, which seems to be consistent with the existence of two
11
different adsorption sites. The first linear region with a slope of 1 was observed at low
12
Cs concentration (< 1×10-4 mol/g). A decrease in the dependence of Cs uptake on
13
dissolved Cs concentration appeared as the Cs adsorption amount was observed as Cs
14
concentrations exceeded 8.0×10-5. Changes of slope suggest a saturation of adsorption
15
sites (T1 site). After the saturation of T1 site, Cs uptake followed a linear relationship
16
until the amount of Cs adsorbed approached the CEC value. Therefore, the density of
17
the T1 sites was defined as the amount of sorption sites per unit weight of Mn, and
18
could be estimated directly from the point where the slope began to decrease (pointed
19
out by arrow in Fig. 4a), and the density of T2 sites could be estimated by subtracting
20
the T1 sites from the CEC value. The densities of the T1 and the T2 sites on two types
21
of Mn oxides are listed in Table 4.
22
The adsorption behavior as a function of the ionic strength was analyzed, and the
23
results were plotted in Fig. 5. The Cs adsorption decreased as the ionic strength of the
24
electrolyte increased (Fig. 5a). The non-linear feature of the adsorption curve became
25
obscure as the ionic strength increased to 1 mol/L (Fig. 5a, 5b, 5c). This feature was
26
obviously observed when the data were presented as the logarithm of the Kd values
27
(LogKd, mL/g) as a function of the logarithm of Cs in solution (LogC, mol/L) (Fig. 5d,
28
5e, 5f). The Kd values remained constant until the adsorbed Cs approached the CEC
29
value (Fig. 5d).
30
3.5 Modeling test
31
Firstly, the apparent selectivity coefficients (Log
) for BB, ZB, and NB
32
were calculated by equation 5. The adsorption curve was non-linear at the ionic 13
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1
strength of 0.001 mol/L, which indicated that more than one type of sorption site was
2
present. Therefore, the apparent Log
value was calculated based on the
3
assumptions that the Cs was predominately adsorbed onto the T1 sites at low
4
concentrations, and that the T2 site dominated Cs adsorption for high concentrations,
5
since the density of T1 sites was ignorable compared to T2 sites. The calculated results
6
were listed in Table 5. The mean value of the apparent Log
was 1.8±0.1 (T1
7
site), -1.4±0.0 (T2 site) for BB; 1.9±0.1 (T1 site), -1.3±0.0 (T2 site) for ZB; and
8
2.0±0.1 (T1 site), -1.4 0.2 (T2 site) for NB. The calculated results showed that
9
apparent Log
for BB, ZB, and NB was similar within the experimental error.
10
The non-linearity feature was not evident at an ionic strength of 1 mol/L, which
11
suggested that only one-type of sorption site was present. The same phenomenon has
12
been recently observed on chemically synthesized birnessite, which may attribute to
13
increased crystallinity and long range ordering of the MnO6 sheets when high
14
concentrations of electrolytes were added 31. Therefore, the apparent Log
value
15
was calculated directly by equation 5 through using CEC value as the site density. The
16
apparent Log
showed similar values among all samples, which was 2.2±0.1 for
17
BB; 2.3±0.1 for ZB; and 2.5±0.3 for NB.
18
Secondly, the verification of Log
values were performed by the 31
19
ion-exchange model following the procedure similar to that in our recent work
20
order to obtain an adsorption curve with the ionic strength of 0.001 mol/L to be
21
comparable with the experimental data, the site densities for T1 and T2 were used as a
22
fixed parameter (Table 4). The mean value of
23
the initial modeling, since the Log
value for three samples were similar (Table
24
5). The model was tuned by varying
25
calculated and used to determine which value best fit the experimental data. The best
26
fit was obtained via the following parameters: for all samples with an ionic strength of
27
0.001 mol/L, Log
(T1) = 1.2, Log
(T2) = -2.0 (Table 4).
.
. In
was used as an input value for
The Sum of Square Error (SSE) was
28
Note that for an ion-exchange reaction, selectivity coefficients of the sorption
29
sites were independent of the ionic strength. Theoretically, the same parameters could
30
be explored to predict the sorption of Cs with an ionic strength of 1 mol/L.
31
Interestingly, both LogQ and LogKd values were significantly underestimated when
32
compared with the adsorption data (blue dashed curve in Fig. 5).
