Anal. Chem. 1987, 5 9 , 280 R-294 R (87J) Dhanesar, S.C.; Poole, C. F. Anal. C h m . 1983, 55(9), 1462-1465. (88J) Sultanov, N. T.; Arustamova, L. G.; Musaev, K. M.; Markaryan. K. G.; Kambarov, Yu. G.; Atlas, V. V. U.S.S.R. SU 1122966 (CI. GOIN31/08), 7 Nov 1984, Appl. 3,614,315, 1 Jul 1983. (89J) Singliar, M.; Revus, M. Petrochemla 1985, 25(1), 1-10, (9OJ) Yancy. J. A. J. Chromatogr. Scl. 1989, 23(8),370-377. (9IJ) Keane, J. M.: Brown, D. C.; Fry, R. C. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57(13), 2526-2533. (92J) Barrett, P.; Pruszkowska, E. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56(1 I), 1927-1930. (93J) Ng, R. C.; Kaiser, H.; Meddings, B. Spactrochim Acta, Part B 1985, 406(1-2), 63-72. (94J) Teeter, R. M. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1985, 4(1), 123-143. (95J) Uchida, K.: Noguchi, H.; Inoue, T. JSAE Rev. 1985, 18, 22-27. (96J) Khots, M. S.; Nekhamkina, L. G.; Belan, G. B.; Polyakova, A. A. Zh. Anal. Khim. 19114, 39(8),1482-1485. (97J) Hilliard, L. A. Anal. Proc. (London) 1985, 22(7), 210-211. (96J) Higashi, T.; Imasaka, T.; Ishibashi, N. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56(12), 20 10-20 13. (99J) Gardiner, D. J.; Bowden, M.; Daymond, J.; Gorvin, A. C.; Dare-Edwards, M. P. Appl. Spectrosc. 1984, 38(2), 282-284. (IOOJ) Neveu, M. C.; Stocker, D. P. NASA Tech. Memo. 1985, NASA-TM87002, E-2547, NAS1.15:87002. 25 pp. Avail. NTIS. (101J) Carangelo. R. M.; Solomon, P. R. ACS Div. FuelChem. Prepr. 1986, 37(1),152-161. (102J) Gaffney, J. S.;Kelly, T. J.; Tanner, R. L. U.S. Pat. Appi. US 500,106, 14 Sep 1984, Appl 1 Jun 1983; 10 pp. Avail. NTIS Order PAT-APPL-6500 106. (103J) Vincent. A. L.; Robinson, J. R.; Ginkel, E. R. US. US 4526755 (Cl. 422-90; G01N27/04), 2 Jul 1985, Appl. 351,328, 22 Feb 1982; 5 pp. (104J) Karlik, M.; Krofta, J.; Kucera, Z. S b . Vys. Sk. Chem-Techno/. Praze, Anal. Chem. 1983, H18. 29-40.
(105J) Jarmell, S. Proc.-Coal Test. Conf. 1983, 3rd, 19-23. (106J) Hellwig, G.; Bauser, H.; Chmiel, H. Ger. Offen. DE 3,413,135 (CI. G01N27/22), 17 Oct 1985, Appl. 6 Apr 1984 14 pp. (107J) Schauwecker, P.; Frueh, P. GIT Fachz. Lab. 1984, 28(9), 746, 748, 750-751. (108J) Rouan, J. P.; Foulatier, R.: Vovelle, C. J. Phys. E 1984, 17(7), 562-563. (109J) Blazso, T.; Bocz. L.;Gyalog, G.; Ferenczi, S. Hung. Teljes HU 31,413 (CI. GOlN27/12), 28 Apr 1984, Appl. 81/3,441, 4 Apr 1978; 9 pp. (llOJ) Crambes, M. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 115,987 (Cl. GOIN29/02), 15 Aug 1984, FR Appl. 83/1,427, 31 Jan 1983; 15 pp. (111J) Ciais, A.; Variot, G. Collect. Colloq. Semin. (Inst. F r . Pet.) 1984, 40(Caract. Huiles Lourdes Residus Pet.), 222-227. (112J) Zharov, V. P.; Gomenyuk, A. S.;Pyasetskii, V. 8.; Tokhtuev, E. G. Zh. Spektrosk. 1983, 39(6), 1029-1035. (113J) Shaw, R. W.; Howell, H. E.; Mamantov, G.; Wehry, E. L. Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. 1984. 19(Anal. Spectrosc.), 37-42. ( l l 4 J ) Chin, T. G.; Alston, A. US. US 4543819 (CI. 73-64.2; GOlN7/14), 1 Oct 1985, Appl. 543,446, 19 Oct 1983, 9 pp. (115J) Sakurai, T.; Mizuno, H.; Shibata, Y. Ger. Offen. DE 3412704 (CI. GOIN22/00), 11 Oct 1984, JP Appl. 83/60,396, 6 Apr 1983; 28 pp. (116J) Roffey, R.; Nilsson, H.; Olofsson, G. Report 1984, FOA-C-40189-B4Pt-1, 37 pp. Avail. NTIS. (117J) McCoy, R. W.; Wolf, T.; Fritz, G. T.; Marmion, D. M. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1984. 22(10), 425-431. (118J) Hines, W. J.; Hefley, C.; Sattler, F.: McIver, G. Oper. Sect. Proc.Am. Gas Assoc. 1983, D357-D361. (119J) May, W. E.; Brown-Thomas, J. M.; Chesler, S.N.: Guenther, F. R.; Hilpert, L. R.; Parris, R. M.; Richie, K. L.; Wise, S. A,; Hertz, H. S. Pac. Northwest Lab ., [Tech. Rep .] PNL -SA 1983, PNL -SA - 11552, Adv. Tech. Synth. Fuels. Anal., DE83-015528, 381-404.
Air Pollution Donald L. Fox Department o f Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 I
This review is extracted from the literature from late 1984 to December 1986. A major source of information was Chemical Abstracts Selects: Pollution Monitoring. In addition journals related to air pollution and environmental chemistry were surveyed. The organization consists of two major divisions: gaseous methods, which have single letter designations after reference numbers, and aerosol and particulate methods, which have two letter designations after the reference numbers. It was not possible to have subdivisidns for every compound and only some species are discussed individually. Analytical techniques may be applied to several compounds.
GASES Books and Reviews. Graedel et al. have authored a book on sources and occurrences of atmospheric chemical compounds (1A). Receptor modeling techniques in environmental chemistry are discussed by Hopke (ZA). The 6th edition of Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric contaminants was edited by Lioy and Lioy (3A). A number of review articles have appeared in the scientific literature in the past two years including general reviews on air pollution monitoring (4A-I2A), atmospheric chemistry (13A),kinetics of gas phase degradation (14A),receptor models (15A),and transport and transformation of organic pollutants (16A). Gas sampling by impregnated filters, solid substrates, and porous polymers was reviewed (I7A-ZOA). Passive sampling methods were reviewed for ambient monitoring and personal exposure monitoring (21A-23A). Two reviews presented discussions of chemiluminescence techniques for NO, species (24A,25A). Murano described the use of ion chromatography in air pollutant analysis (26A). The rapid introduction of laser-based techniques in the early 1980s has resulted in the appearance of several review articles (27A-32A). Other spectroscopic techniques reviewed were 280 R
0003-2700/87/0359-280R$06.50/0
lidar (33A),correlation spectroscopy (34A),and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectroscopy (35A). Reviews on specific compounds appeared for SOz (36A),peroxyacyl nitrate (37A, %A) halocarbons (39A, 40A),formaldehyde (41A-45A), malodorous compounds (46A), and organic compounds (47A-50A). Calibration Methods. Witham and co-workers developed a dynamic gas and aerosol test atmosphere generation system which is capable of producing several test streams simultaneously (1B). Yanaka and Oizumi reported on a simple test gas generator based on stainless steel capillaries (2B). An N205 calibration source was based on a solid crystalline sample at 192 K. By volatilization and dilution, mixing ratios of 1 L/min were achieved (3B). Restelli and Cappellani reported a simplified calibration technique for IR-laser systems based on comparison of signals of a trace gas and a calibration gas (4B). Flanagen investigated statistical techniques to improve accuracy and precision by increasing the size of the calibration data point ensemble (5B). Alvarez described the role of NBS standard reference materials in improving the quality of environmental measurements (6B). Performance audit reports for US ambient monitoring programs are now available (7B). Hydrocarbon SRMs have been used for QA/QC programs for ambient air monitoring (8B). A repository of 14 gaseous organic compounds in compressed gas cylinders has been established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. These audit cylinders have been used for hazardous waste incinerator tests (9B) and ambient monitoring programs (IOB). Harkov et al. described QA procedures for measurement of nearly 50 gaseous and particulate phase noncriteria pollutants (11B).
Ozone. Ray et al. developed an ozone instrument that uses chemiluminescent dyes in various solvents. Their system using eosin Y in ethylene glycol compared favorably with a com0 1987 American Chemical
Society
AIR POLLUTION
Donald L. Fox Is Rotand Dkemn of mS A t and lndusmal Hygiene Program In the Department 01 Envlronmmal Sciences and Englneemg. Unkersky 01 N& CarOUna at Chepl Hill. He receked his F'h.D degree In chemistq horn Arizona State Unkersny. Hk research and teaching l n t e r e ~ include t~ atmospheric photochemical aerosol lormal b n P~OCBSSBSinvolving organics and nitrogen oxides and suMlr dioxide. He is a mem ber of the American Chemical Society and the Alr PollUtbn Control AssocIBtlOn. Curr e m he is on sabbatical leave wlh the 01ti- 01 me ~epw~ ~ ~ i ~~teac nr et t a01 ~ Defense lor Envkmment in Washington, CC.
with preconcentration techniques and gas chromatography (4E). Peroxybenzoyl nitrate was determined by aqueous hydrolysis to benzoate ion followed by ion chromatography with UV detection (5E). Knop and Arnold described the use of airborne active chemical ionization mass spectrometry for HNO, distribution profiles (6E). Lindqvist described HNO, collection on a diffusion denuder coated with AI,(SO,),. The HNO, was thermally desorbed as NO, and subsequently reduced to NO and analyzed by GC PID (7E). Several studies have compared diffusion denu er HNO, systems with filters (8E-IOE) and tunable diode lasers (IOE). Eatough et al. concluded the HNO, collection efficiency of tungstic acid diffusion denuders was affected by atmospheric water vapor ( I I E ) . One other study by Ferm (22E) used sodium carbonate as the surface coating for HNO, diffusion denuders. Ferm also reported on the use of sodium carbonate coated diffusion tubes for collection of HNO, but significant interferences occur from PAN (I3E, 24E). Pith and co-workers reported a comparison study of HNO, measurements by absorption method, differential absorption spectroscopy, and a nylon cartridge-chemiluminescence NO, technique (15E, 16E). Braman and De la Contera developed sources of HNO, and HNO, in air by means of room-temperature oxalic acid sublimation onto solid NaNO, and KNO,, respectively (17E). Free Radicals. Zellner and Haegele used a pulsed laser system to monitor OH radicals (IF). Schmidt and co-workers also investigated pulsed dye laser induced fluorescence for monitoring OH radicals in a test system (2F). H,O, measurement techniques based on enzyme-catalyzed fluorescence were reported (3F, 4F). Heikes et al. reported airborne measurements of H,O, SO,, and 0,from the surface up to 3000 m (5F). Mihelcic et al. described a cryogenic system for sampling of ambient radicals by matrix isolation. The trapped radicals were determined by electron spin resonance (6F). S u l f u r Dioxide. A chemiluminescence method for SO, was developed based on SO, enhancement of the reaction of luminol with NO,. A limit of detection of 0.3 ppb was reported (IC).A spectrophotometric SO, method using p-aminoazobenzene measured SO, concentrations in the range of 0.0515 fig/m3 (2G). Lang et al. reported a technique for SO, based on the reaction of SO:- and Hg2+(3C). A piezoelectric crystal detector utilizing a Hg displacement reaction was described for the determination of SO, in air in the ppb range (4G). Prior to the conductometric detection of SOz,a succinic acid trap was used to remove NH, (5G). Dasgupta and co-workers developed a porous membrane annular diffusion denuder for sampling SO, (6C). A 1,Bdiene coated solid sorbent was used for SO, collection. SO, was thermally desorbed upon heating (7G). Researchers found no significant differences between SOz-containingair samples collected in a buffered formaldehyde solutions stored at 5 O and room temperature for 530 days. Analysis was by modified West-Gaeke method (8G). Paffrath presented photometric methods for the absolute calibration of sulfur dioxide and nitric acid analyzers (9G). Zhang et al. reported less that 10% error due to SO, conversion on quartz fiber filters (IOC).Japar and Brachaczek demonstrated artifact formation from sulfur dioxide on nylon filters. The conversion efficiency is dependent on the relative humidity (r.hJ; it ranged from 4 m/s, the theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement, but the theory overestimatesthe sampling Virns evaluated the efficiency at low wind speeds (8"). effect of wind speed on the sampling efficiency of conventional Mamane aerosol samplers in a wind tunnel system (9"). and No11 investigated large particles (>5 pm) in the eastern United States. Samples were collected with a modified high-volume rotating impactor. After mass measurements, samples were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (IO"). A stainless steel and A1 cutting jig was designed to produce 70 equivalent sections from a glass fiber high-volume filter (11"). Spicer et al. described a thermal decomposition/chemiluminescence method for determining NO3- in atmospheric matter (1.2"). Crouch et al. investigated the direct thermal desorption of organic compounds from Teflon filters followed by gas chromatographic analysis (13"). LITERATURE CITED GASES
Books and Revlews (IA) Graedel, T. E.; Hawklns, D. T.; Claxton, L. D.; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds: Sources, Occurrence, and Bioassay, 732 pp, Academic Press: Orlando, FL (1986). (2A) Hopke, P. K.; Receptor Modeling in Envlronmefital Chemistry, 319 pp. John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY (1985). (3A) Lioy, P. J., Lioy, M. J. Y., (Eds.); Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluatbn of Atmospheric Contaminants. 6th Ed , 515 DO, . . Am. Conf. Gov. Ind. Hva.: .Cincinnaii, OH (1983). (4A) Fox, D. L.; "Air Pollution," Anal. Chem. 57(5), 223R-238R (1985). (5A) Melcher, R. G.; Peter, T. L.; Emmel, H. W.; "Sampling and sample preparation of envlronmental material," Top. Curr . Chem. 134 (Anal. Probl.) 59-123 (1986). (6A) Guillemin, M. P.; "Air contamination exposure measurements of organic solvents-past and present," Scand. J . Work, Environ. Health ll(Suppl. 1) 33-43 (1985). (7A) Mishra, U. C.; "Air pollutants and their monitoring," Curr. Pol/ut. Res. India 1-13 (1985). (EA) Sadasivan, S.; Mahadevan, T. N.; "Modtoring for pollutants in air and rainwater," C u f f . Pollut. Res. India 39-58 (1985). (9A) Rao, M. V. R. K.; "Recent advances in air quality monitoring techniques," Chem. Age India 35(10), 707-10 (1984). (10A) Munoz Camacho, E.; Paz Castro, M.; Sanchez Sanchez, M.; Losada del Barrio, J.; "Measurement of air pollution 1. Basic concepts and general aspects," Ing. Quim. (Madrid) 18(207), 85-92 (1986). (11A) Sanchez Sanchez, M.; Losada del Barrio. J.; Munoz Canacho, E.; Paz Castro, M.; "Measurement of air pollution 3. Determination of gases," Ing . OUim. (Madrid) 18(209), 79-86 (1986). 12A) Mouvier, G.; "Chemical analysis and atmospheric research," in Euroanal. 5 ,Rev. AnalChem., [Conf.] 5th 1984, 167-82, Hulanicki, A,, (Ed.); Akad. Kiado: Budapest, Hungary (1986). 13A) Perner, D.; "Atmospheric chemistry," SCOPE 25 (Appraisal Tests Predict Environ. Behav. Chem.) 19-56 (1985). 14A) Barnes, I.; Zabel, F.; "Degradation in the gas phase," SCOPE25(Appraisal Tests Predict Environ. Behav. Chem.) 57-79 (1985). 15A) Hopke, P. K.; "The use of chemometrlcs in appointment of air pollution sources," TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. (Pers. Ed.) 4(4), 104-6 (1985). 16A) Cohen, Y.; "Organic pollutant transport," Environ Sci. Techno/. 20(6), 538-44 (1988). 17A) Hlawiczka, S.;"Impregnated filters in studies on gaseous pollution of air." Gaz, Woda Tech. Sanit. 58(7), 179-81 (1984). (18A) Ferrari, E.; Rolla, A.; Baldassarri, L. T.; "Determination of organic substances in air: adsorption on soliis, and thermal desorption, and desorption with solvents," Riv. Combust. 38(1), 15-18 (1984). (19A) Rao, N. V. R.; Sriram, M.; "Porous polymers in monitoring air pollution," J . Sci. Ind. Res. 45(3) 124-32 (1986). (20A) Brookes, 6. I.; "Sampling and gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of the atmosphere for public health investigation," J . Assoc. Publlc Anal. 22(1), 13-18 (1984). (21A) Namiesnik, J.; Gorecki, T.; Kozlowski, E.; Torres, L.; Mathieu, J.; Passive doslmeters-an approach to atmospheric pollutants analysis," Sci. Total Environ. 38, 225-58 (1984). (22A) Brown, A. H.: Cox, P. C.; Purnell. C. J.; West, N. G.; Wright, M. D.; "The applicability of passive sampling techniques to the analysis of specific vapors in ak," In Identif. Anal. Org. Pollut. Air, Keith, L. H., (Ed.) 37-50, Butterworth: Boston, MA (1984). (23A) Spengler, J. D.; Soczek, M. L.; "Evidence for Improved ambient air quallty and the need for personal exposure research." Environ. Sci. Techno/. 18(9), 268A-280A (1984). (24A) Maeda, Y.; "Measurement of air pollutants by chemiluminescencemethod," Kankyo Gijutsu, 15(7), 512-17 (1986). (25A) Stedman, D. H.; McElwee. D. L.; Wendel, G. J.; "Chemiluminescence in air pollutant monitoring," in Gas-Phase Chemi/umin. Chemi-Ioniz. Fontijn, A,. (Ed.) 345-55, North-Holland: Amsterdam, Neth. (1985).
