modes of hybridi~ationfrom valence bond theory is used to classify the compounds of each element. Oxidation state is used in the usual way for the transition elements. The book opens with a sound and advanced treatment of quantum theory and valenlency. Valence bond and molecular orbital theories are discussed and compared. This is followed by excellent discussions of spectroscopic methods, with summsries of results and information which can be derived from each method. The theoretical section concludes by considering bond lengths, dipole moments, bond energies and the determination of crystal structures. A novel method for calculating band lengths from other data is presented. This section is longer and on a higher level than each of two theoretical inorganic textbooks recently published in this country. The descriptive chemistry is presented with the same high level of sophistication. The chemical elioh6 is carefully avoided and many new and interesting interpretations are offered. Unfortunately, some of these confuse rather than enlighten as when we are told that hydrogen is not a reducing agent or that nitrogen and phosphorus exhibit the same oxidation state in all compounds,(especially in light of the subsequent discussion of the oxidation of ammonia and P C I d In the transition series, the normal prehybridization electron configurations are given in most cases as including np' electrons. No reason is given. Nomenclature is occasionally annoying as with the silanes and it is also annoying to read that lithium, beryllium and boron a t o m are electron deficient. Other minor points include an incorrect statement of the boiling points of fluommethanes and a puzzling one to the effeot that aromatic compounds with fluorine atoms in the side chain behave as aliphatic. More serious is that HBr is stronger, not weaker than HC1 and this argument cannot be used to explain the hydrolysis of metal bromides. The structure of SIN, given in two places with N-N bonds is wrong and in discussing the acceptor properties of boranes, AH values are more significant than temperatures of dissociation. It is not true that P and S exert more than four a bonds only in combination with fluorine. It is surprising to read that FeO, FezOs and FeaO, are not chemical compounds (nowhere defined) but not very surprising thst monomeric carbonyls are more volatile than others. Finally, typographical errors are to be expected in the first edition of so large a work and a modest number are found ( e.g., pp. 383, 467, 590,262, 648, 663, 681,772,813, 896., 961., 1030. and 1084). The lack of references to k e y ~oint's is, however,
regrettable. On the bdance, the Durrants have an encyclopedic work of great sophistication and originality. The method of classi6cation according to hybridization states of the elements offers great advantage over other classifications hased on binmy compounds with various elements, oxidation states, or on historical, geologiesl or industrial interest, and is in keeping with the direction of progress in the science. Orbital diagrams of a novel
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of experimental conditions is thoroughly type are intelligently used to clarify treated in a number of significant papers. bonding situations for the reader. It is A h , the great pprogresrr in automation regretted (but understandable) that kiinvolving temperature and temperature netics, thermodynamics and nuclear cbemcontrol is evident if one compares the istry could not 6nd their place in this aections dealing with this subject in volume. The book is already the most Volume 1 published in 1941 and the comprehensive on the subject since present Volume 3 published in 1962. Sidgwick and its unique method of clasOn the whole, the papers are well sification makes it an excellent reference written and contain many useful tables, volume. J. J. Z U C K E ~ M A Ngraphs and drawings. Most of the papers have complete bibliographies, and there Conell Uniuersity fore will simplify the procedure of obtainIthaca, New Yolk ing more detailed information on subject mstter where desired. Author and suhject indices are provided. Temperature: Its Measurement and In make-up and emphasis the present Control in Science and Industry. book resembles Volume 1 of the series Volume 3, Part 2, Applied Methods and much more closely than Volume 2. Instruments Needless to say, it will be found to be an extremely useful reference aource for any Edited by A. I. Dahl, General Electric one interested in the practical and enCo., Schenectady, New York. Charles gineering aspects of temperature and M. Hmfeld, Bureau of Standards, temperature control. Washington, D. C., editor-inshief. The one disadvantageous feature apReinhold Publishing Carp., New York, pears to be the large size (over 1000 pages, 1962. xiv 1094 pp. Figs. and 7 in. X 10 in.) and the correspondingly tables. 