33
Considering that the variation of the slope for the adsorption curve at ionic 14
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strength 1 mol/L was small, a one-site ion-exchange model was applied to predict the
2
adsorption curve for BB, ZB, and NB. The procedure was similar to the two-site
3
model described before. The CEC value was used as a fixed parameter, and the mean
4
value of
5
modeling. The best fit Log
= 2.3 was obtained. The calculated results were
6
plotted together with the experimental value in Fig. 5 (blue solid curve).
7
3.6 Sequential extraction of Cs from biogenic birnessites
(as shown in Table 4) was used as an input value for the initial
8
A sequential extraction scheme was developed to distinguish the fraction of Cs
9
associated with sites that had different affinities. Fig. 6 shows the Cs partition on BB,
10
ZB, and NB at the initial Cs concentrations of 1×10-9 mol/L. The extraction yields in
11
each fraction were nearly the same within all systems. The desorption fractions of Cs
12
from biogenic birnessite were 73% - 86% for the 1 mol/L NaCl solution, 12% - 22%
13
for the 1 mol/L NH4Cl solution, and less than 5% remained in residue. Results from
14
sequential extraction suggested that despite an increase in octahedral vacancy
15
concentrations, Cs was mainly reversibly adsorbed onto the surface of biogenic
16
birnessites.
17
4. Discussion
18
4.1 Chemical composition and layer structures in BB, ZB, and NB
19
The chemical composition and the Mn octahedral layer structure are sensitive to 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 58
20
the coexisting cations, as well as solution pH
. An XAFS analysis
21
revealed that NB and ZB contain more layer vacancies than BB, which was verified
22
by the fact that the bond length between Mn-O and Mn-Mn for NB and ZB is shorter
23
than BB (Table 2). A XANES analysis further demonstrated that the Mn(III) content
24
in NB and ZB was relatively lower than in BB (Fig. 1). The analytical results clearly
25
showed that the doping of heavy metals such as Zn and Ni, followed by acid treatment,
26
could affect the Mn(III) concentrations, as well as the octahedral vacancy
27
concentrations in biogenic birnessite.
28
The effect of transition metals on the layer structures of Mn oxide has been
29
studied before. MnO2 nanoparticles that formed at the early stages of Mn
30
bio-oxidation contain significant concentrations of vacancies
31
such as Zn2+ and Ni2+ compete with the residual dissolved Mn(II) for the vacancies 15
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. Transition metals,
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1
and interfere with Mn(II) adsorption, subsequent oxidation, and incorporation into
2
vacancies 20, 58, 64. Accordingly, the doping of Ni or Zn during birnessite crystallization
3
generally enhances the formation of vacancies in the Mn octahedral layer.
4
Nevertheless, most of these vacant sites were bonded to divalent cations, such as
5
Zn(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II), and were not available for cation adsorption 19, 20, 58.
6
Acid treatment changed the chemical composition of birnessite in two ways.
7
First, Ni(II), Zn(II), or Mn(II) that were located on vacant sites were exchanged with
8
protons and released into solution. Results from elemental compositions analysis
9
showed that after the acid treatment, the Zn content in the ZB decreased from 12.89%
10
to 0.21%, and the Ni content in NB decreased from 6.03% to 0.83% (Table 1).
11
Secondly, the acidic condition might favor steady Mn(III) migration from layer to
12
interlayer sites
13
reaction kinetics on the surface of the three samples with the same pH value resemble
14
each other, this effect influenced three biogenic samples equally. Consequently, the
15
amount of layer vacancies in the final products followed the order of NB > ZB > BB.
65
. This consequently produced a new layer vacancies. Since the
16
The released fraction of Zn (98.4 %) from ZB was higher than the released
17
fraction of Ni (86.2 %) from NB when under the same treatment conditions (Table 1).
18
Previous XAFS results indicated that Zn primarily formed tetrahedral and/or
19
octahedral coordination upon layer vacant site
21, 66
, while a fraction of Ni was
20, 64, 67
20
incorporated into the Mn layers
21
ion that was located at the interlayer was more disposed to be released into solution
22
rather than the one located in the layer.