.
AIR POLLUTION (26A) Mwano, K.; "Analysis of atmospheric samples by ion chromatcgraphy," Kankyo Gljutsu 15(7), 506-11 (1986). (27A) Schmidtke, G.; Kohn. W.; "Spectroscopic trace gas and pollution measuring techniques," TM, Tech. Mess. 52(6), 242-6 (1985). (28A) Omenetto, N.; "Laser-fluorescence techniques," Comm . Eur . Communities, [Rep .] Ew18754, 329-50 (1984). (29A) Restelli, 0.; "Long-path measurement of atmospheric trace gases by infrared absorption techniques," Comm. f u r . Communities, [Rep . ] EUR 8754, 279-99 (1984). (30A) Shi, B.; "Environmental pollution detection by laser optoacoustic spectroscopy," Huanjln Wuran Yo Fangzhi, 7(4). 39-42 (1985). Etsin, I.S.; "Monitoring of molecular trace components (31A) Gorelik, D. 0.; of the atmosphere by laser spectroscopy," Zh. Anal. Khim. 39(11), 1925-44 (1985). (32A) Zelinger, 2.; "Optoacoustic detection of laser infrared signals in gases," Chem. Lisw 80(7), 873-90 (1986). (33A) Varey, R. H.; "The principles of Mar," Comm. f u r . Communltles, [Rep.] EUR 8754, 123-42 (1984). (34A) Sandroni, S.; "Monitorlng of distributed emissions by correlation spectrometry," Comm Ew. Communities, [Rep . ] EUR 8754, 259-77 (1984). (35A) Mitsui, Y.; "Detection of parts per trillion amount of contaminants," Kenchku Setsubl to Haikan Koji 24(6), 79-83 (1986). (36A) Guillot, P.; "Joint European campaigns on remote sensing of atmospheric pollution,'' Roc.-AfCA Annu. Meet. 78th(Voi. 2) 85-18.1 10 pp (1985). (37A) Hoioubek, I.; "Organic nitrates in the atmosphere," Ochr. Ovzdusi 17(4), 53-7 (1985). (38A) Schurath. U.; Kortmann. U.; Glavas, S.; "Properties, formation and detection of peroxyacetyi nitrate," Comm. f u r . Communities, [Rep .] EUR 9436, 27-37 (1984). (39A) Yoskioka, M.; "Analysis of atmospheric halocarbons by GCMS," Kankyo G!iutsu 15(7), 500-5 (1986). (40A) Tominaga, T.; Makide, Y.; "Ultratrace analysis and behavior of haiocarbons in the atmosphere," Kankyo GYutsu, 13(5), 400-6 (1984). (41A) Light, E. N.; "Evolution of testing methodology for atmospheric formaldehyde in the home environment," A&. Chem. Ser. 2lO(Formaldehyde) 67-82 (1985). (42A) Gammage, R. B.; Hawthorne, A. R.; "Current status of measuLement techniques and concentrations of formaldehyde In residences, Adv. Chem. Ser. 21O(Formaldehyde), 117-30 (1985). (43A) Ho, M. H.; "Generation of standard gaseous formaldehyde in test atmospheres," A&. Chem. Ser. 2lO(Formaidehyde), 193-214 (1985). (44A) Matsumura, T.; "Analytical methods of formaldehyde in air," f f M 18(3), 2-15 (1985). (45A) Pickard, A. D.; Ciarks, E. R.; "The determination of traces of formaldehyde," Taianta 31(10A), 763-71 (1984). (46A) Yasuhara, A,; "Analysis of malodorous compounds," Bunseki (6), 381-6 (1986). (47A) Holton, G. A,; Taimage, S.S.; Hoffman, F. 0.; "Importance of identifying organic pollutants in air," in Identif. Anal. Org. follut. Air, 3-11, Keith, L. H. (Ed.), Butterworth: Boston, MA (1984). (48A) Earp, R. F.; Cox, R. D.; "Identification and quantitation of organics in ambient air using multiple gas chromatographic detection," in Identif . Anal. Org. follut. Air Keith, L. W., (Ed.), 159-69 (1984). (49A) Purnell, C. J.; Walker, R. F.; "Methods for the determination of atmospheric organic isocyanates. A review," Analyst 110(8), 893-905 (1985). (50A) Eatough,,D. J.; Hansen, Lee D.; "Organic oxysuifur compounds in the atmosphere, R o c . - A K A Annu. Meet. 77th (Voi. 1) 84-16.3 18 pp (1984). Calibration Methods ( l e ) Witham, C. L.; Gunderson, E. C.; Anderson, C. C.; Lappel, C. E.; "Dynamic gas and aerosol test atmosphere generation system," J . Aerosol Sci. 15(3), 361-7 (1984). (28) Yanaka, T.; Oizumi, T.; "Method for preparation of a standard gas using a stainless steel capillary," Niigata -ken Kogai Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku 9, 5-7 (1984). (38) Fahey, D. W.; Eubank, C. S.;Huebler, G.; Fehsenfeid, F. C.; "A calibrated source of nitrogen oxide (N,O,)," Atmos. Environ. 19(11), 1883-90 (1985). (48) Restelli, G.; Cappeikni, F.; "Calibration technique for IR-laser secondderivative monitoring of some trace gases in tropospheric air," Appl. Opt. 24(16), 2480-1 (1985). (58) Flanagan, J. 8.; "Examination of calibration precision calculation and protocols for air monitoring data," in Roc.-Natl. Symp. Recent Adv. fdlut. MOnit. EPA/600/9-84/019, 198-204 (1984). (6B) Aivarez. R.; "The role of NBS standard reference materials in quality assurance of environmental measurements," ASTM Spec. Tech. Pub/. 887(Qual. Assur. Environ. Meas.), 346-59 (1985). (78) Lampe, R. L.; Parr, 8. F.; Pratt, G.; Dowler, 0. L.; Mitchell, W. J.; "National performance audit program ambient air audits of analytical proficiency-1983," €PA 180014-84-077, NTIS fB85- 138204 64 pp (1984). (8B) Crist, H. L.; Rook, H. L.; "Appilcation of volatile organic reference materials to ambient air monitoring measurements, EPA-600/D-84-163, NTIS PB84-210095 16 pp (1984). (9B) Jay,anty, R. K. M.; Cooper, S. W.; Decker, C. E.; Von Lehmden, D. J.; "Evaiuatlon of parts-per-billion organic cylinder gases for use as audits during hazardous waste trial burn tests," J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 35(11), 1195-200 (1985). (lOB) Westberg. H.; Lonneman, W.; Hoidren, M.; "Analysis of individual hydrocarbon species in ambient atmospheres: techniques and data vaiidity," in Identlf. Anal. Org. follut. Air 323-37, Keith, L. H. (Ed.), Butterworth: Boston, MA (1984). (1lB) Harkov, R.; Lioy, P. J.; Daisey, J. M.; Greenberg. A,; Darack, F.; Bozzeili, J. W.; Kebbekus, B.; "Quality control for noncriteria air pollutants:
results from the ATEOS project," J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 38(4), 388-92 (1988). Ozone (1C) Ray. J. D.; Stedman, D. H.; Wendei, G. J.; "Fast chemiluminescent method for measurement of ambient ozone,'' Anal. Chem. 58(3). 598-600 (1986). (2C) Houdret, J. L.; "Calibration and intercalibration of analyzers of nitrogen oxides and ozone by gas-phase titration,'' follut. Atmos. 108. 111-17 (1985). (3C) Marichev. V. M.; Mltsei, A. A.; Ippoiitov, I.I.; "Analysis of potential possibilities of l i r probing of gases of the atmosphere by differential absorption. 11. Probing of ozone and water vapor." Deposited Doc, 1983, VINITI 6734-83, 20 pp. (4C) Broweil, E. V.; Ismail, S.; Shipley, S. T.; "Ultraviolet DIAL measurements of ozone profiles in regions of spatially inhomogeneous aerosols," Appl. Opt. 24(17), 2827-36 (1985). (5C) Trakhovsky, E.; "Ozone amount determined by transmittance measurements in the solar-blind ultraviolet spectral region," Appl. Opt. 24(21), 3519-22 (1985). (6C) Bergshoeff, G.; Lanting, R. W.; Van Ham, J.; Prop, J. M. G.; Reijinders, H. F. R.; "Spectrophotometric determination of ozone in air with indigo disulfonate," Analyst 109(9), 1165-9 (1984). (7C) Poetzi, K.; "Method for the absolute calibration of ozone measuring devices," Staub-Reinhak. Luft 45(4). 181-3 (1985). Nitrogen Oxldeo (1D) Torres, A. L.; "Nitric oxide measurements at a nonwban eastern United States site: Wallops instrument results from July 1983 GTE/CITE mission," J. Geophys. Res., D : Atmos. 90(D7), 12875-80 (1985). (2D) Drummond. J. W.; Volz, A.; Ehhalt, D. H.; "An optimized chemiluminescence detector for tropospheric nitric oxide measurements," J . Atmos Chem. 2(3), 287-306 (1965). (3D) Kondo, Y.; Iwata, A.; Takagi, M.; Matthews, W. A.; "Balloon-borne chemiluminescent sonde for the measurement of tropospheric and stratospheric nitric oxide,'' Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55(8), 1328-32 (1984). (4D) Fahey, D. W.; Eubank, C. S.; Hubier, G.; Fehsenfeid, F. C.; "Evaluation of a catalytic reductive technique for the measurement of total reactive odd-nitrogen NO, in the atmosphere," J. Afmos. Chem. 3(4), 435-68 (1985). (5D) Zafiriou, 0. C.; True, M. B.; "Interferences in environmental analysis of nitric oxide by nitric oxide pulse ozone detectors: a rapid screening technique," fnvlron. Sci. Technol. 20(6), 594-96 (1986). (6D) Wendei, G. J.; "Development and application of a luminol based nitrogen dioxide detector," Univ. Microfilms Int. DA85 12534 207 pp (1985). (7D) Braman, R. S.; De la Cantera, M. A,; Han, Q . ; "Sequential, selective hollow tube preconcentration and chemiluminescence analysis system for nitrogen oxide compounds in air," Anal. Chem. 58(7), 1537-41 (1986). (ED) Grosjean, D.; Harrison, J.; "Response of chemilurnlnescence NO, analyzers and ultraviolet ozone analyzers to organic air pollutants," fnviron . Sci. Technol. 19(9), 862-5 (1985). (9D) Kosmus, W.; "Summation method for monitoring nitrogen oxides,'' I n t . J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 22(3-4), 269-79 (1985). (10D) Ueda, N.; Matsumoto, M.; Nishikawa, Y.; "Easy method for the determination of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere by using triethanolamine filter paper," Nara -ken fisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (19), 72-5 (1984). (1 1D) Kondo, H.; Yanagawa, M.; "Development and performance of a new, slmplifled sampler for measurement of nitrogen dioxide in air," Zenkoku Kogaiken Kaishi ll(1). 7-16 (1986). (12D) Aoki. K.; "Sampilng method based on molecular diffusion. (I). Measurement of nitrogen dioxide," Talki Osen Gakkaishi 20(5) 394-400 (1985). (13D) Amaya, K.; Sugiura, K.; "A simple, inexpensive and reliable method of measurim of nitroaen dioxide concentration in ambient air," Envlron frot. Eng. S(2); 5-9 (1k4). (14D) Boieij, J. S. M.; Lebret, E.; Hoek, F.; Noy, D.; Brunekreef, B.; "The use of Palmes diffusion tubes for measuring nitrogen dioxide in homes," Atmos. fnviron. 20{3), 597-600 (1986). (15D) Miller, D. P.; Ion chromatographic anaiysls of Paimes tubes for nitrite," Atmos. fnvlron. 18(4), 891-2 (1984). (16D) Adams, K. M.; Japar, S. M.; Pierson, W. R.; "Development of a manganese dioxide-coated cylindrical denuder for removing nitrogen dioxide from atmospheric samples,'' Atmos, fnvlron. 20(6), 1211-15 (1986). (17D) Kinoshita, S.; Wakita, H.; Masuda, I.; "A spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitric oxide,'' Anal. Chim. Acta 188, 373-6 (1985). (18D) Baveja. A. K.; Chaube, A.; Gupta, V. K.; "Extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination 6f atmospheric nitrogen dioxide," Atmos. fnviron. 18(5), 989-93 (1984). (19D) Sagawa, F.; Taniguchi, M.; "Application of secondderivative spectrophotometry to simultaneous determination of some gaseous air poiiutants," R B D , Res. D e v . (Kobe Steel Ltd.) 35(4), 59-62 (1985). (200) Kunugi, M.; Mukai, H.; Ambe, Y.; "Measurement of atmospheric pollutant gases with infrared laser absorption spectroscopy using a tunable diode laser," Kokuritsu Kogal Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku 100, 69-94 (1986). (21D) Wang, G.; Kung, Q.; "Study of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxlde absorption properties by using a line-tunable carbon monoxide laser," Daql Kexue 8(2), 219-26 (1984). (22D) Staehr, W.; Lahmann, W.; Weitkamp, C.; "Range-resolved differential absorption lidar: optimization of range and sensitivity," Appl. Opt. 24( 13), 1950-6 (1985). (23D) Walega, J. G.; Stedman, D. H.; Shetter. R. E.; Mackay, G. L.; Iguchi, T.; Schiff, H. 1.; fnvlron. S d . Techno/. 18(11), 823-6 (1984).
