Report for Analytical Chemists
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 43, NO. 14, DECEMBER 1971
Partition Chromatography
It is rare in the history of science that somebody can claim a number of major inventions. One of those men is A. J. P. Martin. Thirty years ago, together with Synge, he invented partition chromatography and demonstrated its use with a liquid carrier (15). Three years later, together with Consden and Gordon, he described paper chromatography as a simple variant of liquid partition chromatography (16). Then, 20 years ago, in cooperation with James, he showed the validity of their prediction in the first paper on partition chromatography that a gas could be used as well as the carrier instead of a liquid (17). With this publication, the unparalleled growth of gas-liquid partition chromatography began. Today, one could not even imagine chemistry and biochemistry without partition chromatography, and its importance is best demonstrated by the fact that Martin and Synge received the 1952 Nobel prize in chemistry for their work, thus joining the few scientists who have received the Nobel prize for a development in analytical chemistry. The history of the development of the three techniques is fascinating and is described in detail by Martin (18) and James (19). As Martin explained, he early became interested in distillation columns. In 1931, when Winterstein (who, two years earlier with Kuhn and Lederer, brought back adsorption chromatography from oblivion) demonstrated at Cambridge University the separation of carotene on a chalk column, Martin realized that the processes involved in the separation are similar in both techniques. This early thinking resulted later in the expression of the efficiency of chromatographic columns by using terms established in distillation theory (HETP, number of theoretical plates). At Cambridge University, when working on the separation of carotenes, Martin developed a very complicated countercurrent extraction apparatus and continued to utilize this technique for the separation of amino acids in wool when, in 1938, he moved to the Wool Industries' Research Association where Synge became his collaborator.