23
4.2 Effect of layer vacant site on Cs+ adsorption
24
. The present results suggested that the metal
The metal cations, such as Zn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ were directly adsorbed 21, 68-73
25
onto the vacant sites by establishing inner-sphere coordination
. Accordingly,
26
the adsorption capacities of birnessite for heavy metals were highly correlated with
27
the number of layer vacancies
28
interlayer sites to balance the layer charge. Cations, such as Na+, Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+,
29
and Ba2+ were regularly distributed within the interlayer because of their electrostatic
30
interaction
31
molecules as tightly as Na+. Therefore, Cs+ showed additional disordered distribution
32
in the a-direction in the interlayer
33
determined by Cs LIII-edge EXAFS, which indicated that Cs primarily formed
74
. Alkali and alkaline earth cations occupied the
12, 75
. Cs+ had lower hydration energy, as it did not bind to the water 25, 75
. The coordination environment of Cs was 16
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outer-sphere coordination on the birnessite layer (Fig. 3). The adsorption/desorption
2
test proved that most of Cs ions were reversibly adsorbed onto the birnessite (Fig. 6).
3
This suggest that like interlayer Na and K, Cs is located at the midpoint of the
4
interlayer and is surrounded by water molecules. A comparison of Cs adsorption on
5
BB, ZB, and NB showed that the adsorption capacity increased with the amount of
6
layer vacancies (Fig. 4). We thus postulate that the amount of layer vacancies affect
7
Cs uptake by the charge on the octahedral sheets. Although Cs could not attach to the
8
octahedral sheet vacancies to form an inner-sphere coordination in the manner of
9
Mn2+ or Zn2+, the octahedral MnO6 sheets become more negatively charged as the
10
amount of layer vacancies increases. To maintain neutrality of the surface charge,
11
more Cs+ must adsorb to surface sites. Thus, the change in surface charge as a
12
function of layer vacancies may explain the increased uptake of Cs in NB and ZB.
13
4.3 Effect of ionic strength on Cs+ adsorption
14
Background knowledge of the effect that ionic strength has on Cs adsorption was
15
essential when interpreting Cs desorption behaviors. For an ion-exchange reaction,
16
selectivity coefficients of the sorption sites should be independent of the ionic
17
strength. However, sorption data shows that the same selectivity coefficients could not
18
correctly predict sorption of Cs on biogenic birnessite with different ionic strengths.
19
As shown in Fig. 5, the adsorption of Cs with an ionic strength of 1 mol/L was
20
underestimated when the selectivity coefficients for adsorption data at an ionic
21
strength of 0.001 mol/L was used (blue dash curve in Fig. 5). Similarly, when the
22
adsorption of Cs with an ionic strength of 0.001 mol/L was predicted with the
23
parameter used for ionic strength of 1 mol/L, the predicted Cs adsorption curve would
24
be overestimated (red dash curve in Fig. 5). This result was markedly different from
25
Cs adsorption behavior on the chemically synthesized birnessite and todorokite
26
observed in our recent work 31. To confirm this point, the sorption data with initial Cs
27
concentration of 10-10 mol/L and a wide range of Na concentrations for biogenic and
28
chemically synthesized birnessite were collected, and the experimental dependence of
29
Log(Kd) on Log(Na) is plotted in Fig. 7.
30
For a typical ion-exchange reaction between Cs and Na, the dependence of
31
Log(Kd) on Log(Na) could be represented by a line with a slope of -1 38. For example,
32
the experimental adsorption dependence on the ionic strength compared well with the
33
theoretical behavior for chemically synthesized birnessite (slope = -1.01) as well as 17
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1
todorokite (slope = -0.86) (Fig. 7b). There were large variations observed within the
2
theoretical behavior for the biogenic samples: the slope of the curve was -0.18 for BB,
3
-0.14 for NB, and -0.18 for ZB (Fig. 7a), which was distinctly different from
4
chemically synthesized birnessite. The variation between the theoretical data and the
5
experimental results have been previously reported on clay minerals
6
possible explanation would be the non-electrostatic character of the interaction
7
between Cs and the clay surface. For example, Xu and Harsh (1990) attribute this
8
anomalous behavior to the formation of covalent bonds between Cs and the clay
9
surface
38, 76-78
. One
78
. However, the results from the sequential extraction did not support this
10
claim. The majority of the adsorbed Cs on the biogenic birnessite could be desorbed
11
by ion-exchange (Fig. 6), which indicated that a strong chemical bond was not formed
12
between the Cs and the birnessite layer. Our recent analytical results shows that Cs is
13
adsorbed on the chemically synthesized birnessite by ionic exchange 31. Considering
14
the structural similarity between biogenic and chemically synthesized birnessite, the
15
possibility that strong chemical bond formed between Cs and biogenic birnessite
16
surface was ruled out.