18.5 X 26 em. 529.50 high cost. When this is combined with the fact that it is only one book of three It is necessary to refa ace our remarks comprising Volume 3, it can only mean on the book being reviewed here with the that it will have fewer owners and users explanation that the proceedings of the than would otherwise be the case. PerFourth Symposium on Temperature held haps the answer lies in minimizing overlap in 1961 me being published in Volume 3 of topics within the various parts of the under a. title used for two previous symvolume, screening out papers not preposia-Temperature, Its Measurement senting significantly new subject matter and Control in Science and Industry. etc. in order to keep the size within The proceedings of the Second Symposium manageable limits. Otherwise, the prewere published in 1941 in Volume 1 and diction one can make is that the seriousthose of the Third Symposium in 1955 in ness of the problem of the s i ~ of e the volVolume 2. Volume 3 differsfrom Volumes umes will increase with future symposia. 1 and 2 in that it will be published in three parts, i.e. three separate books, under the E. L. PACE headings: Part 1, Basic Standardds, Western Reserve Uniuersity Concepts and Methods; Part 2, Applied Cleveland. Ohio Methods and Instruments; and Part 3,
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Zoology and Medicine. Part 2, which is being considered here, contains the papers presented a t the Fourth Symposium which were grouped under the following section headings: Section I, Thermoelectric Thermometry; Section 11, Resistance Thermometry; Section 111, Radiation Thermometry; Section IV, Dynamic Temperature Measurements; Section V, Automatic Methods of Temperature and Control; Section VI, Miscellaneous Temperature Methods and Techniques; and Section VII, Temperature Sources and Thermal Imaging Techniques. The present volume serves the pnrpoae of bringing up to date a number of topics which appeared in Volume 1 but were largely omitted in Volume 2. Hence, in Volume 3 such topics as automatic temperature regulation, radiation pyrometry, thermoelectric thermometry are again covered thoroughly and include the advances achieved in the interim between the Second and Fourth Symposium. Thermoelectric thermometry remain8 tho moat important aingle topic. This is reflected in the fact that fully onequarter of the book is devoted to it alone. Papers on the physical properties and application of many new thermocouple materials are included with particular emphasis on the high temperature range. The subject of dynamic and transient temperature measurement under a variety
Avdmces in Spectroscopy.
Volume 2
Edited by H. W . Thompson, St. John's College, Oxford, England. Interscience Publishers, Inc., 1961. xi 483 pp. Figs. and tables. $13.
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The appearance of the second volume of this "Advances . . ." series provides a welcome addition to the chemist's and chemistry teacher's reference shelf. Professor Thompson has kept admirably to his declared aim to provide "authoritative surveys on recent progress in different fields (of spectroscopy) written by experts who themselves contributed to it." The choice of topics and authors is quite timely and appropriate. They include: Applicstion of Atomic Absorption Spectra to Chemical Analysis (A. Walsb); Spectra of Flames (A. G. Gaydon); X-Ray Spectroscopy (Herbert Friedman); Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (R. E. Richards); Infra-Red Spectra of Crystals (W. Vedder and D. F. Hornig); Refraction of Gases in the Infr*Red (J. H. Jaffe);Infra-Red Spectra of Micro-organisms (K. P. Norris); The UltreViolet Absorption Spectra of Proteina and Related Compounds; (G. H. Bemen); Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Molecular Energy Levels (H. C. LongueGHiggins). The authors of the various chapters are indeed contrihue
ing experts and their articles have been written clemly and accurately. The list of references appended to each is both extensive and representative. In this connection, the volume ie oriented more to the teacher who wishes to keep abreast of many fields than it is to even the most sophisticated student. Even for the graduate student, s considerably wide background must he presumed for full a p preeiation of the various topics. I t is expected that this volume, as is true of its predecessor, will find its use as ready reference, first as an upto-date survey of a particular field, and, second as a beginning point for a. more extensive literature search. I t is therefore with considerable pleasure that this reviewer noted that theory as well as experimental subjects has been treated extensively. The range and breadth of topics from X-ray to i n f m red, atomic and molecular spectra, and "pure" theory to such specifics a s protein spectra, is refreshing a t a time when reseemher, teecher and student alike, finds himself almost overwhelmed by the vast volume of published data. A volume such a s this fulfills a great need by providing the earnest reader with s. single series by which he may conveniently keep up to date with the burgeoning fields of spectroscopy. Small discomfitures could he found, such as the difficulty in locating a specific tonic or the lack of uniformitv in referencing (the 20 page hihiiography compiled by Vedder and Hornig is probably the most useful to the overall purpose of the series). But such discomfitures are minor compared to the timeliness, authoritativeness, and extensiveness of the work. We look forward to a promised third volume which will "complete a survey of other established fields (of spectroscopy), and. . .include a few of the very recent developments."