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AIR POLLUTION PAN, NHrlc Acid, and NHrous Acid (IE) Jms, L. F.; Landolt, W. F.; Leuenberger, H.; "Calibration of peroxyacetyl nitrate measurements With an NO., [nitrogen oxides] analyzer,'' Envlron Sci. Technol. 20(12), 1269-73 (1986). (2E) Meyrahn, J.; Hahn, J.; Helas, G.; Warneck, P.; Penkett, S. A.; "Cryogenic sampling and analysis of perox acetyl nitrate in the atmosphere," Comm. Eur. Communities, [Rep.{ EUR 9436,38-43 (1984). (3E) Grosjean, D.; Harrison, J.; "Peroxyacetyl nitrate: comparison of alkaline hydrolysis and chemiluminescence methods," Environ, Scl. Technol. 19(8), 749-52 (1985) (4E) Vlerkorn-Rudolph, B.; Rudolph, J.; Diedeyich, S.; "Determination of peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) in unpolluted areas, Int. J . Environ. Anal. Chem. 20(1-2), 131-40 (1985). (5E) Fung, K.; Grosjean, D.; "Peroxybenzoylnitrate: measurements in smog chambers and in urban air," Sci. Total Envimn. 46, 29-40 (1965). (6E) Knop, G.; Arnold, F.; "Nltrlc acid vapor measurements in the troposphere and lower stratosphere by chemical ionization mass spectrometry," Planet. Space Sci. 33(8), 983-6 (1985). (7E) Lindqvist, F.; "Determination of nitric acid in ambient air by gas chromatographylphotoioization detection after collection in a denuder," J . Air follut. Control Assoc. 35(1), 19-23 (1985). (8E) Anlauf. K. G.; Wiebe, H. A,; Fellin, P.; "Characterization of several integrative sampling methods for nitric acid, sulfur dioxide and atmospheric particles," J . Air fo/lut. Control Assoc. 36(6), 715-23 (1986). (9E) Mulawa, P. A,; Cadle. S. H.; "A comparison of nltrlc acld and particulate nitrate measurements by the penetration and denuder difference methods," Atmos. Envlron. 19(8), 1317-24 (1985). (10E) Anlauf, K. 8.; Feiiin, P.; Wiebe, H. A,; Schiff, H. I.; Mackay, G. I.; Braman, R. S.; GHbert, R.; "A comparison of three methods for measurement of atmospheric nitric acld and aerosol nitrate and ammonium," Atmos. Environ. 19(2), 325-33 (1985). (11E) Eatough, D. J.; White, V. F.; Hansen, L. D.; "Hydration of nitric acid and its collection in the atmosphere by dlffuslon denuders," Anal. Chem 57(3), 743-8 (1985). (12E) Ferm, M.: "A sodium carbonate-coated denuder and fllter for determination of gaseous HNO, and particulate nkrate ion in the" Atmos . Environ. 20(6), 1193-1201 (1986). (13E) Ferm, M.; S w i n , A,; "A sodium carbonate coated denuder for determination of nltrous acid in the atmosphere," Atmos. Environ. 19(6), 979-83 (1985). (14E) Sjoedin, A.; Ferm, M.; "Measurements of nitrous acid in an urban area," Atmos. Envlron, 19(6), 985-92 (1985). (15E) Sanhueza, E.; Plum, C. N.; Pitts, J. N. Jr.; "Posltive interference of nitrous acid in the determination of gaseous nitric acid by the nitrogen oxide chemiluminescence-nylon cartridge method: applications to measurements of ppb levels of nitrous acid in alr," Atmos. Environ. 18(5) 1029-31 (1984). (16E) Pitts, J. N., Jr.; Wailington, T. J.; Biermann, H. W.; Winer, A. M.; "Identification and measurement of nitrous acid in an indoor environment," Atmos. Envlron. 19(5), 763-7 (1985). (17E) Braman, R. S.; De ia Cantera, M. A,; "Sublimatlon sources for nitrous acid and other nitrogen compounds in air," Anal. Chem. 56(7), 1533-7 (1986).
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Free Radicals (1F) Zellw, R.; Haegeie, J.; "Long-path monitoring of tropospheric hydroxyl radical by UV-laser absorption," Comm . Eur. Communitles, [Rep .] EUR 8754, 351-61 (1984). (2F) Schmidt, V.; Zhu, G. Y.; Becker, K. H.; Fink, E. H.; "Absolute rate constant measurements of hydroxyl reactions under atmospheric conditions by laser photolysis/dye laser fluorescence," Comm. Eur. Communities, [Rep .] EUR 9436, 177-87 (1984). (3F) Tanner, R. L; Markovits, G. Y.; Ferreri, E. M.; Kelly, T. J.; "Sampling and determination of gas-phase hydrogen peroxide following removal of 020ne by gas-phase reaction with nitric oxide," Anal. Chem. 58(8), 1857-65 (1986). (4F) Lazrus, A. L.; Kok, G. L.; Lind, J. A,; Gltlin, S. N.; Hekes, B. G.; Shetter, R. E.; "Automated fluorometric method for hydrogen peroxide in air," Anal. Chem. 58(3), 594-7 (1988). (5F) Heikes, B. G.; Lams, A. L.; Kok, G. L.; "Measurements of hydrogen peroxide in the lower troposphere," NBS Spec. Pub/. 716, 323-31 (1986). (6F) Mihelclc, D.; Muesgen, P.; Ehhalt, D. H.; "An improved method of measuring tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and RO, by matrix isolation and electron spin resonance," J. Atmos. Chem. 3(3). 341-61 (1985). Sulfur Dloxlde (1G) Zhang, D.; Maeda, Y.; Munemori, M.; "Chemllumlnescence method for direct determlnatlon of sulfur dioxide in ambient air," Anal. Chem. 57(13), 2552-5 (1965). (2G) Ye, N.; Wu, C.; "p-Arninoazobenzene spectrophotometric determlnation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide," Huan/lng Kexue 6(5), 75-7 (1985). (3G) Lang, H.; Jiang, L.; Ren, D.; Xle, 2.; "Indirect determlnatlon of sulfur dioxide with a mercury analyzer by cold atomic fluorescent spectrometry," Huanling Kexue 5(4). 56-8 (1964). (4G) Sulelman, A. A.; Guiibault, 0. G.; "Mercury displacement in the determination of sulfur dioxide with a piezoelectric crystal detector," Anal. Chem. 56( 14), 2964-6 (1984). (5G) Yoshinari, H.; Matsuura, A,; "Application of succinic acid for elimination-trap of ammonia affect to the continuous analyzers for sulfur dioxide in ambient air," Kogai to Talsaku 20(7), 699-703 (1984). (8G) Dasgupta. P. K.; McDowell, W. L.: Rhee, J. S.; "Porous rnembranebased dlffusion scrubber for the sampling of atmospheric gases," Analyst (London) 111(1), 87-90 (1986).
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(70) Laila, A. A. R.; Isaacs, N. S.; "A novel anaiytlcal procedure for atmospheric sulfur dioxide based on 1.3dlene entrainment," Mlcrochem. J. 33(1), 25-8 (1966). (8G) AleblcJuretiC, A,; Matkovic, N.; "Effect of temperature on the stability of sulfur dloxlde in air samples collected in a buffered formaldehyde soiution," Zast. Atmos. 13(2), 55-7 (1985). (9G) Paffrath, M.; "Absolute calibrations for sulfur dioxide and nitric acid analyzers by photometric methods," NTIS DFVLR-Mlft-85-02 56 pp (1984). (10G) Zhang, Q.; Song, W.; Shen. J.; Lu, H.; Su, W.; "Transformation of sulfur dioxide on filter during sulfate fieid sampling," Huanjing Huaxue 3(5), 30-4 (1984). (11G) Japar, S. M.; Brachaczek, W. W.; "Artifact sulfate formation from sulfur dioxide on nylon filters," Atmos, Envlron. 18(1I), 2479-82 (1984). (12G) Nishlkawa, Y.; Taguchi, K.; Tsujino, Y.; "Ion chromatographic determination of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere by lead peroxide candle method," Kankyo G!iutsu 15(7), 548-51 (1986). OTHER SULFUR COMPOUNDS
(1H) Goldan, P. D.; Kuster. W. C.; Albritton, D. L.; "A dynamic dilution system for the prdduction of subppb concentratlons of reactlve and labile species," Atmos. Envlron. 20(6), 1203-9 (1986). (2H) Kagel, R. A.; Farwell, S. 0.; "Evaluatlon of metallic foils for preconcentration of suifur-containing gases with subsequent flash desorption/fiame photometric detect!on," Anal. Chem. 58(8), 1197-202 (1986). (3H) Przyjazny, A,; Preconcentration of volatlle organowlfur compounds from the atmosphere on selected porous polymers, J . Chromatogr. 333(2), 327-36 (1965). (4H) Tangerman, A.; "Determination of volatlle sulfur compounds in air at,,the parts per trillion level by Tenax trapping and gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. 366, 205-16 (1986). (5H) Street, K. W., Jr.; Mark, H. B., Jr.; Vasireddy, S.; LaRue-Fiiio, R. A.; Anderson, C. W.; Fuller. M. P.; Simon, S. J.; "Cadmium(I1)-exchanged zeolite as a solid sorbent for the preconcentration and determination of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide, 11: Spectroscopic techniques," Appl. Spectrosc. 39(1), 68-72 (1985). (6H) De Souza, T. L. C.; "Supeipak-S: the GC separating column for sulfur gases," J . Chromatogr. Sci. 22(10) 470-2 (1984). (7H) Stan, T.; Armasescu, L.; Stefanescu, E.; Balalau, D.; Van, M.; "Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulfide in the air," Farma cia (Bucharest) 33(2), 95-102 (1985). (8H) Ganguly, A.; Maity, D. S.; "Use of a silver-gelatin complex for the microdetermination of hydrogen sulflde In the atmosphere," Analyst (London) 111(6), 691-3 (1986). (9H) Kirnbeli, C. L.; Kirnbell, C. L.; "Atmospheric sulfur analysis using rateometric coiorimetry," ASTM Spec. Tech. f u b l . 823(Sampling Anal. Raih) 41-9 (1983). (lOH) Nelson, J. K., "Fluorine-induced chemiluminescence detection of reduced sulfur compounds in gas chromatography," Univ. Microfilms DA8422632 140 pp (1984). (1lH) Kelly, T. J.; Phillips, M. F.; Tanner, R. L.; Gaffney, J. S.; "Real-time instrument for ambient monitoring of hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and other reduced organosulfur species using ozone chemiluminescent detection," Roc., Annu. Meet.-Air foliut. Control Assoc. 75th(3) 82-51.0 15 pp (1982). (12H) Luce, C.; Carller, P.; Gkard, R.; Hannachi, H.; Fresnet, P.; Mouvier, G.; "System for analysis of organosulfur compounds in the atmosphere at the ng/m3 level," Analusis 12(7), 350-7 (1984). (13H) McQuaker, N. R.; Rajaia, G. E.: Pengilly D.; "Measurement of total reduced sulfur compounds in ambient air," Environ. Sci. Techno/. 20(5), 517-20 (1986). Halocarbons (1J) Paryjczak, T.; Balczewska, H.; Ignaczak, W.; Krol, A,; Matyjewski, P.; "Determination of freons in the air," Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 16(1), 69-73 (1985). (2J) Hanai, Y.; Katou, T.; Iizuka, T.; "Automatic analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons In the air." Ydtohama Kokuritsu Daigaku Kankyo Kagaku Kenkyu Senta Kiyo ll(l), 17-27 (1984). (3J) Kowalski, J. D.; Shlklya, J. M.; Tsou, G.; "Ambient sampling and analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons and benzene,'' froc .-AfCA Annu. Meet. 7th(VOI. 2) 85-17.1, 13 pp (1985). (4J) Dumas, T.; Bond, E. J.; "Analysis of methyl bromide at ultralow concentration levels," J . A@. Food Chem. 33(2), 276-8 (1985). (5J) Mueller, J.; Riedei, F.; "Measurement of gaseous halogenated hydrocarbons in ambient air," Comm. Eur. Communities, [Rep.] EUR 9436, 373-7 (1984). (W)Leiber, M. A.; Berk, H. C.; "Development and validation of an air monitoring method for 1,3dichbopropene, trans-l,2,3-trichioropropene, cis1,2,3-trichloropropene, 1,1,2,3-tetrachioropropene, 2.3,3-trichioro-3Anal. Chem. 56(12), DroDen-lol. and 1.1.2.2.3-~entachioro~ro~ane." . . 2134-7 (1984). (75) D'Onevlo, T. W.; Goodrlch. R. W.; Dietz, R. N.; "Perfluorocarbon measurement using an automated dual-trap analyzer," Environ. Sci. Technol. 20(1), 100-4 (1986). (8J) De Bortoii, M.; Pecchio, E.; "Sensitive determination of perfluorocarbon tracers in air by intermediate trapping and N-ECD analysis," HRC C C , J. H/gh Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun . E@), 422-5 (1985). (SJ) Wooten, G. W.; Strobei, J. E.; Gabel, R. C.; Pustlnger, J. V.; McMillin. C. R.; "Method for coilectlon and analysis of chlorobenzenes," EfA -600/384-058 Nr1.s PW-189646 48 pp (1984). HX (1K) De Santis, F.; Liberti, A.; Rotatori, M.; "Determination of hydrochloric acid in air by sampling with high-efficiency diffusion tubes," Acqua Aria (6), 529-34 (1985).