17
Another effect of ionic strength that could explain the change in selectivity 79-81
18
resulted from the changes in tactoid size and crystallinity
19
the interlayer sites could have differing affinities for Cs. When the ionic strength was
20
low, the mineral particles were probably highly dispersed, causing both the external
21
planar sites and the interlayer site to contribute to Cs adsorption. With increased
22
electrolyte concentration, the particle size increased and the proportion of interlayer
23
exchange
24
concentrations of electrolyte enhanced the crystallinity and the long range ordering of
25
the MnO6 sheets
26
sorption sites. Our recent research has shown that the non-linear character of the
27
adsorption curve for chemically synthesized birnessite attenuated as the ionic strength
28
increased
29
biogenic birnessite samples (Fig. 5). The increase in tactoid size could account for
30
these differences. However, the above considerations are unlikely to explain the
31
distinct behavior that was observed between the biogenic birnessite and the
32
chemically synthesized birnessite (Fig. 7).
sites
became
predominant.
Moreover,
. Both the external and
ion-exchange
with
high
25, 82
, which homogenized the difference between the two types of
31
. In the present study, a similar phenomenon was also observed for
33
Compared with the chemically synthesized birnessite, the biogenic birnessite
34
contains a significant amount of Mn (II, III) that is bound to microbial cells or 18
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ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
1
adsorbed in the interlayers of biogenic birnessite 20, 66. Even following acid treatment,
2
trace amounts of cations were still present and could be released into solutions
3
through ion-exchange, so their effect could not be excluded. The concentrations of the
4
main trace cations found in the supernatant upon contact with BB, ZB, NB, and
5
chemically synthesized birnessite were determined. The concentrations of Mn in the
6
biogenic samples were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than in the chemically
7
synthesized sample (Table 6). Competition effects of trace ions in solution has been
8
shown to significantly influence the Cs adsorption on smectites 38. This suggests that
9
the deviation from the theoretical behavior for biogenic samples was caused by the
10
competition for sorption sites of the existing trace ions (especially Mn2+) in the
11
aqueous solution. Considering that the selectivity of Mn2+ is much higher than Cs+,
12
small differences in the quantity of Mn2+ in solution could lead to significant
13
differences in measured Kd, especially when the Cs+ concentration is low. Accordingly,
14
all the experimental data set was fit with a finer tuning of the initial parameters to
15
consider the competitive effects of Mn in solution, and all the parameters used for the
16
fit of the experimental data are summarized in Table 7. As shown in Fig. 8, a much
17
improved fitting result was obtained after considering the competitive effect of Mn2+.
18
This result further prove that the different sorption behavior between biogenic and
19
chemically synthesized birnessite would be mainly attributed to the competition effect
20
from trace ions (such as Mn2+) that were loosely bound to biogenic birnessite. It
21
should be noted that a careful monitor of trace ions at the mineral-water interface is
22
necessary when surface properties of poorly crystalline adsorbents, such as
23
bio-minerals were considered.
24
5. Conclusion
25
The adsorption behavior of radioactive Cs over a wide variety of concentrations
26
that were placed on three biogenic birnessites that formed under different conditions
27
was studied. The adsorption parameters, assisted by ion-exchange modeling, were
28
determined. This is essential when quantitatively describing Cs adsorption under
29
environmental conditions.
30
The sorption occurred via a 1:1 ion-exchange process within all biogenic
31
birnessite samples. The Cs was reversibly adsorbed onto the mineral surface to form
32
an outer-sphere coordination. The doping of transition metals (e.g. Zn and Ni) during
33
bio-oxidation of Mn(II), followed by acid treatment, was effective in increasing the 19
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1
number of available layer vacant sites, which consequently increased Cs adsorption
2
capacity in the final product.
3
Changes in electrolyte concentration give a clearly different result for Cs
4
adsorption on biogenic and chemically synthesized birnessite. Trace ions (e.g. Mn2+)
5
that were loosely bound to biogenic birnessite were found to be released into the
6
solution when they came into contact with NaCl solution. The competition between
7
these trace ions caused significant deviation of the experimental data from the
8
theoretical data. The present results indicate that it is necessary to account for the
9
competition effect of trace ions, especially when poorly crystalline adsorbents, such
10
as bio-minerals, were considered.
