472
INDUSTRIAL AND .ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
dustry regarding expansion in the East Xorth Central States can be obtained by considering the DP.I Certificates of Kecessity for chemical manufacture in the area. Table V summarizes such certificates ( 1 ) . The table has been rearranged to depart from the government cla.vifiration of the industry so as to shoiv better the trend towards new markrts. Table T' shows that about 23% of the expansion of facilities to manufacture resins and plaPtics and about 14% of the expansion of facilities to produce aromatic hydrocarbons a,nd intermediate chemicals, from which many of those resins and plastics must be prepared, is planned for the area. Recalling Table IV such activity will correct the area's iveakness in the manufacture of the industrial organic chemicals. A word of caution is necessary when the DPA4Certificates of Tecesaity are used as a guide t o the direction of the chemical industry. Possibly many of the certificates will not be acted upon at all, arid considerable expansion in the chemical industry has taken place rvithout the benefit of such Certificates of Secessity. As a consequence, Table IT' merely indicates the direction of expansion t o government and industry planning groups. I n the future the chemical industry in this area will not only make increased use of the raw inaterials indigenous to the area, but it, r i l l also use low cost imported raxv materials. The mea is
Yol. 46,No. 3
covered with a network of natural gas, cmitle oii, i ~ n dprotluct pipelines. This means that it is possible t,o manufacture chemicals based on these ran- materials near their consuming mark The petrochemical industry can be expected to incrcasc markedly in the East Yorth Central States in the future. The largr: pet>rochemicalinstallation a t Tuscola, Ill.! is testimony to thip fact. Thus by using the raw materials that the area L L I ~ S possesses R~~ and the raw materials that are imported from neighboring meas, the chemical industry in the East North Central Sthies ivill continue to manufacture products to meet the diverse needs of it. customers.
LITERATURE CITED ( I ) Chern. Eng. S e w s , 30, 5043 (1963). ( 2 ) Executive Office of the President. Ruicau of t h e I3urlgct, 1945,
( 5 ) E. S. Dept. Commerce, "Annual Survey of .\larluiacturcu. 1951 " (6) U. 8.Dept. Conimerm. "Census of ,\Ianuiactures, 1947." (7) I:. S.Dept. Commerce, "Country and City Data Book, 1953." ( 8 ) U. S.Dept. Commerce, "Country Business Patterns, 1950.'' RECEIVED
for review A u g u s t 11. 1033.
.~CChPTi:D
.January 74, 1
P. BURKE JACOBS AND R. T. MILNER NORTHERN REGIONAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, PEORIA, ILL.
T h e area of the East North Central States is notable agriculturally for production of a diversity of crops, rather t h a n for large single crops. However, it is a n outstanding producer of dairy products, soybeans, and fruit. Most of the nation's straw processing is located in the area, 2nd much of the lumber and flour-milling industries. The old line chemical industries usually do not use primary farm products, although some related industries are based wholly on farm crops as raw materials. Increasing use is being made of farm intermediate materials, on which data are lacking. The paper therefore tends to consider all applicable industries, in addition to those normally considered as chemical. Future developments through research on industrial use of farm products may bring increasing consumption. Production statistics of various crops in the East North Central area are shown in relation t o totalU. S.production.