AIR POLLUTION (2K) Matusca, P.; Schwarz, 6.; Baechmann, K.; “Measurements of diurnal concentration variations of gaseous hydrogen chloride in air in the sub-nanogram range,” Atmos. Mvkon. 18(8), 1667-75 (1984). (3K) Yanaka, T.; ”Sampling of hydrogen fluoride by diffusional transport in a circular glass tube coated with sodium carbonate.” Stud. fnvlron. Sci. 27, 81-8 (1986). (4K) Kuz’minykh, A. I.; Rosenberg, E. E.; Lobarev, N. V.; Gai’perin, 0. 8.; Shcherbakov, S.V.; Konovaiova, N. E.; “New adsorbent for sampling hydrogen fluoride from the air,” Glg. T r . Prof. Zabol. (8), 58-9 (1986). Ammonia (1L) Lewin, E. E.; Fugisang, K ; Hansen, K. A.; “Preparation of diffusion denuder tubes for collection of ammonia or acidic gases in air. Equi ment for coating and extraction,” Comm. fur. Communitles, [Rep EUR 9436, 111-9 (1984). (2L) Aiiegrini, I.: De Santis, F.; Di Paio, V.; ”Measurement of particulate and gaseous ammonia at a rural site by means of newly developed high performance diffusion tubes,” J. Aerosol Sci. 15(3), 402-4 (1984). (3L) Aiiegrini, I.; De Santis, F.; Di Paio, V.; Liberti, A.; “Measuremdnt of particulate and gaseous ammonia at a suburban area by means of diffusion tubes (Denuders),” J. Aerosol Sci. 15(4), 465-71 (1984). (4L) Dasgupta, P. K.; “A diffusion scrubber for the collection of atmospheric gases,” Atmos. Envlron. 18(6), 1593-9 (1984). (5L) Lochmuiier, C. H.; Dwyer, E.; Spiller, L.; “Chemicaity-modified ion-exchange membranes as sampling devices for gas-phase ammonia,” Anal. Left. 18(A4), 423-8 (1985). (6L) Shibata, Y.; Yoshda, K.; Nagata, M.; Ichihashi, M.; Terabe. M.; “Studies on determination atmospheric ammonia by oxalic acid impregnated filter method,” Zenkoku Kogaiken Kaishi 9(2), 85-9 (1964). (7L) Force, A. P.; Kiiiinger, D. K.; DeFeo, W. E.; Menyuk, N.; “Laser remote sensing of atmospheric ammonia using a carbon dioxide lidar system,” Appl. Opt.24(17), 2837-41 (1985). (8L) Cappeiiani, F.; Meiandrone, G.; Resteiii, G.; “Diode laser system for measurement of gaseous ammonia in ambient air,” Envlron. Monn. Assess. 5(3), 271-81 (1985). (9L) Goinatskii, M. N.; Gavriiyuk, M. V.; “Rapid photometric method for determining ammonia in air,” Glg. Sank. (l), 50-1 (1985). (1OL) Pang, S.;Tong, Y.; “Separation and determination of gaseous ammonia in the ambient atmosphere,” Huanjing Kexue 6(6), 70-4 (1985). (11L) Ishibashi, R.; “An automatic analyzer for ammonia,” T0lkl Osen Gakkaishi 19(3), 222-7 (1984). (12L) Kato, A.; Uno, S.;Kamo, T.; Matsuda, S.;“Continuous gaseous ammonia analyzer by gas titration method,” Rev. Sci. Inshum. 55(11), 1823-6 (1984). (13L) Leahy, D. F.; Phillips, M. F.; Tanner, R. L.; “Brookhaven National Laboratory real-time ammonia detector operation and calibration procedures,” 8NL-34877 NTIS DE84074392 26 pp (1984).
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Carbon Monoxlde (IM) Banakh, 0. S.; Datsenko, I.I.; Vokh, A. V.; Masiyakevich, Y. V.; Roaovik. V. I.; “Zeolite filters for the extraction of carbon dioxide from air,” Gig. sann. (7), 67-8 (1984). (2M) Nagashima, K.; Suzuki, S.;“Solid-state electrochemical detector for carbon monoxide at sub-ppm concentrations,” Anal. Chim. Acta 162, 153-9 (1984). (3M) Kiouda, G. A.; Currie, L. A.; Donahue, D. J.; Juii, A. J. T.; Nayior, M. H.; “Urban atmospheric carbon-I4 monoxide and “C-methane measurements by accelerator mass spectrometry,” Radiocarbon 28(2A). 625-33 (1986). (4M) Astakhov, V. I.; Gaiaktionov, V. V.; Zasavitakii, I . I.; Kosichkin, Y. V.; Nadezhdenskii, A. I.;Perov, A. N.; Tishchenko, A. Y.; Trofimov, V. P.; Khattatov, V. U.; Shotov. A. P.; “Method for measurement of atmospheric carbon monoxide concentration with diode lasers,” Tr. Tsentr, Aerol. 0 6 s . 155, 15-20 (1985). (5M) Giazov, G. N.; Danichkin, S. A.; “Potentialities of the longdistance analysis of atmosphere gases based on Raman spectroscopy,” Zh . Prlkl. Spektrosk. 41(4), 609-14 (1984). (6M) Hoeli, J. M.; Gregory, G. L.; Carroll, M. A.; McFariand, M.; Ridley, B. A.; David, D. D.; Bradshaw, J.; Rodgers, M. 0.; Torres, A. L.; et ai., “An intercomparison of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl measurement techniques: overview of results,” J. Geophys. Res. D : Atmos. 89(D7), 11819-25 (1984). (7M) Gregory, G. L.; Hoeii, J. M., Jr.; Beck, S.M.; McDougai, D. S.;Meyers, J. A.; Bruton, D. B., Jr.; “Operation overview of Wallops Island instrument intercomparison: carbon monoxide, nitric oxide. and hydroxyl instrumentation,” J. Geophys. Res. D : Atmos. SO(D7), 12808-18 (1985). (8M) Sisovic, A.; Fugas. M.; “Comparison of three types of carbon monoxide measuring instruments,” Staub-Reinhan. Lufi 45(4), 179-81 (1985). Aldehydes (1N) Levin, J. 0.; Kindahi, R.; Anderson, K.; “A passive sampler for formaldehyde in air using 2,4dinitrophenyihydrazinacoated glass fibers,” fnviron. Sci. Technoi. 20(12), 1273-6 (1986). (2N) Tejada, S. 8.; “Evaluation of silica gel cartridges coated in situ with acidified 2,4dinitrophenyihydrazine for sampling aldehydes and ketones in air,” Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 26(2), 167-85 (1986). (3N) Lipari, F.; Swarin, S.J.; “2,4Dlnitrophenylhydrazinscoated Fiorisii sampiing cartridges for the determination of formaldehyde in air,” Environ . Sci. Technol. lS(l), 44-8 (1985). (4N) Virgili, R.; Bernhard, C. A,; “Sampling and determination of aldehydes in environmental air,” Soz .-Praeventivmed. 29(4-5), 203-4 (1984). (5N) Cofer. W. R. 111; Edahi. R. A.. Jr.; “A new technique for collection, Concentration and determination of gaseous tropospheric formaldehyde,” Atmos. Environ, 20(5). 979-84 (1986). (8N) Meng. Z.; Tanner, R . L.; “Rapid determination of ppb levels of aidehydes in ambient air by high-performance liquid chromatography,” BNL -
51725 Nrrs ~ ~ ~ 4 0 1 1 60 5 8pp 4 (1983). (7N) Schubert, 6.; Schmidt, U.; Ehhait, D. H.; “Sampling and analysis of acetaldehyde in tropspheric air,” Comm. fur. Communities [Rep .] EUR 9436 44-52 (1984). (8N) Baimat, J. L.;’ Meadows, G. W.; “Monitoring of formaldehyde in air,” Am. Ind. Wg. ~ s s o c J. . 46(10), 578-84 (1985). (9N) Monsen, R. M.; Stock, T. H.; “A comparison of formaldehyde monitoring methods for the residential environment,” J . Environ . Hea/th 49(2), 72-5 (1986). (ION) Petreas. M.; Twiss. S.;Pon, D.; Imada, M.; “A laboratory evaluation of two methods for measuring low levels of formaldehyde in indoor air,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 47(5), 276-80 (1986). (1 IN) Knox, S.E.;Hee, S. S. Q.; “Phenol interference in the mercury-free pararosaniline method and the chromotropic acid method for formaldehyde,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45(5), 325-8 (1984). (12N) Baimat, J. L.; “Reduction of phenol interference in the chromotropic acM method for formaldehyde,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 47(9), 587 (1986). (13N) Cecchini, F.; Febo, A.; Possanzini, M.; “High efficiency annular denuder for formaldehyde monitoring,” Anal. Lett. 18(A6), 681-93 (1985). (14N) Peltonen, K.; Pfaffli, P.; Itkonen, A.; “Determination of aldehydes in air as dimethone derivatives by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection,” J. Chromtogr. 315, 412-16 (1984). (15N) Andrawes, F. F.; “Detection of traces of formaldehyde in pure air by gas chromatography and helium ionization detection,” J. Chromatogr. Sci. 22(11), 506-8 (1984). (16N) Utterback. D. F.;Gold, A.; Miiiington, D. S.;“Quantitative analysis of formaldehyde condensates in the vapor state,” Adv. Chem. Ser. 210(Formaldehyde), 57-65 (1985). (17N) Kennedy, E. R.; OConnor; P. F.; Gagnon, Y. T.; “Determination of acrolein in air as an oxazoiidine derivative by gas chromatography,” Anal. Chem. 56(12), 2120-3 (1984). (18N) Schiff, H. I.; Harris, G. W.; Mackay, G. I.; “Measurements of atmospheric constituents by tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry,” Prepr.-Am. Chem. SOC.,Dlv. Pet. Chem. 31(2), 507-11 (1986). (19N) Moehimann, G. R.; “Formaldehyde detection in air by laser-induce fluorescence,” Appl. Spectrosc. 39(1), 98-101 (1985). (20N) Aifheim. J. A.; Langford, C. H.; “Determination of formaldehyde with the thermal lens effect,” Anal. Chem. 57(4), 861-4 (1985). (21N) Matsuhisa, K.; Ozeki, K.; “Determination of trace amounts of formaldehyde by ion-exchange resin thin-layer spectrophotometry,” Analyst (London) 111(10), 1175-7 (1986). (22N) Daggett, D. L.; Stock, T. H.; “An investigation into the storage stability of environmental formaldehyde samples,” Am. Ind. Hyg Assoc J 46(9), 497-504 (1985). (23N) Williams, E. J.; Sievers, R. E.; “Synthesis and characterization of a new sorbent for use in the determination of volatile. compiex-forming organic compounds in air,” Anal. Chem. 58(13), 2523-8 (1984).