11
Acknowledgments
12
The project was partly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of
13
China (NO. 41703119); a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (26820410) from the
14
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan;
15
Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (2017CFB139); the
16
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of
17
Geosciences (Wuhan) (No. CUG170607, No. CUG170104). The XANES analysis
18
was performed with the approval of the Photon Factory, KEK (Proposal No.
19
2013G092).
20
Supporting Information
21
Composition of HAY medium; XRD patterns for biogenic birnessites before and
22
after exchange with Cs; Cs adsorption kinetics for biogenic birnessites; Contribution
23
of T1 and T2 sites to the Cs adsorption on biogenic birnessites with different ionic
24
strength; fitting results of Mn K-edge XANES spectra; Average oxidation states (AOS)
25
of Mn in biogenic birnessites before and after Cs adsorption obtained from XANES
26
analysis. These materials supplied as Supporting information is available free of
27
charge on the ACS publications website
28
Author information
29
ORCID 20
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ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
1
Qianqian Yu: 0000-0002-4003-0744
2
3
References
4
(1) Absalom, J.P., Crout, N. and Young, S.D., 1996. Modeling radiocesium fixation
5
in upland organic soils of northwest England. Environ. Sci. Technol., 30(9):
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2735-2741.
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(2) Kinoshita, N. et al., 2011. Assessment of individual radionuclide distributions
8
from the Fukushima nuclear accident covering central-east Japan. Proc. Natl. Acad.
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Sci. U. S. A., 108(49): 19526-19529.
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(3) Morino, Y., Ohara, T. and Nishizawa, M., 2011. Atmospheric behavior,
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deposition, and budget of radioactive materials from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
12
power
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10.1029/2011GL048689.
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(4) Staunton, S. and Levacic, P., 1999. Cs adsorption on the clay-sized fraction of
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various soils: effect of organic matter destruction and charge compensating cation. J.
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ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
Table 1 Incubation conditions of biogenic birnessite, Zn-doped birnessite, and Ni-doped birnessite and the elemental composition of the final products Element composition Mn addition Zn addition Ni addition before acid treatment (wt %) Sample (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) Mn Zn Ni Others biogenic birnessite 1.00 33.63 n.d. n.d. 66.37 Zn-doped birnessite 1.00 0.50 23.21 12.89 n.d. 63.90 Ni-doped birnessite 1.00 0.50 26.14 n.d. 6.03 67.83 n.d., not detected. Detection limits of not detected elements are Zn 0.002 mg/L, Ni 0.008 mg/L.
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Element composition after acid treatment (wt %) Mn Zn Ni Others 28.05 n.d. n.d. 71.95 21.75 0.21 n.d. 78.04 13.39 n.d. 0.83 85.78
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Table 2 Optimized fitting parameters of EXAFS Mn K-edge for BB, ZB, and NB
Sample BB ZB NB
Mn-O1 R1 (Å)
N1
1.91(2) 3.86 1.89(0) 4.21 1.89(2) 4.12
Mn-Mn1 σ2 (Å2)
R2 (Å)
0.005 0.006 0.005
2.87(0) 4.66 2.85(4) 3.34 2.85(5) 4.03
N2
σ2 (Å2) 0.010 0.006 0.008
R (%)
∆E
4.08 2.40 2.13
7.622 4.586 5.208