M
OST of the industries usually characterized as chemical do not utilize agricultural products as originated on the farm. Conversely, a group of industries, such as sugar, pulp, vegetable oil, and leather are based on use of farm products exclusilely. Certain branches of chemical industry, however, do use some materiala or by-products resulting from the processing of agricultural materials into foods or other commodities, such as furfural for synthetic fibers. Such use may expand in the future, since some of these industries are of recent development. Basically, the greatest use of primary farm products lies in the industries more nearly concerned 11ith producing the necessities of life, such as the food and textile industries, which ordinarily perhaps are not considered a- belonging to the chemical group
However, past, distinctions bctn-een these severid linrs of induetry- arc losing significance, and i t is difficult today to set an arbitrary demarcation between chemical and other lines, since chemkal treatment and control are used to a great extent in all of these fields. There is much overlapping or interlocking of products: recovery or use of by-products, ant3 fluctuation of materials, so that any comprehensive study of agricultural resources must cover a rather broad field o i general industrl- :ind not be limited to chemical, if all the possihiliti cated. Dat,a on the industrial use of farm products f'rrqurntly are 11011existent or, at best,, are inexact or inadequate. Only a liniitrd amount of information is available as to the actual gcographicnl source of the farm materials used by a specific industry or piant. T h e fact that certain processing plants are iocated in a given aw:i is no assurance that local farm production will LIP utilized. 'To x considerable extent, the availability of a n agricultural raw material is a matter of relative cost a$ delivered a t a given processing point, contrasted against the demand arid competing priw for the same material for other uses. The principal cereal farm crops ordinarily are consumed directly- as food or feed, and under normal conditions only relatively sinall percentages of these are in surplus and available to industry. Cash returns to the farmer which are securablc from food and feed use usually are higher than can be obtained from industrial use, since certain industries cannot afford to pay comparable prices, -4current surplus over a basic food or feed demand in a given area, however, may depress the price on such excess quantities and make iiidust,rial use possible. Some industries, of course, pay market prices for agricultural raw materials, but such industrial use tends to be limited by existing
INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
March 1954
, .
CEREILL GRAINS
price relationships, which are a result of crop supply, surplu~,and consumption. At beat, total amounts of raw materials wnsumed by industry, when and if known, can only be applied to the entire U. 9.agricultural production and the poaeihilities of a given area then eelbated by the relative amouut of agricultural production within such k . In addition to known or present industid use of farm crops, Bome attention also should be paid to the future situation, particularly as new u ~ e sare developed for farm product or by-product materiale. Research in such new fields has been greatly intensified in the past decade, and the number of poseibilities is rapidly increasing. Speoific crops or crop by-products of similar general charactor actually may difler extensively in value for a given use. For example, cereal grnins, though chemically quite Similar, are not e q d y adaptable for a specilk manufacturing use. In part, this may be merely a matter of relative price, but there is not the interchangeability that might be theorized. This also applien to agricultural by-products such as straws. Each crop, therefore, must be considered on ita own merits for any specific purpose. The growing of certain crop, such 88 cereal grains, is ineecapably accompanied by the production on the farm of an even greater amount of plant matter, whicb ordinarily is largely waeted or used locally in farm operations. Yet such corollary production represents a potential industrial raw material in many instances. By-products from food-proceasing operations, formerly wasted or used as fuel, also are being utilked BE raw materials for further products. ' Many cmps are proceased into packaged foods, yieldh g by-products suitable for feed use or industrial application. A vast formulated-feed industry has been developed in which many prooessiog by-products have an important significance. Soybeans are largely crushed for oil recovery, but the by-products may 6nd feed, food, or chemical use. Cellulose, formerly conidered primarily ae a textile, can he converted into modified fiber hy chemical action or hydrolysed into sugar that is fermentahle to sleohol. Pentaeane may be wuverted into furfund; proteins into glues, fibers, or plsstics. Like wood, grain-crop by-products can be wnverted by physicochemicalprocessinginto paper, building board, or special types of products. AU these poaeibilities present a wmplex industrial picture, and much development is yet to he realized. Primarily, the actual present use of original farm products by chemical industry is largely limited to the production of ethyl alwbol, sugar, starch, leather, textiles, and plastics. Secondary or derived farm products in large industrisl use include furfursl, pulp and paper, vegetable oils and fatty &de, tallow, and milk (casein and Lactic acid). Feedstuffs freqnently result aa a by-product. The Esst North Central area enwmpassee rather large productions of certain crops of quite diverss character. Other geographical nwaa may be more notable for larger productions of certain types of c r o p but may not produce other quantity crops of mch divemity 88 represented by eom; soyheane, mgar crops, fruit, and dairy products. ~
473
The grain production of the
Fast North Central ares, in relation to that of the entire United States, is shown in Table I. The 10-year period, 194049 inclusive, is used as presenting the beat base. Production in
EAS'I
NORTI ,-__._
:ENTRAL
subsequent years bas varied, 8 . but the relative individual percentages have remained within ! the same general levels. The area produces over 30% of the nation's corn and oats crops, and this production is largely concentrated in Ilhnois, Indiaia, and Ohio. Production of wheat, rye, and buckwheat represents 13 to 18% of the national supply, and the growth of these grains tends to 6nd greatest concentration in the same states, although small grains production tends to become increasingly greator in Michigan and Wisconsin.