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Hydrocarbon Sampllng/Solld Sorbents (IP) Peiiizzari, E. D.; Gutknecht, W. F.; Cooper, S.;Hardison. D.; “Evaluation of sampling methods for gaseous atmospheric samples,” EPA-600/3-84062 N T r s ~ ~ 8 4 - 7 9 0 7 3 294 5 pp (1984). (2P) Ogle, L. D.; Hall, R. C.; Crow, W. L.; Jones, A. E.; Gise, J. P.; “Development of preconcentration and chromatographic procedures for the continuous and unattended monitoring of hydrocarbons in ambient air.” in Identif. Anal. Org. Poiluf. Air, 171-82, Keith, L. H., (Ed.);Butterworth: Boston, MA (1984). (3P) Ligocki, M. P.; Pankow, J. F.; “Assessment of adsorption/soivent extraction with polyurethane foam and adsorption/thermai desorption with Tenax-GC for the collection and analysis of ambient organic vapors,” Anal. Chem. 57(6), 1138-44 (1985). (4P) Van der Straeten, D.; Van Langenhove, H.; Schamp, N.; “Comparison between theoretical and experimental sampling efficiencies on Tenax GC,” J. Chromafogr. 331(2), 207-18 (1985). (5P) Roberts, J. M.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Aibritton, d. L.; Sievers, R . E.; “Sampling and analysis of monoterpene hydrocarbons in the atmosphere with Tenax gas chromatographic porous polymer,” in Identif. Anal. Org. Pollut. Air, 371-87, Keith, L. H., (Ed.); Butterworth: Boston, MA (1984). (6P) Rlba, M. L.; Randrianaiimanana, E.; Mathieu, J.; Torres, L.; Namiesnik, J.; “Preconcentration of atmospheric terpenes on solid sorbents, Inf . J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 19(2), 133-43 (1985). (7P) Wallace, B. G.; Sherren, A. J.; “Measurement of aldrin in air by gas chromatography with sorbent-filled trapping tube,” J.-Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 69(1), 93-7 (1986). (8P) Crist, H. L.; Mitchell, W. J.; “Field audit results with organic gas standards on volatile organic ambient air samplers equipped with Tenax GC,” Envlron. Sci. Technol. 20(12), 1260-2 (1986). (9P) Gutknecht, W. F.; Jayanty, R. K. M.; Bursey, J. T.; “Guidelines for determination of laboratory acceptability for analysis of volatile organic poiC tants collected on Tenax GC adsorbent,” €PA -600/4-84-035 NTIS P884-189638 72 pp (1984): (1OP) Windsor, J. 0. Jr.; Mease. J. R.; Stikeleather. J. A.; Means, R. E.; “Standards preparation for solid sorbent cartridges,” in Identlf Anal. Org. Pollut. Air 391-408, Keith, L. H., (Ed.); Butterworth: Boston, MA (1984). (11P) Wailing, J. F.; Bumgarner, J. E.; Driscoii, D. J.; Morris, C. M.; Riley, A. E.; Wright, L. H.; “Apparent reaction products desorbed from Tenax used to sample ambient air,” Atmos. Environ. 20(1), 51-7 (1986). (12P) Lewis, R. G.; Muiik, J.; “Passive sampling devices with reversible adsorption,” Anal. Chem. 57(1). 219-23 (1985). (13P) Lewis, R. G.; Muiik. J.; Coutant, R. W.; Wooten, G. W.; McMiiiin, C. R.; “Thermally desorbable passive sampling device for volatile organic chemicals in amMent air,” Anal. Chem. 57(1), 214-19 (1985). (14P) Coutant, R. W.; Lewis, R. G.; Mulik, J. D.; “Modiflcation and evaluation of a thermally desorbable passive sampler for volatile organic compounds
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Hydrocarbonr/GC (10) McClenny, W. A.; Pleil, H. D.; Holdren, M. W.; Smith, R. N.; "Automated cryogenlc preconcentration and gas chromatographic determination of volatile organic compounds in air," Anal. Chem. 56(14), 2947-51 (1984). (2Q) SchmMbaw, N.; Oehme, M.; "Analysis of light hydrocarbons (C,-C,) at ppt levels of high resolution gas chromatography," HRC CC,J. H/gh Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Common. 8(8), 404-8 (1985). (3Q) Schmidbauer, N.; Oehme, M.; "Improvement of a cryogenic preconcentratlon unlt for (C,-C,) hydrocarbons in ambient air at ppt levels," HRC CC , J . High Resolut . Chromatogr . Chromatogr . Commun . 9(9), 502-5 (1988). (4Q) Netravalkar, A. J.; Rao, A. M. M.; "Estimation of C2-C6 hytocarbons in air by pre-concentration of silica gel at dry ice temperature, Chromatographla 22(1-6). 183-8 (1986). (5Q) Arnts, R. R.; "Precolumn sample enrichment device for analysis of ambient volatile organics by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry," J Chronnatogr. 329(3), 399-405 (1985). (80) Holdren. M.; Rust, S.;Smith, R.; Koetz, J.; "Evaiuatlon of cryogenic trapping as a means for coHecting organic compounds in ambient air," EfA 160014-851002 NTIS p885-144046lGAR 57 pp (1985). (7Q) Yasuoka, T.; Hlguchi, H.;Kidokoro, T.; Mitsuzawa, S.; Zimmerman, P. R.; "A splrtless injection technique by cold trapping on capillary column," Bunseki Kagaku 33(10), 528-32 (1984). (8Q) Baiischmlter. K.; Mayer, P.; Class, T.; "Chemistry of organic traces in air. IV. Analysis of C,- and C,-halocarbons in ambient air by cold trap injection and wlde bore glass capillary gas chromatograpy," Fresenlus' Z . Anal. Chem. 323(4), 334-9 (1986). (9Q) Termonia, M.; Alaerts, G.; "Trace analysis of otganic pollutants in air by polymer adsorption and dual flame Ionization detection-electron-capture detection capillary gas chromatography," J. Chromatogr. 328, 367-71 (1985). (100) Berg, S.; Jonsson, A.; "Two-dimensionai gas chromatography for determination of volatila wmpounds in amblent ak," HRC CC,J. High Reso/ut.Chrornatogr. Chfomafcgr. Commun. 7(12), 687-95 (1984). (11Q) Kryzmlen, M. E.; "Dual adsorber-capillary column systems for gas chromatographic analysis of air samples," Int . J . €nvlron. Anal. Chem . 21(1-2). 43-62 (1985). (12Q) Lang,R. F.; "Determination of polar organic solutes i?,methanoi using hot on-cdwnn injectioo caplllary gas chromatography, Anal. Chem. 58(6), 1259-61 (1986). (13Q) Kashlhlra, N.; Maklno. K.; Kirlta. K.; Watanabe. Y.; "Determination of acetonitrlle and acrylonitrlle in air by gas chromatography with adsorptive enrichment and chemiluminescent nitrogen detector," Bunseki Kagaku 33(8), 402-6 (1984). (14Q) Hobclaw, J. R.; Rose, S. L.; Wyatt, J. R.; Roundbehler, D. P.; Fine. D. H.; "Shrmltaneous determlnation of hydrazine, methylhydrazlne, and 1,ldhethylhydrazlne in air by derbatlzation/gas chromatography." Anal. Chern. 56(14), 2952-6 (1984). (15Q) Tomklns, B. A.: Manning, D. L.; Griest, W. H.; Jones, A. R.; "Selective detection of 1,2-propybne glycol dinitrate. 1-propylene glywi mononitrate, and 2-propylene glycol mononitrate using gas chromatographylthermal energy analyzer of liquid chromatography/ekrctrochemlcal detection," Anal. Chlm. Acta 189, 69-78 (1985). (16Q) Skarping, G.; Smith, 8 . E. F.; Dalene, M.; "Trace analysis of amines and isocyanates using glass capillary gas chromatography and selective
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detection. 111. Determination of aliphatic and alicyclic amines as perfluor0 fatty acld amides wing electron-captwe and nitrogen-selective detection," J. Ckomatogr. 303(1), 89-98 (1984). (17Q) Bouchertal, F.; Duinker, J. C.; "Porous glass as an efficient adsorbent for volatile atmospherlc polychlorinated biphenyl congeners," Anal. Chim . Acta 185, 369-75 (1986). (18Q) Kollar, V.; Kemka, R.; "Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in air by gas chromatography," f r a c . Lek. 38(9), 321-6 (1984). (19Q) Bdleman, T. F.; "Estimation of vapor pressures for nonpolar organic compounds by capillary gas chromatography." Anal. Chem. 58(13), 2490-6 (1984). (20Q) Fung, K. H.; Gaffney, J. S.; "Nondestructive gas chromatographic detection using laser lntracavlty photothermal spectroscopy," J . Chroma togr. 383(2), 207-15 (1986). (21Q) Kaznlna, N. I.; Zinov'eva, N. P.; Zyabkina, N. 6.; "Determination of propylene oxide in the air by gas adsorption chromatography,'' G/g. Sanit. (8), 45-6 (1984). (22Q) Moon, S.; Boyd, D. W.; Lichtman, A.; Porter, R. A.; "Determination of low concentrations of vinyl chloride in air by GC/MS," Am. Lab. 17( l), 98, 100-5 (1985). (23Q) Nutmagui, W.; Cronn, D. R.; "Determination of selected atmospheric aromatic hydrocarbons at remote continental and oceanic locations using photolonizationlflame-ionization detection," J. Atmos . Chem . 2(4), 415-33 (1985). (24Q) Hanai, Y.; Katou, T.; Aoki, S.; "Continuous determination of formic acid and acetic acid in the air by the automatic analyzing system wRh gas chromatographylmass spectrometry-SIM," Yokohama Kokuritsu Daigaku Kankyo Kagaku Kenkyu Senta K/yo 12(1), 41-6 (1985). (250) Kawamura, K.; Ng, L. L.; Kapian, I.; "Determination of organic acids (C,-Clo) in the atmosphere, motor exhausts, and engine oils," Environ. Sci. Techno/. 19(11), 1082-6 (1985).
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HYDROCARBONIWOMC
(1R) Schroeder, W. H.; Jackson, R. A.; "An instrumental analytical technique for speciation of atmospheric mercury," Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 22(1-2), 1-18 (1985). (2R) Meyer, P. L.; Suter, 6.; Sigrist, M. W.; "In-situ measurements of gaseous air pollutants with a mobile carbon dioxide laser-photoacoustic system," Helv. fhys. Acta 59(6-7), 1027-30 (1988). (3R) Verma, P.; Gupta, V. K.; "A new method for spectrophotometric determination of benzene in air," Envlron. Int. 10(4), 279-83 (1964). (4R) Hadeishi, T.; Pollard, M.; McLaughlin, R.; Koga. M.; "Development of an optical monitor for toxic organic compounds in air," €PA /600/4-85/043 MIS p885-225027 42 pp (1985). (5R) Shmuter, G. M.; Kozyarin, I. P.; Ratushnaya, V. 2.;Suk, V. G.; Cherkasov, V. G.; Maslenko, A. A.; "Determining acetic acid levels in the atmosphere," Gig. Sank. (12), 31 (1984). (6R) Fung. K.; Grosjean, D.; "Determination of particulate atmospheric benzoic acid by ion chromatography with ultraviolet detection," Anal. Left. 17(A6), 375-82 (1984). (7R) Stelnberg, S.; Kawamura, K.; Kaplan, 1. R.; "The determination of alpha-keto acids and oxalic acid in rain, fog and mist by HPLC," I n t . J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 19(4), 251-60 (1985). (8R) Gholson, A. R., Jr.; "Methodology for determination of alcohols. organic acids and phenols in ambient air," Univ. Microfilms Int. DAB413874 166 PP (1984). (9R) Baveja, A. K.; Gupta, V. K.; "Spectrophotometric determination of phenois in air," J. Indian Chem. SOC.81(4), 348-50 (1984). (10R) Novitskii, V. F.; "Gas-chromatographic determination of phenol in air as its bromine derivative," Gig, T r . Prof. Zabol. (5),55-6 (1986). (1 1R) Leasure, C. S.; Eiceman, G. A,; "Continuous detection of hydrazine and rnonomethylhydrazine using ion mobility spectrometry," Anal. Chem , 57(9), 1890-4 (1985).
Other Spectroscopy (1s) Fung, K. H.; Lin, H. 6.; "Trace gas detection by laser intracavity photothermal spectroscopy," Appl. Opt. 25(5), 749-52 (1986). (25) Bruce, C. W.; "Photoacoustic detection of atmospheric components," Proc. Int. Conf. Lasers 612-19 (1985). (3s)Choi, J. G.; "High sensitivity detection techniques with microphones: a laser optoacoustic approach to the detection of ultra trace quantities of carcinogens and pollutants," Univ. Microfilms Int.; DA8519820 149 pp (1986). (4s) Johnson, S. A.; "Trace gas detection using infrared lasers," Anal. R o c . (London) 23(1), 1-4 (1988). (5s)Wiesmann, W.; "Remote measurement and sample analysis of dangerous gases." Chem. I d . (DuesseMorf) 37(10). 670-1 (1985). (6s) Ahlberg, J.; Lundqvlst, S.; Shumate, M. S.; Persson, U.; "Analysis of errors caused by optical interference effects in waveiength-diverse carbon dioxide laser long-path systems," Appl. Opt. 24(22), 3917-23 (1985). (7s) Kavaya, M. J.; Menzies. R. T.; "Lidar aerosol backscatter measurements; systematic, modeling, and calibration error considerations," Appl. Opt. 24(21), 3444-53 (1985). (8s) Galais, A,; Fortunato, 0.;Chavei, P.; "Gas concentration measurement by spectral correlation: rejection of interferent species." Appl. Opt. 24(14), 2127-34 (1985). (9s) Sughnoto, N.: "Hadamard transform active long-path absorption spectrometer system for measurements of atmospheric trace species," Appl. opt. 25(6), 863-5 (1986). Other
(1T) Namlesnik, J.; Torres, L.; Mathleu, J.; "Investlgations of the influence of preconcentration parameters on sorption capacity of solds,"I n t . J. f n viron. Anal. Chem. 22(3-4), 169-82 (1985). (2T) Febo, A.; Possanzini, M.; "Diffusion-type annular denuder (HEAD). De-
AIR POLLUTION cisive progress In sampling techniques for air pollutants,” Acqua Aria (2). 169-73 (1984). (3T) Persoff, P.; Hodgson, A. T.; “Correction external mass-transfer resistance in diffusive sampling,” Am. Ind. w g . Assoc. J . 46(11), 648-52 (1985). (4T) Overcamp, T. J.; “A theory for critical flow through hypodermic needles,” Envkon. Scl. Technol. 19(11). 1134-6 (1985). (5T) Evans, J. S.; Cwper, D. W.; Kinney, P.; “On the propagation of error in air pollution measurements,” Envlron Monk. Assess. 4(2), 139-53 (1984). (6T) Wailing, J. F.; ”The utility of distributed air volume sets when sampling ambient air using solid adsorbents,” Atmos. Envkon. 18(4), 855-9 (1984). (7T) Nakamori, Y.; Sawaragi, Y.; “Interactive design of urban level air quality monitoring network,” Atmos. Env&on. 18(4), 793-9 (1984). (8T) Onderdeiinden, D;; “Optimization of monitoring networks by remote sensing techniques, Comm Eur. Communities, [Rep .] EUR 8754 363-80 (1984). (9T) Hirota, M.; Muramatsu, H.; “Gas-chromatographic measurements of atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride,” Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 59( l), 329-3 1 (1986). (10T) Vanderborght, 8.; “Interlaboratory comparison of SF, determination used within the framework of tracer releases,” Comm . Eur, Communlties, [Rep.] EUR 9903 507-512 (1985). (11T) Holland, D. M.; McElory, F. F.; “Analytical method comparisons by estimates of precision and lower detection limit,” Envlron. Scl. Technol. 20(1), 1157-61 (1986). (12T) Watanabe, I.; “Integrated air sampling technique using a glass syringe,“ Envlron. Technol. Lett. 7(2), 115-18 (1986).
