contents
http://pubs.acs.org/ac ISSN 0003-2700
January 1, 2002 / Vol. 74, No. 1
features 22 A
How Analytical Chemists Saved the Human Genome Project … or at least gave it a helping hand. In the early 1990s, the Human Genome Project needed faster DNA sequencing technology. Elizabeth Zubritsky found that analytical chemists responded with capillary array electrophoresis, which is thought to have brought the project to a close 3–5 years ahead of schedule.
28 A
Strengthened Nuclear Safeguards. When inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency A “glowing” account. 36 A (IAEA) in Austria discovered secret nuclear activities in Iraq in 1991, a rigorous safeguard program was instituted. David Donohue from IAEA explains how highly sensitive and selective analytical equipment is now used to investigate environmental samples for signs of illegal weapons production.
36 A
Analytical Chemistry and the Manhattan Project. Physicists get much of the credit for developing the first atomic bombs, but chemists played key roles. Frank Settle of Washington and Lee University delves into the history of the Manhattan Project and describes how it jumpstarted analytical advances.
COVER STORY
news 13 A
AnalyticalCurrents Yeast gives rise to new biosensor. a Intelligent automated spectroscopy. a Lateral diffusion by SECM. a Blue “star” emissions signal benzene. a Electronic detection of DNA mismatches. a Microfabricated SNOM tips. a Holey dendrimers. a Power up the biosensors.
17 A
Research Profiles Herding chromosomes down the chiseled trail. Long strands of DNA get caught up in classic gels but pass quickly through sculpted quartz and plastic with electrical assistance.
18 A
M eeting New s Problem-solving microplasma. a Better turns for microchannels.
Not your average herd . . . 17 A
2 A
A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y / J A N U A R Y 1 , 2 0 0 2
contents
Fiber core
Optical fiber Etched optical fiber
Ring guiding structure
Photoplastic part
Metallic coating Tip
Clearing angle
Aperture
Teeny-tiny tips. 15 A
19 A
Governm entand Society Analysis comes to dietary supplements.
20 A
People New Advisory Board and A-Page Advisory Panel members appointed.
21 A
Business PerkinElmer acquires Packard BioScience.
Solid-state NMR is mainstream. 45 A
5A
Editorial Advice and Better Living Through Chemistry. In a world where expert opinions are sought regularly, scientists have a notable tradition of freely giving their best advice.
7A
In AC Research
45 A
ProductReview Solid-State NMR: No Longer the Outcast. James Smith discovers that liquid- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy have much in common these days.
48 A
M eetings
1C
AC Research Contents
1–307
AC Research
308
AuthorIndex
309–313
Instructions to Authors
313–315
EthicalGuidelines
316
CopyrightTransferForm
© IAEA
departments
Exposing nuclear activity. 28 A
New strategy for a traveling salesman. 18 A
J A N U A R Y 1 , 2 0 0 2 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
3 A
Analytical Chemistry (ISSN 0003-2700) is published semimonthly by
For single issues, back issues and volumes, and microform editions, call the number listed for subscription orders or write the
the American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Analytical Chemistry, Member & Subscriber Services, P.O. Box 3337, Columbus, OH 43210.
Microform & Back Issues Office at the Washington address. For quotes and information on bulk reprint orders, contact Cadmus Reprints at 888-257-2134 or 410-819-3995.
Copyright permission: The American Chemical Society holds copy-
Subscription orders may be charged to VISA, MasterCard, or AmEx.
right to all materials published in Analytical Chemistry unless otherwise noted. Reprographic copying beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act is allowed for a fee of $22.00 per article copy, paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC); 978-7508400. Reference ISSN 0003-2700 in your correspondence with CCC. A record of that code should accompany payment. Direct reprint permission requests to ACS Copyright Office, Publications Division, 1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036 (202-872-4368; fax 202-872-6060;
[email protected]). Registered names and trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
Call toll free 800-333-9511 in the continental U.S. Send mail orders with payment for new and renewal subscriptions to American Chemical Society, P.O. Box 182426, Columbus, OH 43218-2426.
Analytical Chemistry is published in print and electronic format and may be published in other formats, methods, and technologies of distribution, now known or later developed. For all illustrations submitted to and used in Analytical Chemistry, it is understood that they may appear in other formats, methods, and technologies of distribution, including but not limited to reprints of the articles to which they apply.
Changes of address must include both old and new addresses with ZIP code and a recent mailing label. Send all address changes to Member & Subscriber Services at the ACS Columbus address. E-mail:
[email protected]. Please allow 6 weeks for change to become effective. Claims for missing issues will not be allowed if loss was due to failure of notice of change of address to be received in the time specified; if claim is dated (a) North America—more than 90 days beyond issue date, (b) all other foreign—more than 180 days beyond issue date. Hard copy claims are handled at the ACS Columbus address. Instructions for authors of AC Research and guidelines for A-page
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): The DOI identification system
features are published in the Jan. 1 issue, p 309, or can be obtained from the Analytical Chemistry home page (http://pubs.acs.org/ac). Please consult these instructions prior to submitting a manuscript for consideration for publication.
for digital media has been designed to provide persistent and reliable identification of digital objects. Information on the DOI and its governing body, the International DOI Foundation, can be found at http://www.doi.org. In the print editions, the DOI appears on the bottom of the first page; in Web editions of ACS journals, the DOI appears at the top of the HTML version of an article and at the bottom of the first page in the PDF version. Include the DOI in all document requests.