-
Considering the utilization of cereal grains, the hrst ap arent fact is the diversity of food applications and roducts, wbcR vary even between rather similar mains. In i n d k i a l we. however. the price of the net starch &tent more often de@+es th; I form use. Corn. the princi a1 cereal grain, ie used in o urinrioallv for anunal k d rather than ae human f d f ? ? t h o u r h
used in brewing, and corn itself is used as a source of fermentation products, enpecially beverage alcohol. The prinrjpd industrial we of corn is for starch and dextrose moductron. Residuea from various proceasinga are suitable for ahimal feed. Corn oil is another by-product. Grain sorghum is a close runner-up to corn as to straight indue trial uae,hut otherwise it is used ma& for animal feed. Wbeat, conversely ia used prinu y for human food receiving comarativel 'little i n d U s t r i E , except perhaps in the breakfast food andy(to a minor extent) fermentation fields. The flourmilling and baking industries re resent industrial applications, but these are almost exclusively g r human food use. Barley is used industrially almost wholly for malt production or for feed; rye for feed, malt, or distilled irits, and oats for feed, except for a vexamall peroentage w ? i n breakfast food. Buckwheat is used a ost entirelv for a feed or breakfad €nod. Furfural is produced from reaidues from the brea!&&food proceq rcpreaenting a strai ht industrial use of a grain by- roduct Other milling b proc fucts also rn potential sourns of hural.' As to bv-oroducts of main rnisine. wrn has both stover and wba; wheat,-&, oatn, and barley yidd straws of varyi t v p : pain sorghum yields only fodder; and oats also yields 6% high u1 pentow content. Hence, it ia difficult to eonaider graina 88 a homogeneous claas, each being rather unique. grits are
&
The chemical induelriel w e of grain products in the CuiteJ States is largely cun6ned to fermentation and starch production. Racent consumption r a h are shown in the following tabulations baaed on reports of the Alcohol and Tobacco Tar Division, U. S. lntemal Revenue SeMce:
~~
Table I. Total Grain by Staten for the 10-Y-
Period 1340-49 (9)
Total Or&, Thowands of Buahels commodity COIU
Whet 0 . b ESdW
8orphum for smin
use
Ohio 168,584 48.592
43.748 769
.. .
SM
Indiana 212.089
29.529 48,158 1,168 44 1;207
Buckwheat 316 136 Totalb&hclsb 261,808 292,311 tr.S.totsl=.o,% 4.53 5.08 a Slide rule oowutstions. 1 In buabsls of rarying weight.
Illinob 428.440 28.879 143.533 1,973
Michigan
889
830
59 089
23:553 52,531 4,867
...
...
434 141,2M
98
004.612
10.5
,
2.45
W+
ooun 107 906
.
1;912 113 497 9:930
iiisz
286 234.783 4.07
Totalfor A978.088
130,465
401 467 l8:507 44
4,908
1.250
1.634;729 2B.B
U.8.Total 2,980,177 1.071,310 1.311 851
308:523
118 172
30:173 8.970 5,772;182
1w
Total Arm..
%
32.8
12.2 30.8
6.M 0.037 16.3 17.80
_.. ...
