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Aerosol Industry Literature FRED T. REED Organic Chemicals Department, Ε. I. d u Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, D e l . 19898
The remarkably
quick acceptance of push-button, pressur
ized products by the consuming public has given birth to an entire new industry, popularly known as the aerosol indus try.
Although
this industry is rapidly reaching maturity, if
not already there, its technical literature is sparse compared with older, well-established aerosol industry's technical
industries.
The
bulk of
the
literature is published in two
trade magazines and in the proceedings of its trade associa tion, the Chemical (CSMA). bulletins
Additional
Specialties literature
Manufacturers is found in the
of component suppliers
Association technical
and in the literature
of
industries allied to the many types of aerosol products pro duced.
T
he aerosol industry is composed of the companies engaged i n manufacturing and marketing pressurized products. A vital part of the industry is made up of the suppliers of chemicals, containers, valves, packing machinery, and pro pellents. The diversity of aerosol products results i n a very broad coverage of consumer markets including cosmetic, household, pharmaceuticals, and indus trial markets. A l l aerosol products have the common characteristic of being packaged under pressure so that the material i n the aerosol container is dis pensed as a spray, foam, or paste by actuating a simple, finger-tip valve.
The use of the term aerosol to describe this industry is somewhat mis leading, particularly to the scientist, but through common usage, the w o r d aerosol has come to be the generic term describing push-button, pressurized packages. The early products of this industry were truly aerosols i n that the first pressure-packaged insecticides produced sprays of sufficiently fine particles to be classified as true aerosols i n the scientific sense. The term was never relinquished even when such products as shaving lathers were first marketed. Although many aerosol products today meet the scientific definition, the majority do not. 632 Smith; Literature of Chemical Technology Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.
38.
REED
Aerosol
Industry
633
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Literature As one might expect, i n the case of a relatively new industry, the volume of technical literature available to the researcher is small. This statement should be qualified to include technical literature specific to the .subject of aerosols. One must remember that very few aerosol products are entirely new. Most are based on active ingredients w h i c h have been known for some time, and the literature on a specific active ingredient may be voluminous but w o u l d be found elsewhere than i n the aerosol literature. Thus, the common insecticides are well documented i n the insecticide industry's literature while the aerosol industry's literature may only discuss them from the formulating standpoint. The researcher should keep this point i n m i n d so that he does not miss a valuable source of information by depending upon the aerosol literature alone. Books T w o comprehensive volumes have been written on aerosols (1,3); both are divided into chapters dealing w i t h principles, techniques, packaging components and products. The chapter titles indicate the range of technical subjects w h i c h concern the aerosol industry. In addition to the chemical problems of formulating and the end-use applications, the researcher must be w e l l versed i n the technology of valves, containers, and propellents. The volume edited by Shepherd et al. (3) is a valuable reference i n technical areas unique to the aerosol industry. E a c h chapter of this book is written by an expert i n his field. Sagarin also has written a detailed technical account of cosmetic aerosols (2) w h i c h includes considerable basic data on the science of aerosols. Journals, Trade Publications, Proceedings, and Annuals T h e trade association of the aerosol industry is the C h e m i c a l Specialties Manufacturers Association ( C S M A ) . Through its Aerosol Division, considerable technical and marketing information is disseminated. This association meets biannually, and the technical papers presented at these meetings are published i n the Association's proceedings (17). These are a valuable source of current technology. T h e official monthly publication of the C S M A is the periodical Soap and Chemical Specialties (19). This magazine and Aerosol Age (4) contain the bulk of current articles on the aerosol industry. A number of other periodicals (7, 10, 12, 15, 16) directly related to othei fields frequently contain pertinent articles on aerosols. As expected, these articles are confined to the particular field of interest of the periodical. Similarly the journals (8, 13, 14, 18) of scientific societies whose interests include materials w h i c h may be packaged as aerosols w i l l occasionally contain specific articles on aerosols. These can be a valuable source of detailed information on a given class of products. Besides the domestic periodicals mentioned, two monthly European publications (5,11) are available w h i c h cover industry developments i n Europe. W h i l e both periodicals tend to lean heavily on review articles, they also contain reports on original work.
Smith; Literature of Chemical Technology Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.