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AEROSOLS
Books and Review (1AA) Lawrence, J. F.; Trace Analysis, Vol. 4 ; Academic Press, Inc.: Orlando, FL, 305 pp (1985). (2AA) Drugov, Y. S.; Beiikov. A. 8.; D’yakova, G. A,; Tui’chinskii, V. M.; Methods for Ana!vsk? for Ak follutants; Khimiya: Moscow, USSR, 384 pp (1984). (3AA) Fuchs, M. A.; “Methods for determining aerosol concentration,” AeroSO/ S C ~ rechnol. . 5(2), 123-43 (1988). (4AA) Mizohata, A.; Matsuda. Y.; Sakamoto, K.; Kadowaki, S.; “Chemical composition of particulate air pollutants.” Takkl Osen Gakkalshl 21(2), 83-103 (1986). (5AA) Klockow, D.; Nlessner, R.; Jabionski, 8.; Denzinger, H.; Roenicke, G.; “Crltlcal review of sampling techniques and determination methods for atmospheric strong acids,” in fo//ut. m k €coto~lcol.Slgnlf. 11-16, Nuemberg, H. W., (Ed.); Wiley, Chichester, UK (1985). (6AA) Fukasawa, T.; Iwatsuki, M.; ”State analysis of airborne particulates,” Bunseki(l), 89-95 (t986). (7AA) Sanchez Sanchez, M.; Losada del Barrio, J.; Munoz Camacho, E.; Paz Castro, M.; “Measurement of air pollution. 4. Determination of particles,” Ing. Oohn. 18(210), 115-22 (1986). (8AA) Sugimae, A.; “Air suspended particulates,” Bunseki (lo), 758-60 (1984). (9AA) Wang, X.; “Design and calibration of impactors,” Huanjing Huaxue 3(6), 1-9 (1984). (10AA) Kano, H.; Fukushima, N.; “Measurements of submicron aerosol particles by condensation nucleus counter and electrostatic method,’’ Kukl Seljo 22(4), 33-41 (1985). (11AA) Stevens, D. C.; “Review of aspiratbn coefficients of thin-wailed sam piing nozzles,” J. Aerosol Scl. 17(4), 729-43 (1986). (12AA) Fletcher, R. A.; ”A review of personailportablemonitors and sampiers for airborne particles,’’ J . AC follut. Control Assoc. 34(10), 1014-16 (1984). (13AA) Tlwary, R. K.; Singh, T. P. N.; Ghosh, S. K.; “Analytical methods for carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,” Indian J . Envlron R o t . 5(3). 209-13 (1985). (14AA) VoDinh, T.; “Air pollution: applications of simple luminescence techniques,” in Idenfff. Anal. Org. Pollut. Alr, 257-70, Keith, L. H., (Ed.); Butterworth: Boston, MA (1984). (15AA) Llberti, A.; CiccioH, P.; “High resolution chromatographic techniques for the evaluation of atmospheric pollutants,” HRC CC J . Hlgh Resolut. Chromatogr. chromatogr. Commun. 9(9), 492-501 (1986). (16AA) Ramdahi. T.; Becher, G.; Bjoerseth, A,; ”Characterization of poiycyclic organic matter in urban air particulate matter by gas chromatography-electron impact and negative ion Chemical ionizatbn mass spectrometry,” in Idenfff. Anal. Org. follut. A&, 339-52. Keith, L. W.. (Ed.); Butterworth: Boston, MA (1984). (17AA) May, W. E.; Chesler, S. N.; Hertz, H. S.; Hlipert, L. R.; Rebbert, R. E.; Vogt, C. R.; Wise, S. A.; “Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particulate extracts by liquid gas chromatographic methods,” in Idenfff. Anal. Org. pdlut. Air, 197-230, Keith, L. W., (Ed.); Butterworth: Boston, MA (1984). (18AA) Rlggin, R. M.; Mezey, E. J.; Henry, W. M.; “Literature review on Occurrence and methodology for deterrnlnationof nickel, chromium, manganese, and arsenic species in air,” €PA-60014-84-026 NTIS -84172105 58 pp (1984). (19AA) Alin, A.; Sansoni, 8.; “A review on activation analysis of air particulate matter,“ J . Radloanal. Nucl. Chem. 89(l), 191-275 (1985). (20AA) Richter, F. W.; “Application of PIXE to the analysis of airborne dust.” Ann. p h v ~ (LMzlg) . 42(3), 239-49 (1985). (21AA) Torok, S. 8.; “Chemical characterization of contaminating airborne dust particles by x-ray microprobes,” fhys. Status Solldl A . 94(2), 849-54 (1986). (22AA) Ramanathan, P. S.; “Application of gas chromatography for environmental pollution studies, I I I:Particulates in air,” Indlan J . Envlron. Rot. 4(3). 137-63 (1984).
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(23AA) Coienutt, 6. A.; Trenchard, P. J.; “Ion chromatography and its a p plication to environmental analysis: a review,” Envkon. follut., Ser. 6 . lO(2). 77-96 (1985). (24AA) Llakopoulou-Kiriakidou, M.; Kotaii, A.; “Particulate analysis by mass spectrophotometry: general principles and techniques.” Chem Chron ., Genlke Ekdose 50(2-3), 43-50 (1985). (25AA) Obrusnik, I.; “Analysis of atmospheric aerosols by neutron activation,” Chem. Llsly EO(1) 1-27 (1986). (26AA) Milford, J. 8.; Davidson, C. I.: “The sizes of particulate trace elements in the atmosphere-a review,’’ J . Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 35( 12), 1249-60 (1985).
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Sulfur Speclalion (188) Knapp, K. T.; Durham, J. L.; Eliestad, T. G.; “Pollutant sampler for measurements of atmospheric acidic dry deposition,” Environ. Scl. Techno/.20(6), 633-7 (1986). (288) Hicks, 6. 8.; Hocker, R. P., Jr.; Womack, J. D.; “Comparisons of wet and dry deposition derived from the first year of trial dry deposition monitoring,” Prepr.-Am. Chem. SOC., Dlv. Pet. Chem. 31(2), 486-90 (1986). (388) Dasch, J. M.; “Direct measurement of dry deposition to a polyethylene bucket and varlous surrogate surfaces,’’ Envlron. Scl. Technol. 19(8), 721-5 (1985). (488) Sievering, H.; Ton, N.; “A study of sulfate aerosol dry loading coilection efficiency by passive samplers,” J . Air Polhf. Control Assoc. 35( lo), 1072-4 (1985). (568) Sianina, J.; Schwnebeek. C. A. M.; Kiockow, D.; Niessner, R.; “Determination of sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfates by means of a computer-controlled thermodenuder system,’’ Anal. Chem . 57(9). 1855-60 (1985). (686) Wengenroth, K.; Israel, 0.W.; “Development of a microcomputerized sulfur monitor for simultaneous measurement of gaseous and particulate sulfur compounds,” J . Aerosol Sci. 15(3), 395-8 (1984). (788) Lindqvist, F.; “Determination of ambient sulfuric acid aerosol by gas chromatography/photoionization detection after pre-concentration in a denuder,” Atmos. Envlron. 19(10), 1671-80 (1985). (886) Mizuochi, M.; Murano, K.; Izumi, K.; Fukuyama, T.; “Measuring system for gaseous and particulate air pollutants by chromatographic method,’’ Kokuritsu Kogai Kekyusho Kenkyu Hdtoku 60, 169-88 (1964). (968) A!len, 0. A.; Turner, W. A.; Woifson, J. M.; Spengier, J. D.; “Description of a continuous sulfuric acid/suifate monitor,” €PA /600 /984t019 Proc.-Natl. Symp. Recent Adv. follut. Monit. Amblent Air Stationery Sources. 140-51 (1984). (1068) Rood, M. J.; Larson. T. V.; Covert, D. S.; Ahiquist, N. C.; “Measurement of laboratory and ambient aerosols with temperature and humidity controlled nephelometry,” Atmos . Environ. 19(7), 1181-90 (1965). (1186) McCarthy. J. F.; Mohiuddin, G.; Tollefson, M. H.; Elliott, J. F.; “Detection of sulfuric acid aerosols by a mobility classifier system,” PrOC.-APCA Annu. Meet. 77tYVOl. 6 ) 84-110.4, 14 pp (1984). (1288) Lisowski, A.; Matynlak, 2.; Zwozdziak, J.; “On the usability of filter papers for the measurement of airborne sulfate ion concentration,” Envlran. Rot. Eng. 10(4), 77-82 (1984). (1386) Suto, M.; Mazanares, E. R.; Lee, L. C.; “Detection of sulfuric acid aerosols by ultraviolet scattering,” Environ Scl. Technol. l9(9), 815-20 (1985). (1488) Wood, S. A.; “Identification of aerosol composition form muitiwavelength lidar measurements,” NASA-CR- 173445 NTIS NASI ,217:173445, OSTR-84-4 116 pp (1984). (1588) Ohta, S.; Okta, T.; Kusaka, F.; “Measurement of atmospheric suifuric acid particles using diazomethane methylation,” J . Meteorol. SOC. Jpn. 63(1), 112-16 (1985). 1688) Matsumura, T.; Kametani, K.; Todoriki, H.; Takemura, T.; Todome, M.; Takeda, M.; “Determination of sulfur acid particles in the atmosphere by a gas chromatograph with flame photometric detector,” Nippon Kagaku Kaishi (l), 100-4 (1966). 1788) Baitensperger, U.; Hertz, J.; “Determination of anions and cations in atmospheric aerosols by single column ion chromatography,” J . Chroma twr. 324(1), 153-61 (1985). 1888) McClenny. W. A.; Childers, J. W.; Roehi, R.; Palmer, R. A,; “FTIR transmission spectrometry for the nondestructivedetermination of ammonium and sulfate in amblent aerosols collected on Teflon filters,’’ Atmos. Environ. 19(11), 1891-8 (1985). (1988) Witr, S.; “Effect of environmental factors on filter alkalinity and artifact formation.” Environ. Scl. Technol. 19(9), 831-5 (1965). (2088) Fraser, S. M.; Edmonds, T. E.; West, T. S.;“Development of a multi-sensor system using coated piezoelectric crystal detectors,” Analyst (London) lll(10). 1183-6 (1986). (2188) Roehi, R.; ChiMers, J. W.; Palmer, R. A,; “Quantification of ammonium in aerosols by near-infrared photothermal spectroscopy,” Appl. Spec~ ~ O S 39(4), C. 668-72 (1985). (2288) Bassett, M. E.; Seinfeid, J. H.; “Atmospheric equilibrium model of sulfate and nitrate aerosols. I L . Particle size analysis,’’ Atmos . Envlron . 18(6). 1163-70 (1984). (2388) Husain, L.; Webber, J. S.; Caneiii, E.; Dutkiewicz, V. A.; Haistead. J. A.; “Manganesetvanadium ration as a tracer of aerosol sulfate transport,” Atmos. Envlron. 18(6), 1059-71 (1984).
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Particulate Carbon (1CC) Ohta, S.; Okita, T.; “Measurements of particulate carbon in urban and marine air in Japanese areas,” Atmos. Environ. l 8 ( l l), 2439-45 (1984). (2CC) Mizohata, A.; Ito, N.; “Determination of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric aerosols by thermal method,’’ Annu. Rep. Radlat, Cent. Osaka Prefect. 26, 51-5 (1985). Su,W.; “Determination of the carbonaceous content of (3CC) Zhang, 0.; aerosols in atmosphere,” Huanjlng Huaxue 4(4), 1-6 (1965). ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 59, NO. 12, JUNE 15, 1987
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AIR POLLUTION (4CC) Rao, K. S.M.; “Elemental carbon from suspended particulate matter in amblent air.” Indlen J. Envlron. h a & 28(3), 200-2 (1986). (5CC) Hayashi. H.; Inoue, Y.; Hayasaka, T.; Kurosawa, Y.; Satoh, S.; “Analysls of particulate carbon and other elements using the elemental analyzer,’’ Taiki Osen Gakkaishl20(5),349-61 (1985). (6CC) Hogan, A.; Ahmed, N.; Black, J.; Barnard, S.;“Some practical propertles of a black aerosol,” J . Aerosol. Sci. 16(5), 391-7 (1985). Poiycycllc Arornatlc Hydrocarbons (1DD) Wlse, S. A.; Benner, B. A.; Cheder, S.N.; Hilpert, L. R.; Vogt, C. R.; May, W. E.; “Characterization of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from two standard reference material air particulate samples,” Anal. Chem. 58(14), 3067-77 (1986). (2DD) Van Vaeck, L.; Van Cauwenberghe, K. A.; “Characteristic parameters of particle size distributions of prlmary organic constltuents of ambient aerosols,” Envlron. Sci. Techno/. 19(8), 707-16 (1985). (3DD) Chuang, C. C.; Bresler, W. E.; Hannan, S. W.; Evaiuatlon of poiyurethane foam cartr&es for measurement of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons In alr,” €PA 160014-85-055 NTIS P885-245645IGAR 37 pp (1985). (4DD) Oehme, M.; Manoe. S.; Mlkalsen, A,; Kirschmer, P.; “Quantitative method for the determination of femtogram amounts of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxlns and dibenzofurans in outdoor air,” Chemosphere 15(5), 807-17 (1988). (5DD) Bldleman, T. F.; Slmon, C. G.;Burdick, N. F.; You, F.; “Theoretlcal piate measurements and collection efficlencles for high-volume air samplers using polyurethane foam,” J. Chromafogr. 301(2), 448-53 (1984). (6DD) Keller, C. D.; Bldleman, T. F.; “Collection of alrborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organics with a glass fiber filter-polyurethane foam system,’’ Atmos. Envlron. 18(4), 837-45 (1984). (7DD) Thrane, K. E.; Mikabn. A.; Stray, H.; “Monitoring method for airborne polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons,” Inf. J . Envimn. Anal. Chem. 23( 1-2), 111-34 (1985). (8DD) Zleiinska, B.; Arey, J.; Ramdahl, T.; Atkinson, R.; Winer, A. M.; “Potential for artifact formation durlng Tenax sampllng of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,“ J. Chromafogr. 363(2), 382-6 (1986). (9DD) Junk, G. A.; Richard, J. J.; “Extraction of organlc compounds from solid samples,” Anal. Chem. 56(4), 982-5 (1986). (10DD) Liberti, A.; Ciccloii, P.; Cecinato, A,; Brancaleonl, E.; Di Palo, C.; “Determination of nitrated-polyaromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in environmental samples by hlgh resolution chromatographic technlques,” HRC CC J. High Resoluf. Chromafogr. Chromafogr. Commun. 7(7). 389-97 (1984). (1 1 W ) Stray, H.; Mlkalsen, A.; Soensterud, 6.; Oehme, M.; “Preseparation of polar, substltuted, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aerosol extracts by highperformance liquid chromatography on acld- or basic-buffered silica,” J. ChromatOgr. 349(2), 331-6 (1985). (12DD) Jinno, K.; Hondo, T.; Saito, M.; “Retention predlction system coupled with a multichannel ultraviolet detector for the ldentlfication of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.” Chromafographle 20(6), 351-6 (1985). ( 1 3 W ) Sigvardson, K. W.; Birks, J. W.; “Detection of nitro-polycyciic aromatlc hydrocarbons in nquld chromatography by zinc reduction and peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence,” J. Chromatogr. 318, 507-18 (1984). (14DD) Karlesky, D. L.; “Methods for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon determination in air samples using polar-bonded phase HPLC and GC-MS with appllcatbn to oil refinery samples,” Univ. Microtllms Inf. DAB605169 271 pp (1986). (15DD) Shiozaki, T.; Tanabe, K.; Matsushita, H.; “Analytical method for polynuclear aromatlc hydrocarbons In alrborne particulates by high performance llqutd chromatography,” Takl Osen Gakkalshl 19(4), 300-7 (1984). (16DD) Muel, 8.; S a g m , S.; ”Determinatlon of 23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric partlculate matter of the Paris area and photoiysls by sunlight,” Int. J. Envkon. Anal. Chem. 19(2), 111-31 (1985). (17DD) Jin. 2.: Dong, S.: He,Y.; Li, Y.; Xu, X.; “Determination of polynuclear nitro-aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates with high-performance llquld chromatography,” HuanJng Huaxue 4(3), 25-9 (1985). (18DD) Tejada, s. 6.; Zwetdinger, R. 6.; Slgsby. J. E.. Jr.; “Fluorescence detection and ldentlflcatlon of nitro derivatives of polynuclear aromatlc hydrocarbons by on-column catalytic reduction to aromatic amines,” Anal. Chem. 58(8), 1827-34 (1986). (19DD) Masclet, P.; Bresson, M. A.; Beyne, S.; Mowler. G.;“Fast determination w M u t preseparatlon, of PAH nkrogen derivatives in atmospheric aerosols,’’ Analusis lS(9). 401-5 (1985). (20DD) Butler, H. T.; Coddens, M. E.; Khatlb, S.;Poole, C. F.; “Determinatlon of polycyclic aromatlc hydrocarbons in envkonmentai samples by high performance thin-layer chromatography and fluorescence scanning densitometry.” J. Chromatogr. Scl. 23(5), 200-7 (1985). (21DD) Tanaka, K.; Sugawara, K.; “Spectrofiuorometrlc determlnation of benzo(a)pyrene in envkonmental ahborne particulates and soils,” Kenkyu Hokoku-Knato Gakuln Dalgeku Kcgakubu 28(1). 1-8 (1984). (22DD) VoDlnh, T.; Eniow, P. D.; “Surfacwnhanced Raman spectroscopy: a new tool for air pollutants detectlon,” Roc.-APCA Annu. Meef.78th(VOl. 6). 85-81.3 10 pp (1985). (23DD) Burtscher, H.; Schmldt-Ott, A.; “In situ measurement of adsorption and condensation of a polyaromatlc hydrocarbon on ultrafine C partlcles by means of photoemission.” J . Aerosol Scl. 17(4), 699-703 (1986). (24DD) Nlessner, R.; Klockow. D.; Bruynaeels. F.; Van Grleken, R.; Investigation of heterogeneous reactions of PAH’s on particles surfaces using laser microprobe mass analysis,” I n f . J . Environ. Anal. Chem. 22(3-4). 281-95 (1985). Asbestos (1EE) Small, J. A.; Steel, E. 8.; Sheridan. P. J.; ”Anaiytlcal standards for the analysis of chrysotlle asbestos in ambient envlronments,” Anal. Chem. 57(1), 204-8 (1985).