Manuscripts for publication in AC Research (4 copies of text and illustrative material) should be submitted to the Editor at the University of North Carolina address. Please include a signed copyright status form; a copy of this document appears on p 316 of the Jan. 1 issue. Manuscripts for publication in the A-page section should be submitted to the Washington editorial staff.
Document delivery: Individual articles appearing in ACS Web editions (which extend back to January 1996) and articles posted electronically as Articles ASAP can be purchased directly on the Web with VISA, MasterCard, or AMEX. Go to http://pubs.acs.org/ac and click on Articles on Command. Purchased articles will be delivered as a PDF file. Articles are also available from Chemical Abstracts Service’s Document Detective Service. For information, contact CAS by phone (800-678-4337), fax (617-447-3648), e-mail (
[email protected]), or at http://www.cas.org. 2002 print subscription rates include air delivery outside the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Canadian subscriptions are subject to 7% GST (GST Reg. No. 127571347). Subscriptions sent to Maryland (5%), District of Columbia (5.75%), and California are subject to applicable sales taxes. Members may share/donate their personal subscriptions with/to libraries and the like but only after 5 years from publication.
Supporting Information (SI) is noted in the table of contents with a I . SI is available free of charge via the Internet (http://pubs.acs.org/ac). For information on electronic access, send e-mail to
[email protected] or call 202-872-6333.
The American Chemical Society and its editors assume no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors. Views expressed in the editorials are those of the editors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the American Chemical Society. Journal Publications: American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd., P.O. Box 3330, Columbus, OH 43210 (614-447-3665, ext. 3171; fax 614-447-3745;
[email protected])
Nonmember rates in Japan: Nonmember subscribers in Japan
Member & Subscriber Services: American Chemical Society, P.O. Box 3337, Columbus, OH 43210 (614-447-3776; 800-333-9511)
must enter subscription orders with Maruzen Company Ltd., 3–10. Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, Japan. Tel: (03) 272-7211. For multiyear and other rates, call toll free 800-333-9511.
Advertising Management: Centcom, Ltd., 676 East Swedesford Rd., Suite 202, Wayne, PA 19087-1612 (610-964-8061).
2002 SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Print only United States Outside North America
Web access only Web combined with print Web combined with print outside North America
4 A
Members
Nonmember personal
$ 91 236
$ 244 389
Institution $ 1066 1211
Student $ 68 213
Members
Institution (1 Class C subnet)
$ 50 141
$ 1119 1279
$ 1759 2025
286
1424
2170
A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y / J A N U A R Y 1 , 2 0 0 2
Institution (Site license)
e d i to ri a l
Advice and Better Living Through Chemistry I
want to salute the distinctly human endeavor of “advicegiving” and “getting”. (What better way to start the next millenium?) All those who communicate with others are “givers” or “getters” and, like people, the world of advice is incredibly multifaceted. Advice comes in many major categories: legal, financial, managerial, medical, theological, political, military, and scientific. The goals of advice-givers and getters range from selfish/ruthless ambition to egalitarianism and from an unbiased search for truth to the maintenance of high standards of behavior, performance, or a product. Giving and getting can be solicited or unsolicited, sporadic and ad hoc, or originate within a structured framework. The means of getting or giving rest on various models, including random or organized pleadings of government agencies, councils of “wise persons” (which may be an elite or diverse group), study committees (that sometimes produce consensus advice and other times disagree), and mail or e-mail responses to questions or documents. Scientists, including analytical chemists, engage in advicegetting and -giving with a fervor matched by few other professions. There are numerous important institutions and favored practices in science for providing advice—in this editorial, I’ll restrict my comments to scientific advice. For example, in academia, advice to administrators about faculty quality and performance comes from tenure and promotion and departmental review committees. Advice to faculty on curricula is gathered from students. In industry, advice on science and technology is given by consultants, expert panels, and subsidiaries; and most importantly, advice on products is given by customers. Government agencies solicit scientific advice from panels, boards, visitor committees, and proposal reviewers. In scientific publishing, advice to editors on quality and impact comes from reviewers and advisory boards. National organizations such as the U.S. National Research Council (NRC), which rely on study committees and workshops, are chartered to give advice to the government on various subjects. I believe that many chemists do not appreciate how intricate the web of advice-giving and -getting is in science, and how
much we all contribute to and are affected by it. It is even more important to recognize that the vast majority of scientific advice given by academia, government, and the NRC is from volunteers. The volunteerism of scientific advice-giving is not readily matched in any other category of advice-givers. Free advicegiving is, indeed, a very old, intrinsic part of the culture of science. Not all advice-givers—the Editor could cite a few reviewers—volunteer unselfishly; most, however, are generous with their intellect and time because they are proud of their discipline and its effects on society. They want the intellectual products of chemistry to be worthy, accurate, and the best that they can be. That sounds corny, but I really don’t have another global explanation for the generosity of reviewers and others who freely give advice. I think chemists miss the old, very true slogan “better living through chemistry” partly because in this pride in the discipline. At least I do; someone bring it back! It is widely accepted that the “best” advice comes from knowledgeable givers who are external to the advice-getter’s institution, and thus are without bias. Mechanisms exist for advice-givers to divulge their vested interests to the advicegetters, such as when reviewers privately inform editors of current work related to a paper under review. Unfortunately, the culture of volunteerism in science seems to be poorly understood by many nonscientists, and especially by journalists. Critics among them claim that knowledgeable folks in positions to profit from their advice-giving should be excluded from the process. That’s not intelligent and would lead, I maintain, to advice that is uninformed and a potential waste for society. I invite the reader to imagine—just imagine—what it would be like if every piece of scientific advice involved a commercial, legal, or financial transaction. Society and science would be the poorer for it! I sincerely salute the volunteers of scientific advice.