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
444
Industrial Alcohol, Distilled Spirits, and Butyl Alcohol Production for Fiscal Pear 1952 Corn Grain sorghum sorghum Wheat Rye Malt (mostly barley) Miscellaneous
Million Bushels, 56 Lb. 30.1 11.5 2.1 4.2 5.3 1.8
T h e total quantity consumed by these industries in various years has varied considerably because of price fluctuations, relative availability, and competing prices: Fiscal Year 1949 1550 1951 1952
Million Bushels, 56 Lb. 48 3 38 4 102 1 55 0
In the breTiing industry, the use of grain has remained fairly constant: Grain Use i n Production of Malt and Cereal Beverages
Malt Corn Other Total
1945 49 2 14.8 5.4 __ 69.4
Million Bushels, 56 Lb. 1950 1951 48.3 47.8 15.2 15.6 5.9 6.3 __ 69.4 69.7
1952 47.4 16.4 6.2 70.0
~
Total barley use for malt production for the Cnited States is approximately 52,000,000 bushels per year, representing about 36% of the total commercial use of barley (9). Commercial sale amounts t,o 60% of the harvested crop. I n 1940-9 the average amount of corn used in the met-milling process for starch and dext'rin was 121,141,000bushels (9). The total commercial use of corn in industrial processing in 1950 was (9): Breakfast food Cornmeal Starch Alcohol Total commercial Total C. S.domestic use Commercial use, %
AIilIion Bushels 11 70 133 45 259 3 0 2 .5 8.5
Grain Sorghum. Corn, historically, has been the basic cereal for chemical use and still is. I n recent years grain sorghum has become a large competitor, especially for alcohol and for starch production. Prodilction of grain sorghum virtually has trebled since 1929. Total U.S.commercial use in 1951 was 111,380,030 bushels (9). No industry-use breakdoiyn is available. I n 1950, about 158,000,000 bushels (or 68% of the total crop) was sold from farms; 36,500,000 bushels were used industrially. However, the geographical area under discussion is not a grainsorghum producer (sorghum for forage and silage arc excluded). Rye. About 20% of the U.S. rye crop is used for alcohol and spirits production, and the East North Central area produces 15.5% of the U.S.crop (9). Oats. There is no special industrial use of oats. Use for breakfast food in 1951 mas 38,000,000 bushels, represent'ing 2.75% of the tot'al domestic use (9). Wheat. C. S.wheat production runs about 1 billion bushels annually (9). Of this, about 480,000,000 bushels are processed for G. S. food. Exclusive of the war years, !Then wheat, as alcohol meal, was used for alcohol and sirup production, industrial use is insignificant but i t did reach 826,000 bushels in 1951, representing ten times its ordinary use for this pumose. Flour Milling ( 6 ) . There are 1800 flour mills in the Cnited States with a t o t a l capacity of 1,282,796 sacks per day.
Vol. 46, No. 3
In the area under survey there arc the following plants: Plants Illinois 35 63 Indiana hf ichigan 104 Ohio 111 Wisconsin 26 Total 339 National capacity, area yo Total plants, area yo
Daily Capacity, Sacks 70,207 29,776 33,053 56,363 11,540 200,939 15.6 18.8
The grain resources of the area might be applicable to the lines of manufacture indicated above to the relative extent t h a t the important grains are produced, as presented in Table I. The amount of available grain reserves stored in the area a t any given time also may affect the actual situations in comparison to consumption for other purposes. I n general, food, feed, or local use ordinarily takes precedence over industrial use when grain prices are a t higher levels. Cellulosic Wastes. The relative grain percentages indicated in Table I are also an index to the resources of ccllulosic rePidue materials t'hnt might be availab~et o industry. However, much of the development in this field is potential, rather than existent. Straw is essential to t'he paperboard industry, hulls and cobs to furfural manufacture. On such materials, costs oC collection and shipment tend t o preclude transporting over extreme distances and to limit industrial use t o the more concentrated producing areas. The greater proportions of these residue materials are used locally, mostly on the farm, or are wasted. The potential yields of strxvi-sin particular are affected by methods ~f harvesting. Where combines are used, a greater amount of straw is left in the field (4). Corn stover receives practically no industrial usc. There have been commercial attempts to make press board and paper out of cornstalks, but these h a r e not becn economically successful. Combine harvesting oi small grains, wheat, oats, barley, rye) and flaxseed, in the area, from standing crops, has increased :LS folloms (9) : 1945, % 1050, "/o Ohio 64.2 89 1 Indiana 67 4 90.4 I1I in ois 55.2 77 1 Michigan 54 5 75 2 Wisconsin 13.1 31 3 There has been a similar increase in use of combining for n.hent and o a k with resultant, reduction of potential straw recovery, as follons (9): Wheat, % ' Oats, % 1945 1950 1945 1950 Ohio 89.6 62.0 88.0 65.6 93.5 61.0 87.0 Indiana 73.0 Illinois 80.0 96.0 45.0 20.0 Michigan 62.0 84.0 50.0 11.0 Kisconsin 19.0 41 , 0 13.0 30.0 Almost the entire soybean crop is harvested by combine methods in all t h e above states. The baling of loose straw for use on the farm or for sale is increasing (9),both for the total United States and in the area. The percentage baled out of total s t r a v stored follom:
Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin TotalU. S.