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(2EE) Moeiter, W.; “Separation of asbestos fibers based on aerodynamlc diameter,” Staub-Relnhaff. Luff 45(5), 21 1-14 (1985). (3EE) Van Maaren. P. W.; ”Quantltathre polarization-interference microscopic detection of asbestos in technical dust mixtures,” Sfaub -Reinhalt. Lufl 44( lo), 433-40 (1984). (4EE) Pang, T. W. S.;Dicker, W. L.; Nazar, M. A.; “An evaluation of the precislon and accuracy of the direct transfer method for the analysis of asbestos fibers with comparison to the NIOSH method,’’ Am. Ind. Hyg. AssOC. J . 45(5), 329-35 (1984). (5EE) Stott, W. R.; Meranger, J. C.; “Automated fiber counting in the scanning electron microscope,” Scannlng Electron Micmsc. (2), 583-8 (1984). (6EE) Marconi, A.; Menichini, E.;Paoietti, L.; ”A comparison of light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results in the evaluation of the occupational exposure to alrborne chrysotile fibers,” Ann. Occup. Hyg. 28(3), 321-31 (1964). (7EE) Rood, A. P.; Streeter, R. R.; “Size distributions of occupational airborne asbestos textlle flbers as determined by transmission electron microscopy,” Ann. Occup. Hyg. 28(3), 333-9 (1984). (8EE) Hoehr, D.; “Transmission electron mlcroscopy study. Fibrous particles in ambient air,” Sfaub-Reinhalf. Luff 45(4), 171-4 (1985). (9EE) Upreti, R. K.; Dogra. R. K. S.;Shanker, R.; Murti, C. R. K.; Dwivedi, K. K.; Rao, G. N.; “Trace elemental analysis of asbestos with an x-ray fluorescence technique,” Sci. Total Environ. 40, 259-67 (1984). (10EE) Balducci, D.; Valerlo. F.; “Qualitative and quantitative analysis of chrysotile and crocidolite fibers by infrared spectrophotometry,” Inquin amenfo 28(4), 54-8 (1986). Atornlc Absorptlon Spectroscopy (1FF) Febo, A.; Di Palo, V.; Possanzini, M.; “The determination of tetraalkyl lead In air by a denuder diffusion technique,” Sci. Total Environ. 48(3), 167-94 (1986). (2FF) Yamaoka. S.; Mlyazaki, T.; Inagaki, T.; Oka, M.; “Comparison of trace metal contents in environmental materials by dlfferent sample preparatlon,” Annu. Rep. Osaka Cify Insf. Public Health Environ. Sci. 46, 27-30 (1984). (3FF) Chiou, K. Y.; Manuel, 0. K.; “Determination of tellurium and selenium in atmospherlc aerosol samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry,” Anal. Chem. 58(14), 2721-3 (1984). (4FF) Naumann, K.; Bergmann, J.; Dannecker, W.; “Analysis of atmospheric suspended dusts uslng atomic spectrometric methods,’’ Forfschr Afop spekfrom. Spurenanal. 1, 543-55 (1984). (5FF) Yamashige, T.; Yamamoto, M.; Shigetomi, Y.; Yamamoto, Y.; “Determination of antimony in ambient particulates by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry,” Bunseki Kagaku 34(10). 646-8 (1985). (6FF) Koen, E.; “Flameless atomic absorptlon spectrometric method for the total and simultaneous determlnation of selenium and selenlum dioxide in air,” Khig. Zdraveopaz. 28(6), 87-91 (1985). (7FF) Ivanov, G.;“Flameless atomic absorption method for total and separate determlnation of selenium and selenium dioxide in air,” Khim. Ind. (Sofia) 56(6), 261 (1984). (8FF) Nakamura, E.; Namlki, H.; “Determination of mercury in air by atomic absorption spectrometry after collection on potassium permanganatecoated glass beads,” Bunseki Kagaku 35(5). 499-501 (1986). (9FF) Pang, S.;Qlu, G.;Xu, L.; “Selective absorptlon tube and cold-atomic absorption technique for raptd determination of mercury species in air,” Fenxi Huaxue 12(7), 584-8 (1984).
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X-ray Techniques (1GG) Harrison, R. M.; Sturges, W. T.; “Physicochemical speciation and transformation reactions of particulate atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur compounds,” Afmos. Environ. 18(9), 1829-33 (1984). (2GG) Tanninen, V. P.; Hyvarinen, H. K.; Grekula, A.; Kaiiiomaki, P. L.; “Experimental improvements in analysis of aerosol samples by x-ray powder diffraction,” J. Aerosol Sci. 16(5), 373-8 (1985). (306) Iwatsuki, M.; Tiiiekeratne, S. P.; Fukasawa, T.; Fukasawa. T.; “X-ray analysis of airborne particulates collected by an Andersen Sampler. Compound and elemental distributions vs. particle size of laboratory particulates,” Environ. Sci. Technoi. 18(11), 818-22 (1984). (4GG) Anseimo, V. C.; Rios, J. J.; “Preparation of standards on glass fiber filters for x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,” Proc . - A K A Annu. Meef. 77th(Vol. 3) 84-52.8 12 pp (1984). (5GG) Post, J.; Buseck, P. R.; “Quantitative energy dispersive analysis of lead halide particles from the Phoenix urban aerosol,” Environ. Sci. Techno/. 19(8), 682-5 (1985). (6GG) Sturges, W. T.; Harrison, R. M.; Dams, R.; “Development of a technique for the determination of lead and bromine in atmospherlc particles by x-ray fluorescence,” Afmos. Environ. 19(9), 1495-502 (1985). (7GG) Hayasaka, T.; Shibata, Y.; Inoue, Y.; Hayashi, H.; Kuroasawa, Y.; “Comparison of atomic absorption spectrometry and energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence method for determination of metals in suspended particulate.” Kawasaki-shi Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo (12), B l 2 (1985). ( 8 F ) Hayasaka. T.; Shibata, Y.; Inoue, Y.; Hayashi, H.; Kurosawa, Y.; Determination of multielements in suspended particulate matter by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry,” Kawasaki-shi Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo (12), 13-23 (1965). (9GG) Yamamoto. 0.; Dohdoh, K.; Kataoka, M.; Kodani, S.;Nakamoto, K.; Ishikawa, T.; Kyooka, H.; “Determination of heavy metals in airborne dust by x-ray fluorescence analysis,” Hiroshlma -shi €/sei Kenkyusho Nenpo (4), 82-6 (1985). (1OGG) Dmitriev. M. T.; Fradkin, B. I.; “Copper determination in the environment by x-ray fluorescence,” Gig. Sanff. (6), 51-2 (1986). (IlGG) Keteben, P.; Knoechel, A.; “X-ray fluorescence analysis with totally reflecting sample holders (TRFA). Multielement analysis of slze-fractlonated alrbwne dust samples,” Sfaub-Reinhaff. Luff 45(4), 175-8 (1965). (1206) Rokosz, M. J.; Ark, B. E.; Belitz, R. K.; “An XRF method for the analysis of atmospheric aerosol and vehicular particulate deposits on fil-
A I R POLLUTION ters," Adv. X-Ray A m i . 28, 177-84 (1985). (13GG) Hansson, H. C.; Nyman. S.; "Mlcrocomputer-conirolM two size-fractionating aerosol sampler or outdoor environments," Environ. Sci. Technoi. lQ(ll), 1110-15 (1985). (14GG) Boni, C.; Braga Marcazzan, G. M.; Caruso, E.;Cereda, E.; Readaelli, P.; "Combined PIXE, RBS and NRA analysis of aerosol particulates," Nuci. Instrum. Methods Phys., Res., Sect. 8 BI5(1-6), 382-5 (1986). (15GG) Martinsson, B. G.; "Investigatlon of particle elastic scattering analysis as a complementary technique to PIXE for aerosol characterization," Nuci. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B B15(1-8), 636-42 (1986). Other Spectroscopy (1")
Fogg, T. R.; Seeiey, R. C.; "ICP-OES analysis of atmospheric aerosol particles," Am. Lab. 16(12), 36-9 (1984). (2") Doklya, Y.; Hirose, K.; Yoshimura, E.; Toda, S.; "Determination of phosphorus by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and ion chromatography in the airborne particles," Bunseki Kagaku 34(12), T153T158 (1985). (3HH) Sugimae, A.; Barnes, R. M.; "Determination of trace elements in suspended particulate matter by inductively coupled plasma atomic emlsslon spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization," Anal. Chem. 58(4), 785-9 (1986). (4") Schliekmann, F.; "Preparation of immission dust samples for the analysis of toxic substances in dust by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma,'' U8A -FB-84-025 242pp Avail. Umweltbundesamt. Berlin, (1984). (5") Landsberger, S.; Jervis, R. E.; Ballcki, A,; "The determinatlon of sulfur and heavy metals in snow by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)," Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 19(3), 219-25 (1985). (6") Matsuda, Y.; Ito, N.; Nakabushi, H.; "Analysis of aerosols for light elements by forward alpha scattering technique," Radioisotopes 33(7), 437-43 (1984). (7") Cremers, D. A.; Radziemski, L. J.; "Direct detection of beryllium on filters using the laser spark," Appi. Spectrosc. 38(1), 57-63 (1985). (8") Roizenblat, E M.; Mikhailova, V. V.; Bessmertnyi, A. N.; Grin, N. V.; "Determination of tin compounds in air by inversion voltamperometry," Gig. Sanit. (4), 62-3 (1986). (9") Casassas, E.; Izquierdo-Ridorsa, A,; Garcia-Puignou, L.; Dunach, J.; "Spectrophotofluorimetric determination of trace amounts of aluminum with 2,2'dihydroxy-3,3'dicarboxy-lI ldinaphthylmethane (pamoic acid)," Anal. Lett 18(A18), 2239-58 (1985). (10") Guo, Y.; Ben, Y.; Zhao. M.; Wei, Q.; "Determination of chromium (VI) in air pollutants," Jiiin Daxue Ziran Kexue Xuebao (2), 109-13 (1985). (11") Edner, H.; Sunesson, A.; Svanberg, S.;Uneus, L.; Wallin, S.; "Differential optical absorption spectroscopy system used for atmospheric mercury monitoring," Appi. Opt. 25(3), 403-9 (1986). (12") Tornza, U.; "Application of the neutron actlvatlon analysis for determinina minute Quantities of elements in the air," Arch. Ochr. Srodowiska (3-4),-7-24 (1984). (13") Nadahara, S.; Kikuchi, T.; Furuya, K.; Furuya, S.; Hoshlno, K.; "Characterization of airborne particulates by laser microprobe mass anaiysis," Mikrochim. Acta l(3-4), 157-66 (1985). (14") D'Almeida, G. A,; Jaenicke. R.; "Development of a new sun-photometer and results of a turbidity network in Africa," J. Aerosol Sci. 15(3), 411-13 (1984). Optical Propertles (IJJ) Koepke, P.; Hess, M.; "Nonsphericai particles and their influence on the scattering function of tropospheric aerosols," J. Aerosol Sci. 17(3), 354-7 (1986). (2JJ) Van der Meuien, A.; Goedkoop, J. B.; Van Eizakker, B. G.; "A simultaneous long path transmissio-nephelometer for the measurement of light adsorption by aerosols," J. Aerosol Sci. 17(3), 583-6 (1986). (3JJ) Rothernei, J.; Jones, W. D.; Ground-based measurements of atmospheric backscatter and absorption using coherent carbon dioxide lidar," Appi. Opt. 24(21), 3487-96 (1985). (4JJ) Spinrad, R . W.; "Use of the specific beam attenuation coefficient for identification of suspended particulate material," Proc. SPIE-Int . Sac. Opt. Eng. 637(0cean Opt. 8), 135-40 (1986). (5JJ) Murano, K.; Mizuochi, M.; Izumi, K.; Fukuyama, T.; "Calibration method for size distribution measuring instruments," Kokuritsu Kogal Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku 80, 189-94 (1984). (6JJ) Robinson, N. F.; Lamb, D.; "On the calibration of an optical particle counter," Aerosol Sci. Technoi. 5(1), 113-16 (1986). (7JJ) Clark, N. J.; "A sclntillatbn spectrometer with coincidence counting for aerosol analysis and source attribution," Atmos. Environ. lQ(l), 189-94 (1985). (8JJ) Garzon, R. L.; Arganza Garcia, B.: Juanco Uria, J. M.; Perez Igiesias, J. M.; "A new counter of Aitken particles," Atmos. Environ. 18(8), 1711-14 (1984). (9JJ) Sinclair, D.; "Intrinsic calibration of the Pollak counter-a revision," Aerosol Sci . Technoi . 3(2), 125-34 (1984). Impactors/Dlffuslon Battery (IKK) Chuan, R. L.; Chiang, W.;,,"Cascade impactor collects airborne sampies for particle identification, Solid State Technoi. 26(7). 133-7 (1985). (2KK) Tress, G.; Khan, E. U.;Khan, H. A.; Vater, P.; Brandt, R.; Kadner, M.; "Fractionation of aerosols using a mica mictofilter cascade,'' J . Aerosol Sci. 15(3), 386-91 (1984). (3KK) Boesch. P.; "Correction of cross-sensitivityand distribution curves,'' J . Aerosol Sci. 17(3), 543-5 (1986). (4KK) Hinds, W. C.; Liu, W. C. V.; Froines, J. R.; "Particle bounce in a personal cascade impactor: a field evaluation," Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 46(9), 517-23 (1985).