Scientists: Their Psychological World Most of the hook deals with solid compwmds, hut thrir behavior in r x t r r is u d l covered. Thr more important s u h e t ~ t ~ ~ t ~ sBernice T. Eidusn, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Bssic are treated under the headirrps d iorrnaBooks, Inc., New York, 1962. 266 pp. tian, physical properties and chemical Tables. 15.5 X 21 em. $6.50. properties. Special points are not neglected. Among these the following illusDr. Eiduson presents an extensive and trations are given: luminescence of intensive study of forty distinguished reselected com~ounds: , ohotoconductivitv search scientists (including two Nobel of gypsum; detection and determination Prize winners) who have positions at far of calcium isotopes. west academic institutions and whose The Contents pages are arranged in fields of study include physics, earth parallel columns, one in German and the sciences, chemistry, and biological other in English. An added convenience sciences. The scientists are diverse with is the placing of English titles on the respect to age, sacio-economic background, margins of the text. The literature was and parental occupation. carefully covered to the close of 1949, and The methods employed by the author used to give thoroughdocumentation to the primarily involved interview and promaterial. Some sections were supported jective tests. The results and interpretaby referencea as late as 1959. The tables tions are organized into five main sections, of information far outnumber the 133 and within each section, Dr. Eiduson figures. The organization, scope and attempted to determine what findings, if character of this book make it an invaluany, were common to the members of the able addition to this most important group and what interesting finding may he reference work, p?rticularly as s, quick unique to a particular scientist. source of informttt~onand ss a lead to the The persaal histo~y. Four charimportant primary sources. acteristics are especially emphasized. First, JOHN W. C ~ M as children, the scientists somewhat lacked close relationships, especially with College of Woosler respect to their fathers. Second, a t some Wooster, Ohio period in the child's life, he experienced idation. This yielded, according to Dr. Eiduson, a. looking inward for resources and amusement. Third, the superior intellectud ability of the scientist was Gmelinr Handbuch der Anorganirchen observed at an early age. Fourth, the Chemie, 8. Auflage, System-Nummer scientists did not indicate that one factor, 52, Chromium. Part A, Section 1 such as a stimulating teacher or a chemistry set, was influential in developEdited by the Gmelin Institute under ing their scientific interest. the direction of E. H. E. Pietsch. VerAdult persmality stmture. The lag Chemie, GMRH, Weinheim, Bergemotional life of the scientists is heavily 418 no. Fies. strasse. 1962. xx invested in intellectual pursuits. In conand tables. 18 X ' 25.5 &. Cldih junction with this tendency, the men have hound, $79. developed habits of adjustment which do Most of this hook (284 pages) deals with not permit extreme emotional iinvolveELUS R. LIPPINCOW the history, occurrence and technology of ment outside of their work. Anxieties that chromium. After a short (5 pages) section U&mity of Maryland do exist are not general, hut related to on the history, the part on occurrence is College Park specilic m a s of interest. In addition, the given under the followingheads: extraterscientists %re highly sensitive, especially restrial occurrence, geochemistry, ecoto fine eensory discriminations and to nomic denosits.. and minerels. The techGmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen their own motivations. n o l o p part dents with ore drrseing, rre:ttChemia, 8. Auflage, System-Nummer Styles of thinking. Dr. Eiduson'a group mmt of ilromit*, produvtion of chromium. 28, Calcium. Part B, Section 3 is most homogeneous in this area. The manufscture of inorganic chromium commen tend to recombine concepts and Edited by the Gmelin Institute under pounds, manufscture of inorganic chroobtain what is important from their the direction of E. H. E. Pielseh. Vermium dyes, and industrial hazards. This environment in a highly selective manner. lag Chemie, GMBH, Weinheim, Bergis followed hv a ten-nase . - section on toxThe theoreticians, referred to ss the 912 pp. Figs. strasse, 1961. lxii icity. aristocrats of science hy the scientists, are and tables. 18 X 25.5 cm. Cloth Only the beginning of the discussion of not different from the experimentalists in bound. $142. the element, chromium, itself is included terms of perceptusl-cognitive processes. in this current volume. This includes The selfimage as members of the scientific This volume is Part B, Section 3, of the nine pages on the formation and preparacommunity. The scientists identify with revised Gmelin treatment of calcium. tion of the element, and 125 pages on its great discoverers. One reason for the 35. A614 (1958). It See THIS JOURNAL, physical properties. The latter include, persistence of this view is that each disconcludes the discussion of calcium comamong others, the crystaIlagraphic, mecovery, no matter how small, contributes pounds begun in Section 2, and treats chanical, thermal, optical, spectral and to scientific development. A second those substances composed of calcium and magnetic properties. reason is that great discoveries, in retrothe following: sulfur, selenium, tellurium, As with other recent volumes of this spect, appear simple and each ecientist boron, silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, and work, the Contents are given in parallel feels the great discovery is within his bismuth, and their oxygen-containing German and English columns, and English comnounds. Those treated most extenWmP. titles are used in the margins of the text. Dr. Eiduson indicates that the men of Likewise, the literature search has been her study find "happiness in pursuit!' thorough only to the end of 1949, but the Their strong drive toward their work, reviewer noticed that special portions were suggestive of compulsiveness, is exhibited cussed, as are many compounds of calcium supported by references as lste as 1959. with organic suhstances. A section on by their ability to find research time detection and determination devotes 76 JOEN W. CEITTWM despite the demands of teaching and/or pages to cslcium and 78 pages to strontium administrative duties. Similarly, the College o f Wooster and barium. scientists of Dr. Eiduson's study expressed Woosk, Ohio
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