Baled Straw, % 1945 Crop 1950 Crop 55 0 72 8 61 8 82 0 64 4 80 1 38 9 55 0 10 7 25 2 26 0 50 3
Thi. tends to make more recovered straw available for transportation or sale and to increase recovery of field straw which othw-
INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
March 1964
wise might be wasted. However, total U. €3. recovery of straw for we or sale was reported for 1950 as only 19,600,000 tons, in aanparisoo with 33,700,000 for 1945. Lwaee on potential straw by variom harvesting methods wen estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, USDA (4), aa follows:
.
Annual beet production (0) duringthe l ~ y e a r p e r i o d l 9 ~ 9 .was 258,000 tons for Ohio and 704,000 t o n s f o r Michigan.
EAST 000 tons a&-
f b a w Produced -ner ~ -1000 ~~~
Bushels
of Grain Harvested,Tons Total straw Straw cut if Straw recoverable, if t ,.at combined as' if combined as - n.rground level standing &in standing grain
-.
70.0 26.0 35.4 87.5 40.0 33.8 84.0
wheat
oats
Barley %&wheat Rice Flax
29.4 10.9 13.2 36.8 16.8 14.2 35.3
42.0 15.6 18.8 52.6 24.0 20.3 50.4
Besides the normal w of straw for paperboard, there are indi-
-
cations of an incresse of its use for paper, based on recent in-
vestigations at the Northern Regional Researoh Laboratory, USDA,at Peoria, Ill. (Z,d, 3). Potential amounts of Straw availcan be computed from the grain data presented in able in the Table I. In general, about 4,000,000 tons of straw are baled annually with wire and are suitable for tranaportstion and industrial use. Only about soO,000 tons are sold for industrial w in the United States, of which approximately two thirds are used by the pulping i n d d e s . Railmads, race trackn, and stockyards consume about 2M),000 tons annually. Wheat straw is used molltly for industry, and oat straw for farm purposes. There me a t present about 17 straw-pulping planta operating in the United States, all but two of which are in the geographical area under discussion. Recoverable h w in the fivestata area might be computed 89 8,700,000 tons-wheat 3,900,000, oak 4,400,000, other 400,000. Cmnmlm. There is increasing industrial uee for corncobs due in part to the greater production and use of furfural. Utilisation of cobs haa m e r e d from a nominal 5OOO tons per year in 1937 to appmdmately 600,000 tons in 1952. About two thirds of this amount is used for furfural, the remainder by proformerly considered that 14 ducers of cob pmducta (6). It w a ~ pounda of cobs resulted from a bushel of ordinary, sir-dried corn. Hybrid corn, however, produces about 10 pounds of dry cobs per bushel of corn at 15.8% moisture. Since hybridsmow are grown h o s t exclusively, the latter figure r e p m n t s a better basis for computation. The five-ntate area represents a p o h t h l supply of about 4,600,000 tons of cobs. From the 2.8 billion bushels of corn harvested for grain in the United Staten,a potentkl14,000.000 .tons of cobs (dry bank) might be possible. In actuality, much of the potential mpply iS scattered over farms, emdl quantities, so that the commercial mpply in certain areas comes from elevators, shelling plants, or other corn concentrations. Cob uses indude feeds, mulches, soil conditioners, litter, flours for inseetisides and plastics, foundry w, glues and adhesives, packing material, ahraaiveS, absorbents and driers, floor-sweep ing compounds, brickn and ceramics, explosives, fillers, rug cleaners, industrial filters, aaphalt shingles, vinegar production, fermentable sugars, and furfural. SUGAR AND SUO-
415
4
for the Period.