(5KK) Fogg, T. R.; "Absorption of gases by cellulose fiber cascade impactor surfaces," Atmos. Environ. 20(8), 1633-4 (1986). (8KK) Chen, B. T.; Yeh, H. C.; Cheng, Y. S.; "A novel virtual impactor: calibration and use," J. Aerosol Sci. 18(4), 343-54 (1985). (7KK) Chen, B. T.; Yeh, H. C.; Cheng, Y. S.; "Performance of a modified virtual impactor," Aerosol Sci. Technoi. 5(3), 369-76 (1986). (8KK) Terabe, M.; "Study on uniform collection of suspended particulate matter by FSK-type cyclone low-volume air sampler," Kanagawa -ken Taiki Osen Chosa Kenkyu Hohoku 2 6 , 100-4 (1984). (9KK) Hayasaka, T.; Yoshda, K.; Inoue, Y.; Hayashi, H.; Kurosawa, Y.; "Study on uniform collection of suspended particulate matter by FKS type cyclone low volume air sampler," Kawasaki-shi Kogai Henkyusho NenDo (ii), 42-8 (1984). (IOKK) Saltzman, 8. E.; "Generalized performance characteristics of miniature cyclones for atmospheric particulate sampling," Am. Ind. Hyg. AsSOC. J. 45(10), 671-80 (1984). (1IKK) Baron, P. A.; "Calibration and use of the aerodynamic particle sizer (APS 3300)," Aerosol Sci. Technoi. 5(1), 55-67 (1986). (12KK) Lieback, J. U.; Bauer, H. W.; "Suitable grain-size fractionation of suspended particulate material from an air-hygienic viewpoint," Staub Reinhalt. Luff 44(5), 221-5 (1984). (13KK) Raunemaa, T.; Hautojarvi, A.; Pihkala, P.; Hannikainen, M.; "An automated tape-collectlon system for precise aerosol analysis," J . Aerosol Sci. 16(4), 269-72 (1985). (14KK) Raes, F.; Reineking, A.; "A new diffusion battery design for the measurement of sub- 20nm aerosol particles: the diffusion carrousel," Atmos. Environ. lo(?), 385-8 (1985). (15KK) Shaw, G. E.; Nuclepore filters as diffusion screens: effect of barrel-shaped pore distortions," J. Aerosol Sci. 16(4), 307-13 (1985). (16KK) Scheibei, H. G.; Porstendoerfer, J.; "Penetration measurements for tube and screen-type diffusion batteries in the ultraflne particle size range," J. Aerosol Sci. 15(6), 673-82 (1984). (17KK) Cheng, Y. S.; Yeh, H. C.; "Analysis of screen diffusion battery data," Am. Ind. hyg. Assoc. J. 45(8), 556-61 (1984). PM,
Samplers
(ILL) Rogers, C. F.; Watson, J. G.; Mathai, C. V.; "A Size Classifying Isokinetic Aerosol Sampler designed for application at remote sites," €PA I 60019-841079 Proc.-Nati. Symp. Recent. Adv. Poiiut. Monit. Ambient Air Stationary Sources. 9-1 1 (1984). (2LL) Purdue, L. J.; Rodes, C. E.; Rehme, K. A.; Holland, D. M.; Bond, A. E.; "Intercomparison of high-volume PM, samplers at a site with high particulate concentrations,'' J. Air Poiiut. Control Assoc. 36(8), 917-20 (1986). (3LL) Lundgren, D. A.; Hausknecht, B.; Burton, R. M.; "Mass distribution of large ambient aerosols and their effect on PM-10 measurement methods," EPAl60019-84l019 Proc.-Nati. Symp. Recent. Adv. Poiiut. Monit. Ambient Air Stationary Sources 28-32 (1984). (4LL) PEDCO-Environmental Specialists, Inc.; "Estimating PM, and FP background concentrations from TSP and other measurements," U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Off, Air Qual. Plann. Stand., [Tech. Rep.] EPA45014-84-027 75 pp (1984). (5LL) Ortiz, C. A.; McFarland, A. R.; "A 10-pm two-stage inlet for sampling indoor aerosols," J. Air Poliut. Control Assoc. 35(10), 1057-60 (1985). (6LL) Prodi, V.; Beiosl, F.; Mularoni, A,; "A personal sampler following I S 0 recommendations on particle size definitlons," J. Aerosol Sci. 17(3), 576-7, 579-81 (1986). (7LL) Dunwoody, C. L.; "Rapid nltrate loss from PM, filters," J. Air Poiiut. Control ASSOC. 36(7), 817-18 (1986). (8LL) Highsmith, V. R.; Bond, A. E.; HOwes, J. E., Jr.; "Particle and substrate losses from Teflon and quartz filters," Atmos. Environ. 20(7), 1413-17 (1986).
Fitter Propertles (IMM) Daisey. J. M.; Ailen, C. F.; McGarrity, G.; Atherholt, T.; Louis, J.; McGeorge, L.; Lioy, P. J.; "Effects of filter type on the organic composition and mutagenicity of inhaiable particulate matter," Aerosol Sci. Technoi. 5(1), 69-80 (1986). (2MM) Sawatarl, K.; "Sample filters and dissolution methods for differential determination of water-soluble chromium(V1) and chromium(II1) in particuiate substances," Ind. Health 24(2), 111-16 (1986). (3MM) Dolske. D. A.; Schneider, J.; Sieverifig, H.; "Trace element passthrough for celluiose filters when used for aerosol collection." Atmos Environ. 18(11), 2557-8 (1984). (4MM) Spurny, K. R.; "On the filtration of fibrous aerosols," Sci. Total EnvirOn. 52(3), 189-99 (1986).
.
Other (INN) Klein, F.; Ranty, C.; Sowa, L.; "A new examination of the validity of the principle of beta radiation absorptlon for determination of ambient air dust concentrations," J. Aerosol Sci. 15(3), 391-5 (1984). (2") Kim, C. S.; Eldridge, M. A.; Lewars, G. A,; "Gaseous interference to performance of a quartz crystal aerosol mass monitor." J. Aerosol Sci. 1514). 473-82 11984). (3")' Fraser, R.'S.; Kaufman, Y. J.; Mahoney, R. L.; "Satellite measurements of aerosol mass and transport," Atmos. Envkon. 18(12). 2577-84 (1984). (4") Johnson, D. L.; Davis, B. L.; Dzubay, T. G.; Hassan, H.; Crutcher, E. R.; Courtney, W. J.; Jaklevic, J. M.; Thompson, A. C.; Hopke, P. K.; "Chemical and physical analyses of Houston aerosol for interlaboratory comparison of source apportionment procedures," A t m s . Environ. 18(8), 1539-53 (1984). (5") Shaw, R . W., Jr.; Smith, M. V.; Paur, R. J.; "The effect of sampling frequency on aerosol mean values," J. Air Poiiut. Control Assoc. 34(8), 839-41 (1984). JALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 59, NO. 12, JUNE 15, 1987
293R
Anal. Chem. 1987. 59. 294R-308R Cam. S.H.: "lntsmal mlatsncy checks a8 p r t ot a data mlidBnon pocaori fachembl mnSrn&S in ambient pa~culatesampk; ASTM spsc. T&. Publ. 8117(ouSl. ASSW. Enwon. Meas.). 89-99 (1985). (7") Habennan. S. A,: LBosma. P. J. J.: Willeke. K.: "Sire cla~sMca1IOn of fIberS and iSometric particles keeping each fraction airbwne." Am. Ind. Wg. Assoc. J . 45(9). 598.602 (1984). (8") Armbruster. L.: Zebsl. G.: "Theoretical and experimental studies fa determining me aerosol Sampling efficiency of annular slot probes." J . Aerosol S d . 1614). 335-41 (1985). (9") Vrins. E.: Hokchreuder. P.: Ter Kuile. W. M.: Van Nieuwland, R.: 06BSbUrg. F.; Alderliesten. P.: "Atmosphericinfluences on the sampling elf+ ciency 01 BBToSOl samplers for large windbane particles.'' J . AerOsISd. 1713). 302 (1986). (6")
IlONN) Wmem. Y.: NOH. K. E.: '"Charactwkatbnof lergs partick at a w a l site in me eastern united states: mass dismbmbn and individual particle analysis." A m . Envkon. lO(4). 611-22 (1985). 111") Williams. R. W.: Forehand. L. R.: Killough. P. M.: "Preparation 01 unitwm glass fiber hi-uol finer sectlons using a stainless steel and aluminum cuning jii." A m s . Envkon. 20(7), 1505-6 (1986). (12") Spicer. C. W.: Joseph. 0. W.: Schumacher. P. M.: "Detennmatbn01 nitrate in atmospheric particulate maner by thermal deComposltion and chemiluminescence."Anal. Chem. 57112). 2338-41 (1985). (13") Crouch. R. L.; Hawiey-Fedder. R. A.: Parsons. M. L.: Karasek. F. W.: "Preiiminsry e v s l ~ ~ t l o01n mermal desorptiangs chromstqraphicanalysis of airborne particulate maner on dichotomous liners.'' J . Chromefcg. 30311). 53-60 (1984).
Surface Characterization Gary E. McGuire Tektronix, Incorporated, P.O. Box 500, Beauerton, Oregon 97077
This review follows the format of the previous review (641) and covers surface characterization as discussed in earlier reviews (637-640). Tables are used extensively in order to summarize the material being reviewed. The abbreviations used for the various characterization techniques are shown in Table I. The technical literature appearing during the last two years since the last review is covered, as has been the practice. References begin in January 1985 and end in November 1986.
METALS Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel. The applications of surface characterization to iron, cobalt, and nickel and their alloys are shown in Table 11. There continues to be significant interest in chemisorption of elemental and molecular gases to specific crystal orientations of these metals. In addition, there has been a growing interest in activated or modified surfaces. For example, the interaction of CO with clean and sulfur modified Fe(100) surfaces has been investigated with XPS and TDS (369).Investigation of the CO adsorption as a function of sulfur coverage on the Fe(100) surface indicated that sulfur reduces the CO dissociation by blocking the sites for dissociated carbon and oxygen atoms. AES and XPS were used to study the enhanced CO adsorption and dissociation on potassium-activated cobalt foils (610). Sulfur-activated (205,206,229) and potassium-activated (379)Ni(100) were studied by a variety of tools including AES, TDS, UPS, XPS and WF measurements. The increasing availability of a wide variety of surface analytical tools has resulted in multitechnique analysis of most materials.
an, E. MSQI*e la E n g M n g Wnager of
Cwsplay Peripheral Products. SI Tekvmlx. Inc. k% cunenl respOnSibWs lmlude the development of MIW display and hardcopy matwiala. He has DYW 15 years Of expri-
ence In the development and application Of MIW analvtlcai techniques. Reylously with Texas Instruments. he did research on SUIlace chsractwlatbn techniques investlaat-
mi" films and metaiilstbn systems used h Um mkr(lBiecvmics industry. He is editM of Jwmal Of E k h o n SpecWoscopv. Serbs Edna 01 Noyes Publicanons m SemiWnductor Materials. and a member of the e d n ~ l a ih a r d of The Jounal 01 Vacuum Science and Techmfqy. He is a member of the Executive Comminee fa the Elechonie Materials and R m e s s e s Division of the American Vacuum Society. 8s well 8s being a member of the Executive Camminee for the Electronic Materials DivisIMl of the Electrochemical Society He a150 SBWVBI on the R q r a m Comminee of the International Conferenceon Metallurgical
Table I. Abbreviations AEAPS AES APS AR
Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy Auger electron spectroscopy appearance potential spectroscopy angle-resolved Ab change in work function ELL ellipsometry EELS electron energy loss spectroscopy EMP electron microprobe analysis ESD electron stimulated desorption ESR electron spin resonance EXAFS extended X-ray adsorption fine structure EXFAS extended fine Auger structures FEM field emission microscopy FIM field ion microscopy IPS inverse photoemission spectroscopy ISS ion scattering spectroscopy IR infrared LEED low energy electron diffraction NRA nuclear reaction analysis PE photoemission PIXE particle induced X-ray emission RBS Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy RHEED reflection high-energy electron diffraction SAM scanning Auger microscopy SEM scanning electron microscopy STM scanning tunneling microscopy SERS surface enhanced Raman scattering SIMS secondary ion mass spectroscopy spin polarized SP SPPD spin polarized photoelectron diffraction SPIPE spin polarized inveme photoemission TDS thermal desorption spectroscopy TEM transmission electron microscopy UHV ultrahigh vacuum UV photoelectron spectroscopy UPS XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XRD X-ray diffraction XRF X-ray fluorescence WF work function
hg
Coatings.
294 R
0003-2700/87/0359-294R$06.50/0
Segregation of impurities and constituents of multicomponent systems to surfaces is another area of growing interest illustrated by Table 11. For example antimony segregation to the surface of F e S b alloys has been studied over the temperature range from 450 to loo0 OC through a combination of techniques including XPS, AES, and LEED (55, 70,408, 431,607). 0 1987 American Chemical Society