J A N U A R Y 1 , 2 0 0 2 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
5 A
EDITOR Royce W. Murray University of North Carolina
ASSOCIATE EDITORS Daniel W. Armstrong
Robert A. Osteryoung
Iowa State University/Ames Laboratory
North Carolina State University
Catherine C. Fenselau
John R. Yates
University of Maryland
Scripps Research Institute
Reinhard Niessner
Edward S. Yeung
Technische Universität München (Germany)
Iowa State University/Ames Laboratory
EDITORIAL HEADQUARTERS Research Section Department of Chemistry Venable and Kenan Laboratories University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290 Phone: 919-962-2541; Fax: 919-962-2542; E-mail:
[email protected] A-Page Section 1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Phone: 202-872-4570 Fax: 202-872-4574; E-mail:
[email protected] Managing Editor: Alan R. Newman Associate Editors: Felicia Wach, Elizabeth Zubritsky Assistant Editors: Judith Handley, Cheryl M. Harris Staff Editors: Rachel Petkewich, Wilder Damian Smith Web Editor: Christine Brennan Web Assistants: Alex Kim, Elizabeth Rozanskas Contributing Editors: Laura Ruth, James Smith, Marcia Vogel, Thomas J. Wenzel Manager, Copyediting: Elizabeth Wood Production Editor: Doug Roemer Creative Director, Publishing & Creative Services: Julie Farrar Art Director: Sean Kennedy Manager, Production & Imaging: Vincent L. Parker Production/Prepress Specialist: Yang H. Ku
Research Section Staff
Advertising Management
Journals Editing Manager: Debora A. Bittaker Journals Associate Editor: Lorraine Gibb Journals Staff Editor: Priscilla J. Petzinger Journals Production Associate: Patricia A. Saggio
President: James A. Byrne Director of Marketing: Laurence J. Doyle Advertising Sales Manager: Dean A. Baldwin Advertising Production Manager: John Pearce
Peter Schoenmakers
John Fetzer Chevron Research and Technology
Genentech, Inc.
University of Amsterdam/Shell Research and Technology Center (The Netherlands)
Manfred Grasserbauer
Steve Weber
Hubert Girault
Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (Belgium)
University of Pittsburgh
William B. Whitten
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (Switzerland)
Totaro Imasaka
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Yves Guillaume
Kyushu University (Japan)
R. Mark Wightman
University of Franche-Comté (France)
Michelle Kelly
University of North Carolina
Niels Heegaard
Barbara Larsen
Ex-Officio Member
Statens Serum Institut (Denmark)
DuPont
Catherine Fenselau
Steve Hofstadler
Ira Levin
University of Maryland
Isis Pharmaceuticals
Editorial Advisory Board John Frenz
Pfizer Global R&D
Klaus-Dieter Franz Merck KGaA (Germany)
Rachel Loo
National Institutes of Health
A-Page Advisory Panel
Parke-Davis
Michael Angel
University of Delaware
Richard McCreery
University of South Carolina
Carol Nilsson
Ohio State University
Edgar Arriaga
Göteborg University (Sweden)
Victoria McGuffin
University of Minnesota
Kimberly Prather
Michigan State University
Tibor Braun
University of California–San Diego
Susan Olesik
Eötvös University (Hungary)
Carol Robinson
Ohio State University
Sylvia Daunert
Oxford University (U.K.)
Janusz Pawliszyn
University of Kentucky
Peter Roepstorff
University of Waterloo (Canada)
Dermot Diamond
Richard Sacks
Dublin City University (Ireland)
University of Southern Denmark–Odense
University of Michigan
Francesco Dondi
Zbigniew Stojek
University of Ferrara (Italy)
University of Warsaw (Poland)
Robert Dunn
Douglas Westerlund
University of Kansas
Uppsala University (Sweden)
Laurie Locascio National Institute of Standards and Technology
Sharon Neal
Publications Division Director: Robert D. Bovenschulte Director, Journal Publications: Mary E. Scanlan Director, Special Publications: Mary Warner General Manager, Publishing & Creative Services: Bill Succolosky Circulation Manager: Scott Nathan