NORTl ,iENTRAL
In 1951 the area production had decreased to 7.0% of the nationalproduction. In the same period, the United Statea
r -
produced 31,000,000 gallons of t industrial molasses each year as an average, a8 well as 157,000 short tons of molasses pulp for feed. It also produced as plain dry and moist pulp 1,506,500 shod SRRUal?Y. Mention might a h be made of the production of monosodium glutamate from the proreasing wastes. Wheat serves SB a similar source. In the area some production is made from wheat but not from Steffenswaste.
FRUIT Fruit is not of interest to the chemical industries but is funds, mentally important to the wine, canning, and frozen-pack industries. The area production, in contrast to tots1 U. s. production, fOllOWE (8):
%'
Area
A ples, bu. 20,493,000 110,660,000 18.6 Mich., Ohio, Ill. CKerries, tom 109,120 230,030 47.5 Mich., Wis. Peaches, bu. 1,808,000 63,627,000 2.8 Mich.,Ohio Pears, bu. 1,470,000 30,028,000 4.9 Mich., Ohio, Ill. Plume, tom 4,800 101,800 4.7 Mich. straw-
berries,
crates Grapes,
2,281,000
28,400
11,846,000 19.3 Mich.,Ind. 3,385,800
0.8 Ohio,Mich.
POTATOES
Potatoes have in recent yearn been of some industrial interest for starch or alcohol production. Several potahtarch plants formerly were located in the m a , but in recent years the COD sumption of potato starch has declined, and the industry n0.w tends to be locsliaed in Maine and Idaho. Use of potatoes for alcohol ordinarily is uneconomic, especially if dietant shipment is involved. They consist largely of water, and are perishable, and the average alcohol plant has no mitable equipment for storing and handling them. A considerable number of alcoholdistilleries are located in the area, but their present w of potatoes in nil. Pent use has been in periods when ordinary carbohydrate sources were lacking or too expensivefor we, and subsidisedpotatoes were cheap. The relative per cent of U. 8. potato production in the area is:
BELT8
1951 (S), Thousand Bushels
A 4 portion of the national prodnotion of beet sugar is found in thin area, principally in Michigan. In 1942 there were 6 f k -81 planta operating in Michigan, four in Ohio, and one each in Indiana and W b n s i n . Two plants in Michigan and one in Indiana ceased operation by 1947. The 18 planta represent 15% of the total U. 8. elicing capacity of 150,000 tom per day,
Ohio
distributed through 83 plants.
Area, %
Indiana IUiROiS
Michigan Whnsin
u. 8.
5,750 3,380 825 10,800 9,805
30,640
326,708 9.4
476
INDUSTRIAL AND E N G I N E E R I N G
SOYBEANS The soybean has become the principal vegetable oil crop of the United States, and the industrial use of the oil in paint and food oils, margarines, and the flour or meal in food products, plastics, niolding powders, and textiles is increasing rapidly (7, 10). Over 55% of the national crop is grotvn in the area under discussiou; Illinois is the greatest producer in the area. Soybeans (for Beans) 1951 (9) Thousand Bushels Production Sold for commercial use 01110
Indiana Illinois Michigan Kisconsin Total Production, %
c.s.
Production, Area, %
%
19,806 34,467 91 143 2,260 537 148,213 95.3 265,334 94.5
21,356 36,448 94 562 2,460 638 155,464
_-
280,512
__
CHEMISTRY
Vol. 46, No. 3
insecticides from the stems and wastes. Tobacco-product factories, however, are located principally in other sections. Tobacco production for 1951 (9) for this area in relation to United States is as follows: Pounds 26,222,000 13 850,000 22 ,889,000 62 961,000 2,328,226,000 2.69
Ohio Indiana Wisconsin
E.s.
Area,
%
TRUCK CROP§ Truck crops are unimportant chemically although their industrial processiiig is important. The area relation to the total U. 9. production for 1981 for commercial truck crops is a5 follows (9) Of these amounts, 46.8% of the total U.S.crop and 72 7% of the aiea crop were processed
Tons
55.3
Soybeans crushed for oil (1950) production, bu. Soybean oil produced, tons Soybean cake and meal produced, tons
251 ,635,000 1,225,500 5,888 000
Soybeans, therefore, represent one of the larger material sources of the area, for chemical industry.