N: effective coordination numbers; R(Å): interatomic distance; σ2: disorder contribution; The estimated standard deviation (e.s.d.) for R1 and R2 is less than 0.03 and for N1 is less than 0.8, and for N2 is less than 0.2. R(%) indicates the quality of fitting result and is expressed by the following formula: R = ∑@A B CDE (A) − A B CF (A)GH /∑@A B CDE (A)GH
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ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
Table 3 Local structure of Cs adsorbed on BB, ZB, and NB determined using Cs LIII-edge EXAFS Cs-O Sample R (%) ∆E R1 (Å) N1 σ2 (Å2) BB ZB NB
2.87(1) 2.98(4) 2.92(4)
9.85 14.65 14.11
0.01 0.03 0.01
1.068 0.886 1.994
2.17 2 0.12
N: effective coordination numbers; R(Å): interatomic distance; σ2: disorder contribution; R(%) indicates the quality of fitting result and is expressed by the following formula: R = ∑@A B CDE (A) − A B CF (A)GH /∑@A B CDE (A)GH
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Table 4 Parameters used for the best fit of the experimental adsorption curves presented in Fig. 5
Adsorbents NaCl (mol/L) BB
0.001
Site density* (mol/g) T1
T2
0.80×10-4 7.20×10-3 -4
T2
SSE
1.20
-2.00
0.22
1.20
-2.00
0.14
1.20
-2.00
0.33
0.001
1.00×10
NB
0.001
1.50×10-4 8.80×10-3
1
8.10×10
T1 -3
ZB BB
Selectivity coefficients Log Ksel
7.28×10
-3
-
2.30
-
0.59
-3
-
2.30
-
0.08
-
2.30
-
0.37
ZB
1
8.20×10
NB
1
8.95×10-3
*site density is the amount of sorption sites per unit weight of Mn
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Table 5 Summary of the main results obtained in experimental test and apparent selectivity constants directly calculated with Equation 5
Adsorbents BB BB BB
NaCl
LogC
LogQ
(mol/L)
(mol/L)
(mol/g)
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
BB
1×10-3
BB
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
BB BB
-10.11 -9.01 -8.05 -7.08 -6.07 -3.01 -2.04
-9.53 -8.42 -7.44 -6.25 -5.31 -3.52 -2.56
Site density* (mol/g)
LogKd (mL/g)
Apparent LogKSEL
0.8×10
-4
3.71
1.79
0.8×10
-4
3.72
1.8
0.8×10
-4
3.74
1.82
0.8×10
-4
3.66
1.74
0.8×10
-4
3.6
1.68
7.2×10
-3
2.48
-1.38
7.2×10
-3
2.48
-1.35
-3
3.23
2.27
BB
1
-8.98
-8.75
7.28×10
BB
1
-8.05
-7.88
7.28×10-3
3.17
2.21
7.28×10
-3
3.12
2.16
7.28×10
-3
3.16
2.2
BB BB
1
-7.01
1
-6.02
1×10 1
ZB
1×10-3
ZB
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
ZB ZB ZB ZB
-5.86
-3
BBaverage BBaverage
ZB
-6.9
1.8±0.1 (T1); -1.4±0.0 (T2) 2.2±0.1 -10.14 -9.03 -8.06 -7.1 -6.08 -3.55 -2.99
-9.18
1×10-4
4.01
1.99
-8.18
1×10
-4
3.95
1.93
1×10
-4
3.96
1.94
1×10
-4
3.92
1.9
1×10
-4
-7.2 -6.05 -5.15 -3.89 -3.35
3.82
1.8
8.1×10
-3
2.66
-1.26
8.1×10
-3
2.64
-1.27
-3
3.36
2.34
ZB
1
-10.06
-9.7
8.2×10
ZB
1
-8.97
-8.5
8.2×10-3
3.48
2.46
8.2×10
-3
3.44
2.42
8.2×10
-3
3.3
2.28
8.2×10
-3
3.39
2.37
-3
3.15
2.14
3.13
2.12
ZB ZB ZB
1
-8
1
-7.01
1
-6
-7.56 -6.7 -5.62
ZB
1
-5.01
-4.86
8.2×10
ZB
1
-4.02
-3.89
8.2×10-3
-3
ZBaverage ZBaverage
1×10 1
NB
1×10-3
NB
1×10
-3
1×10
-3
NB
1.9±0.1 (T1); -1.3±0.0 (T2) 2.3±0.1 -10.14 -9.04 -8.08
-8.97
1.5×10-4
4.17
1.98
-7.92
1.5×10
-4
4.12
1.93
1.5×10
-4
4.17
1.98
-6.91 33
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NB
1×10-3
NB
1×10
-3
NB
1×10
-3
-2.99
NB
1×10-3
-2.03
NB NB NB
1
-7.12 -6.09
-10.05
1
-8.97
1
-8.05
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-5.77
1.5×10-4
4.35
2.16
-4.88
1.5×10
-4
4.21
2.02
-3.33
8.8×10
-3
2.66
-1.28
-2.62
8.8×10-3
-9.47 -8.24 -7.18
2.41
-1.51
8.95×10
-3
3.57
2.52
8.95×10
-3
3.72
2.67
8.95×10
-3
3.88
2.83
-3
3.68
2.63
NB
1
-7.09
-6.4
8.95×10
NB
1
-6
-5.39
8.95×10-3
3.62
2.57
-3.83
8.95×10
-3
3.18
2.13
8.95×10
-3
3.17
2.13
NB NB NBaverage NBaverage
1
-4.01
1 1×10 1
-3
-2.83
-3
2.0±0.1 (T1); -1.4±0.2 (T2) 2.5±0.3
*site density is the amount of sorption sites per unit weight of Mn.
