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An Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc//Aluminum Ion Battery with Good Cycling Performance Faxing Wang, Feng Yu, Xiaowei Wang, Zheng Chang, Lijun Fu, Yusong Zhu, Zubiao Wen, Yuping Wu, and Wei Huang ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06142 • Publication Date (Web): 30 Dec 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 21, 2016
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
An Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc//Aluminum Ion Battery with Good Cycling Performance Faxing Wang, †,‡,^ Feng Yu,#,^ Xiaowei Wang, † Zheng Chang, † Lijun Fu,*, ‡ Yusong Zhu, *,‡ Zhubiao Wen,*, # Yuping Wu*,†,‡ and Wei Huang † †
College of Energy and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu Province, China #
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
‡
New Energy and Materials Laboratory (NEML), Department of Chemistry &
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China ^: Equal contribution to this work. ABSTRACT Developing rechargeable batteries with low cost is critically needed for the application in large-scale stationary energy storage systems. Here an aqueous rechargeable zinc//aluminum ion battery is reported based on zinc as the negative electrode and ultrathin graphite nanosheets as the positive electrode in aqueous Al2(SO4)3/Zn(CHCOO)2 electrolyte. The positive electrode material was prepared through a simple electrochemically expanded method in aqueous solution. The cost for the aqueous electrolyte together with the Zn negative electrode is low and their 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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raw materials are abundant. The average working voltage of this aqueous rechargeable battery is 1.0 V, which is higher than those of most rechargeable Al-ion battery in ionic liquid electrolyte. It also could be rapidly charged within 2 minutes while maintaining a high capacity. Moreover, its cycling behavior is also very good with capacity retention of nearly 94% after 200 cycles.
KEYWORDS: aqueous rechargeable battery, graphite, Zn negative electrode, nanosheet, rapid charge, intercalation 1 INTRODUCTION Recently many new types of aqueous rechargeable batteries have been extensively invented such as aqueous rechargeable lithium battery (ARLB),1-11 aqueous rechargeable sodium battery (ARSB),12-15 FeOx//Ni(OH)2,16 aqueous Zn ion battery,17,18 Zn//Ni(OH)2 or NiO battery,19,20 KCuFe(CN)6//PPy@activated carbon (AC) battery.21 These aqueous rechargeable batteries are inherently safe by avoiding flammable organic electrolyte solutions. Moreover, aqueous electrolytes are not expensive and the assembly process of the batteries is also easy. In addition, the ionic conductivity of aqueous electrolytes is high, about two orders of magnitudes higher than those of organic electrolytes, which ensures high rate capability and thus high power density. 8,21 Compared to the key factors such as energy density and cyclability when a battery is used in portable electronic devices, the cost and safety are relatively more important in large-scale stationary energy storage systems such as smart grids. With this in mind, the aqueous rechargeable batteries show potential application in stationary energy storage systems. In the past several years, the rechargeable aluminum (Al)-ion battery in 2 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
non-aqueous electrolytes was proposed. 22-27 It shows some advantages over the Li- or Na-ion battery. Firstly, aluminum is the most abundant metal element and the third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. Secondly, aluminum-based redox couple engages a three-electron transportation during the electrochemical charge/discharge reactions, which offers viable storage capacity relative to the Li- or Na-ion battery from single electron. V2O5,
22,23
VO2,
polythiophene),25 fluorinated graphite
26
24
conducting polymers (polypyrrole and
and graphite
27
have been shown to be
promising electrode materials for Al-ion battery in AlCl3/ionic liquids electrolyte. For example, the Al//graphitic-foam battery in AlCl3/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride electrolyte exhibited a stable cycling life up to 7,500 charge/discharge cycles without decay at ultrahigh current densities.
27
Although this study represents a
mile-stone for the development of secondary Al-ion battery, the use of ionic liquids as the electrolyte makes its cost high. Moreover, its specific capacity is low (only 60 mAh g-1). Therefore, the development of new types of less-expensive rechargeable battery with high specific capacity is of great significance and challenging. One of the innovative strategies is shifting from expensive ionic liquid electrolyte to cheap aqueous electrolyte. Currently, only TiO2 nanotubes
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and prussian blue analogs
29,30
show the ability to insert aluminum ion reversibly in aqueous electrolytes. However, both of them also deliver low specific capacity (