326,000 762,400 444,400 499,400 680 000, 2,712,200 16,077,900 16.9
Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan ]Viseonsin
u. S.
Area. %
FLAXSEED
DAIRY PRODUCTS
Flaxseed is used in the paint and varnish, linoleum and similar fields However, the East S o r t h Central area is viitually B :ionproducer, although oilseed milling and other related plants frequently ale located here:
Dairy products are of primary interest from a food standpoint, but there is a n increasing trend in the production of casein and other by-products suitable for plastics, wall paints, and textiles and in the production of dry milk solids, ice cream mixes, lactose and lactic acid, vitamins, antibiotics, and ethyl alcohol. Y a n y chemical or fermentation processes are based on use of the spent whey from cheese production. and several alcohol plants using whey are operating in the area. Wisconsin, of course, is outstanding as t,he dairy state. Dairy production in the East North Central States in relation t o the entire United States ip (9)
Average 1940-49 (9) Bushels Illinois 87,000 AIichigan 58,000 142 ,000 Wisconsin ~287. 000 E. s. 37,186 io00 Area, 70 0.773 HONEY AND BEESWAX Honey is of restricted industrial interest, but beeswax is iniportant. The East Xorth Central area in relation to the U. S. situation for 1951 is as follows (9):
Ohio Indiana Illinois Nichigan Wisconsin Total U. S. Area, 7%
Honey, Lb. 12,390,000 8,160 000 7,515,000 10,560,000 14,550 ,000 53,175,000 259,006,000 20.5
Beeswax, Lb. 211,000 163,000 120 000 180 000 218,000 892,000 4,705 000 18.9
PEPPERMINT AND SPEARMINT OILS
Dairy Products Sold by Farmers, 1951 Eart S o r t h Central States Total TJ. 8.
Total Area,
1,950,000
31,435,000
6 18
111,910.000 713,650,000 28,015,000,000 74,629,000,000 221,000,000 1,775,000,000
15 7 37 7 12 4
Farm butter, 112. Crram as butterfat, Ib. Milk \Tholesaled. lb. Milk retailed. qt.
%
Largrly from Wisconsin and Ohio Manufactured Dairy Products, .Average for 1944-48 Creamery butter, Ib. 316,361,000 1,312,895,000 Total cheese, lb. 694,573,000 1,104,336,000 Evaporated whole milk 1,811,113,000 3,369,207,000 Total ice cream. gal. 127,986,000 568,235,000 Dry milk solids, non271,808,000 647,679,000 fat, lb
24 2 63 0
53 8 22 7 32 3
Mention might be made that, in the period 1940-49, Indiana and Michigan produced about 99% of all the spearmint oil originating in the United States and about 60% of all the peppermhit oil ( 9 ) .
Syisconsin alone produces over one third of 'the totals of thc fivestate area.
TOBACCO
.4nimal wealth represents not only meat products but inany iridustrial and medicinal by-products, leather. fats. fertilizer, hair. and'other valuable adjuncts of the slaughterhouse. The relation of the area to the whole United States for raising livestock (9):
Tobacco is an industrial crop. but it is of little interest to the chemical industry except for the production of nicotine and
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
March 19% Cattle and Calves, 1952 2,279,000 Ohio I IIldiapa 1,886,000 IllinOlS
Michigan Wisconsin Area
U. 5. Area, %
4n
INDUSTRIAL AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
3,550,000 1,890,000 3,916,000 13,521 ,000 88,062,000 15.3
Ho@, - . 1951 3,234,000 4,701,000 6,851,000 902,000 1,WWJ 17,594,000 62,852,000
Stock, Sheep and h b s . 1951
28.0
949,000 365,000 428,000 343,000 213,000 2,298,000 27,253,000 8.46
Wool ia an important industrial commodity, though not of apecisc chemical intereat. The contribution of this area for shorn wool production (1951) while not especially significant is 88 follows: Pounds
In 1951, the United States consumed the following appmximate number of animal skins (8):
SUMMARY
Resources ____ ..