634
LITERATURE
OF CHEMICAL
TECHNOLOGY
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Patents D u r i n g the past 19 years several hundred patents relating to the aerosol industry have been issued. T h e majority of these are mechanical patents covering valve and container designs, but several are basic i n nature, disclosing considerable technology on aerosol systems and products. T h e efforts of some early inventors of aerosol containers are described i n patents by H e l b i n g a n d Pertsch ( 2 3 ) , Gebauer ( 2 1 ) , Moore ( 2 5 ) , M o b l e y ( 2 4 ) , a n d Rotheim ( 2 6 ) . T h e work of Goodhue and Sullivan (22) resulted i n what became known as the "insecticide bomb." T w o of the periodicals (4, 19) mentioned earlier contain a monthly patent digest w h i c h the researcher w i l l find helpful i n keeping abreast of the current patent literature. Mention certainly should be made of the bulletins and other trade literature available from suppliers to the aerosol industry. T h e propellent manufacturers have been especially prolific i n supplying useful technical data through their company publications. Probably the most valuable data supplied b y the propellent manufacturers are the extensive tables of thermodynamic properties of the propellent gases. Properties covered include not only those of the individual propellent gases, but also mixtures of the gases. T h e latter are far more widely used than the individual compounds. Lists of bulletins available probably can be obtained b y writing directly to these companies. A comprehensive directory (20) of companies directly concerned w i t h the aerosol industry, as well as suppliers, is published b y the C S M A . T h e analytical procedures and test methods used b y the aerosol industry are not conveniently compiled i n a single publication. However, the C S M A has published an aerosol guide (9) w h i c h contains several test methods specifically concerned with the aerosol package i n addition to a number of technical compilations prepared b y scientific committees of this Association. The researcher is advised to consult a second publication (6) of the C S M A concerned w i t h government regulations pertinent to the aerosol package. T h e fact that aerosols are pressure packages has given rise to a variety of regulations, particularly concerning shipment. A n y study of the industry should include these regulations since i n many instances they severely limit the type of container and formulation w h i c h can be marketed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books (1) Herzka, A., Pickthall, J., "Pressurized Packaging (Aerosols)," Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1961. (2) Sagarin, E., et al., "Cosmetics: Science and Technology," Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1957. (3) Shepherd, H. R., et al., "Aerosols: Science and Technology," Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1961.
Smith; Literature of Chemical Technology Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.
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38. REED Aerosol Industry
635
Journals, Trade Publications and Proceedings (4) Aerosol Age, Aerosol Publications, Inc., 229 West 28th St., New York, monthly. (5) Aerosol Report, Dr. Alfred Huthig, Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany, monthly. (6) "Agencies and Regulations of Interest to the Aerosol Industry," Chemical Spe cialties Manufacturers Association, Inc., 50 East 41st St., New York 10017. (7) American Perfumer, Allured Publishing Corp., 1309 North Main St., Pontiac, Ill., monthly. (8) ASHRAE Journal, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Airconditioning Engineers, 234 Fifth Ave., New York, monthly. (9) "CSMA Aerosol Guide," Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association, Inc., 50 East 41st St., New York, 1958. (10) Drug and Cosmetics Industry, Drug Markets, Inc., 101 West 31st St., New York 10001, monthly. (11) FEA Aerosol Bulletin, Federation of European Aerosol Associations, Zurich, Switzerland, monthly. (12) Food Technology, Garrard Press, 176 West Adams St., Chicago, Ill. 60603, monthly. (13) Journal of Economic Entomology, Entomological Society of America, 1530 Ρ St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 20005, monthly. (14) Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (British edition), 54 Woodlands, London NW 11, England, 9 issues a year. (15) Modern Packaging, Modern Packaging, 575 Madison Ave., New York 10022, monthly. (16) Paint and Varnish Production, Powell Magazines, Inc., 855 Avenue of the Americas, New York 10001, monthly (semimonthly in March). (17) "Proceedings of the Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association," CSMA, biannual. (18) "Proceedings of the Scientific Section of the Toilet Goods Association," 9 Rocke feller Plaza, New York 10020, semiannual. (19) Soap and Chemical Specialties, MacNair-Dorland Co., Inc., 254 West 31st St., New York 10001, monthly. (20) "Vendors to the Trade, 1964, A Guide to Material Suppliers and Services Offered by the Membership," CSMA, annual. Patents (21) Gebauer, C. L., U. S. Patent 668,815 (1901) and 711,045 (1902). (22) Goodhue, L. D. and Sullivan, W. N., U. S. Patent 2,321,023 (1943). (23) Helbing, H. and Pertsch, G., U. S. Patent 628,489 (1899). (24) Mobley, L. K., U. S. Patent 1,378,481 (1921). (25) Moore, R. W., U. S. Patent 746,866 (1903). (26) Rotheim, E., U. S. Patent 1,800,156 (1931) and 1,892,750 (1933). Received July 30, 1964
Smith; Literature of Chemical Technology Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.