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Table 6 Concentration of main trace cations found in the supernatant upon the contact with biogenic birnessites. Maximum and minimum values were obtained after analysing different batches of the suspensions at different ionic strengths.
BB
(mol/L) +
K Mn2+ Ni2+
min 6.8×10-6 3.8×10-5 n.d.
ZB max 3.3×10-5 3.9×10-4 n.d.
min 5.0×10-6 2.4×10-5 n.d.
NB max 5.2×10-5 4.0×10-4 n.d.
min 3.6×10-6 2.4×10-5 1.7×10-6
n.d., not detected. Detection limits of not detected elements are Mn 0.0005 mg/L, Ni 0.008 mg/L.
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max 4.6×10-5 4.5×10-4 1.7×10-6
Chemically synthesized birnessite min max -5 4.7×10 2.3×10-4 n.d. 4.6×10-7 n.d. n.d.
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Table 7 Parameters used for the best fit of the experimental adsorption curves presented in Fig. 8
Adsorbents
NaCl (mol/L)
Site densitya (mol/g)
BB
0.001
7.28×10-3
3
5.5
1.98
0.001
8.20×10
-3
3
5.5
2.36
8.95×10
-3
3
5.5
1.47
7.28×10
-3
3
5.5
1.49
-3
3
5.5
0.20
3
5.5
1.38
ZB NB BB
0.001 1
ZB
1
8.20×10
NB
1
8.95×10-3
Selectivity Selectivity coefficients coefficients SSE Log Ksel1b Log Ksel2c
a
Site density is the amount of sorption sites per unit weight of Mn Log Ksel1 is the selectivity coefficients between Cs and Na c Log Ksel2 is the selectivity coefficients between Mn and Na
b
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Fig. 1 (a) Mn K-edge XANES spectra of BB, ZB, and NB; (b) fractions of Mn(II), Mn(III), and Mn(IV) in BB, ZB, and NB, determined from XANES linear combination fittings.
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Fig. 2 (a) Mn K-edge EXAFS spectra and (b) the corresponding Radial Structure Functions (RSF) of BB, ZB, and NB. The experimental data (solid line) are overlapped with fitting result (dashed line) and the parameters were summarized in Table 2.
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Fig. 3 (a) Cs LIII-edge EXAFS spectra and (b) the corresponding Radial Structure Functions (RSF) for Cs adsorbed on BB, ZB, and NB. The experimental data (solid line) are overlapped with fitting result (dashed line) and the parameters were summarized in Table 3.
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Fig. 4 Cs sorption isotherms for BB, ZB, and NB at pH7.0±0.2 with an ionic strength of I = 1 mmol/L. (a) Data expressed as Log C vs. Log Q and (b) data expressed as Log C vs. Log Kd. Q value was normalized by Mn content for all biogenic samples. The solid lines represent the fitting result with the parameters of Table 4. The CEC value for two samples was marked with dotted line.
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Fig. 5 Cs adsorption isotherms for (a, d) BB, (b, e) ZB, and (c, f) NB at pH 7.0±0.2 and different ionic strengths. Data in (a-c) was expressed as Log C vs. Log Q and data in (d-f) was expressed as Log C vs. Log Kd. Q value was normalized by Mn content for all biogenic samples. The solid lines represent the fitting result with the parameters of Table 4. The dash lines are examples of (false) simulations: the blue dash line represent simulation result with an ionic strength of 1 mol/L, when Log Ksel value for adsorption data at an ionic strength of 0.001 mol/L was used; the red dash line represent simulation result with an ionic strength of 0.001 mol/L, when Log Ksel value for adsorption data at an ionic strength of 1 mol/L was used.
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Fig. 6 The partition of Cs on BB, ZB, and NB. The initial concentration of Cs were 1 ×10-9 mol/L for all samples.
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Fig. 7 Analysis of the dependence of Log(Kd) on the concentration of the main ions in solution. (a) BB, ZB, and NB; (b) Chemically synthesized birnessite and Todorokite.
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Fig. 8 Examples of one site fitting of Cs adsorption on (a) BB, (b) ZB, and (c) NB at pH 7.0±0.2 and different ionic strengths. The solid lines represent the model calculation with the parameters of Table 7, when competition effect of Mn was considered.
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Graphic abstract
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