The five-stat.5 area, therefore, is an important producer of farm commodities as shown in the EAST table which follows below. I n some inetanoen the comNORTI putations or inferences presented in the following d y s i s should he regarded 88 indicationa, rather thsn as actualities. The absene of data on the production and utilization of what mkht be termed “amicultural.inter mediates: resulting from proce+g of original farm products, maken it di5cult to present a more exact or detgiled picture. The expamion of w e that may be achieved within the next d e d e in the production of antibiotics, organic acids, dextran, Iibem, waxes, and other chemical products by fermentation or other proceasas repmmnta an importsnt development of great potentiality. This lien particularly within the present reaearch operations of the four USDA Fagiod Research Laboratories, although many commercial timu are also explohg in t h w fields. Fruition of such work may make extensive changes in the over-all we or potentiality of farm products in industry.
----
Millions
22.7
Cattle hides Calfand kip Coat and h d Sheep and lamb
8.0
31.0 24.5 86.2
Cattle in the srlpa might produce, potentially, an estimated 6,400,000hides and hogs and lambs perhaps 22,000,000,88 computed from the animal slaughter, 1951 basis (S).
POULTRY To a lesser extent, poultry ala0 is of some industrial significance. The average area production of chickens and turkeys for 194150in relation to the entire United States is (9): On Farms 88 of January 1 East North Central States Total U. 5. Chickens Turkeys
92,388,000 494,000
488,803,000 6,324,000
Total h a ,
%
18.9 7.82
The relation of the fowl populstion to the production of dried or processed e m and recovered feathem ia obvious.
TIMBER f
*
Papeppulp manufactun is an important area industry, particularly in Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin, since 208 of the 530 paper & of the United States are located in the a m . However, the actual production of BBW timber in the area a p parently has decreased in recent years. Recent trends in the manufacture of bonded fiber products 88 replacements for lumber may have eignilicance in the utiliaation of certain amicultural reidne materiala, since cellulosic fibera originating from other sources than wood may h d a future place in the develop
Cheese Dry mlk solids soybeans Grain sugarbeets Fruit (various types) Beeswax Animals cattle hogs Wool, shorn
National Crop, % 63.0
42.4 55.3 26.6 9.7 0.8 to47.5 18.9
15.3 28.0 8.31
LITERATURE CITED (1) Amnov&y. S. I., P a w I d . a d P a w Wmld. 30, 7 1 4 (April 1948): 244-52(May 1948). (2) Aronovslq, 8. I., P a w TI& J.. 134, 68, 70,72,74, 76. 78. 80, 82 (June27.1952). (3)-AmnOwb. 8. I.. U. 5. Bur. Am. a d I d . C h . . AIC-280. Peoris,iI., ISSO. (4) Bmdell. A. P.. Birkhead. J. W., and Peters.J. H.. U. 5. Bur. Am. EcrmmnicS. F.M. 66. Washington. D. C.. 1947. (5)31mk. T. F.. and Isthrop, E. C., U. 5. BUT.Am. I d . Chstn., AIC-177. revised. Peoria. Ill.. 1953. (6) Northwed. Miller. “Flour Mills in United States and Canads.“ Minneapolis. Minn.. Miller Publishing Co., 1951. (7) Shollenberger, J. H.. and Ooas. W. H.. U.5. Bur. Am.and I d . chstn.. AIC-74. revised. Peoria. 1947. (8) U. 8. Bur.h s , Washington 25. D. C., “Statistical Abstract of the United Staie~.”1852. (9) U.8. Dept. Am.,Washington 25. D. C., Agricultural Statistica,
ni.,
1952.
(IO) U. 8. Dept. Am.. Washington 25. D. C., “Improvement snd Industrial Utilization of Soybeans," Mise. Pub.623.1947. R e c e r v ~ ofor -en Awust 81, 1853. AOC~PT January ~D 11. 1854. Northern Radonal Ra-h Labontory is one of the lsbborstoria, of the Bureau of Agrisultud and Industrial Chemistry, Asriault-l &am h Servios, UBDA.
