Amaranthus spinosus Leaf Extract Mediated FeO Nanoparticles

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Amaranthus spinosus leaf extract mediated FeO nanoparticles: Physicochemical traits, photocatalytic and antioxidant activity Harshiny Muthukumar, and Matheswaran Manickam ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.5b00722 • Publication Date (Web): 27 Oct 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on November 2, 2015

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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Amaranthus spinosus leaf extract mediated FeO nanoparticles: Physicochemical traits, Photocatalytic and Antioxidant activity Harshiny Muthukumar, Matheswaran Manickam* Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India-620015 * Corresponding author email ID: [email protected] Tel: +91-431-2503120 Fax: + 91-431-2500133

Abstract:

Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesised using Amaranthus spinosus leaf

aqueous extracts reducing from ferric chloride. A. spinosus leaf extract has a rich source of amaranthine and phenolic compounds with high antioxidant and these molecules were used as reducing agents. The operating parameters of nanoparticles synthesis were optimized. Physicochemical, optical and magnetic properties of synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using analytical techniques. Results confirmed that A. spinosus leaf extract mediated iron oxide nanoparticles are spherical shape with rhombohedral phase structure, smaller size and large surface with less aggregation. The photocatalytic and antioxidant activities of leaf extract as well as sodium borohydride mediated iron oxide nanoparticles were studied. The percentage decolourization of methyl orange and methylene blue was 75% and 69% respectively for extract mediated iron oxide nanoparticles under sunlight. The antioxidant efficiency was also observed to be 93% against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl. The extract mediated iron oxide nanoparticles showed better photocatalytic and antioxidant capacity than sodium borohydride mediated nanoparticles.

Keywords: FeO; Amaranthus spinosus; Characterization; Decolourization; Antioxidant

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Introduction Multifunctional metal oxides and metal nanoparticles (NPs) has become an intensive research due to its physicochemical properties and potential applications1 range from environmental remediation2 to biomedical uses.3 For last few years, degradation of organic pollutants using semiconductor NPs such as TiO2, ZnO4 were widely created much attention for solving the environmental problems.5 Most of the NPs having a wide band gap, less light absorption and magnetization make their limited practical applications like photocatalyst.6 Iron oxide (FeO) is one of the promising materials for photocatalytic application7 due to its narrow band gap,8 chemical stability, high surface area and absorbing light up to 600 nm, collects 40% of the solar spectrum energy and electrons excitation of FeO from the valence band to the conduction band.9 The FeO NPs have several applications in the field of cosmetics,1 biomedicine,10 bioremediation,11 clinical,12 material and engineering.13 Due to its multifunctional possessions and applications encourage us to choose FeO NPs. The conventional synthesis of FeO NPs used a variety of organic solvents and reducing agents like Sodium borohydride (NaBH4),14 hydrazine, sodium dodecyl sulphate and so on.15 These reducing agents were great risk to the environment, human health,16 creating pollution problems and harmful by-products.17 The chemically synthesised metal NPs agglomerations were thermodynamically favourable process.18 The problems associate with chemical methods initiate to synthesis of biocompatible and eco-friendly process for NPs direct to commence a research toward “green”. Many researchers have reported that synthesis of NPs using leaf extracts as a reducing agent. The process does not generate any noxious by-products compared to conventional methods.19 The organic compounds in the leaf extracts which influence


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stabilization of NPs and reduction process.20 The biogenic synthesis of NPs using various plant extracts likes Hordeum vulgare, Rumex acetosa,20 Eucalyptus Globulus,21 Ipomea carnea,22 Mukia maderaspatana,23 Camellia sinensis,24 Eucalyptus tereticornis, Melaleuca nesophila, Rosemarinus officinalis25 were investigated. Jitendra et al. reported that A. indica leaf extract assisted green synthesis of α-Fe2O3 nanomaterials having well defined unique morphology and highly crystalline.26 C. sinensis mediated mesoporous α-Fe2O3 was 4 times higher surface area compared to the commercial material.24 Alagiri et al. investigated the optical and photocatalytic properties of curcuma and tea leaf extracts mediated α-Fe2O3.27 Varma et al. reported that green tea mediated Fe NPs being smaller in size and also shown to be nontoxic for human keratinocytes as compared to nanoparticles synthesized by borohydride.28 Zhejiang et al. synthesised Iron–Polyphenols nanoparticles synthesized by three Plant Extracts and tested catalytic performance by decolourization of azo dye.25 Machado et al. used 26 different tree leaf extractions for the production of zero-valent iron NPs and also tested an antioxidant capacity of dried leaf extracts.29 The plant extracts also enhanced the properties of NPs like antimicrobial activity,30 adsorption properties,31 and biocompatibility.32 With this perception, A. spinosus aqueous leaf extracts having many remedial properties, which used as reducing agent for synthesizing NPs.33 A. spinosus contains

various

photochemical

like

amaranthine

type

betacyanin,

amaranthine,

isoamaranthine, phenols, flavanoids and lysine with high antioxidant capacity34 and an alternative reducing agent for synthesizing FeO NPs. In this study, A. spinosus leaf aqueous extract was prepared and used as a reducing agent for FeO NPs synthesis. The leaf extracts mediated FeO NPs synthesis was studied. The physicochemical properties of NPs were characterized by analytical techniques like UV-Vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size distribution (PSD), zeta (ζ) potential, Surface area analyzer (SAA), Transmission



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Electron Microscope (TEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX). The magnetic and optical properties

were

studied

using

Vibrating

Sample

magnetometer

(VSM)

and

Photoluminescence (PL). The photocatalytic and antioxidant activity of leaf extract (BFeNPs) and NaBH4 (CFeNPs) mediated NPs was compared. The colour removal efficiency of NPs was tested using methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MO) under visible light and antioxidant capacity studied using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Materials and Method Preparation of leaf extracts of A. spinosus Fresh A. spinosus leaf were washed with deionized H2O and chopped into small pieces. 10 g of leaf transferred into Erlenmeyer flask containing 50 mL Milli-Q H2O and maintained at 50 °C for 45 min. The supernatant was filtered through the Whatmann No. 1 paper to get the leaf extract and was stored at 4 °C for until further use. The obtained extract used as a reducing agent as well as a stabilizer for NPs synthesis. The antioxidant capacities of leaf extract were evaluated. Chemicals Milli-Q water (18.20MΩ cm resistivity) was used for all the experiments. All chemicals were used without any further purification. FeCl3, NaBH4, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Hydrochloric acid (HCl), DPPH, Ethanol, MO and MB were purchased from Himedia India. Synthesis of FeO NPs using A. spinosus leaf extract The synthesis of FeO NPs using 40 mL of leaf extract and 50 mL of 0.5 M ferric chloride (FeCl3) were taken as burette and beaker solution respectively. The leaf extract (pH 6) was added to FeCl3 solution and continuously stirring with magnetic stirrer maintaining at 37 ± 1 °C for 90 min. The solutions pH was adjusted using 0.1N HCl and


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0.1N NaOH. The formation of NPs was confirmed by colour changes from brown to colourless solution with the black precipitate.15 The precipitate of BFeNPs was collected and washed with absolute ethanol for completely removal of H2O. The BFeNPs were dried in oven at 60 °C for 180 min. These FeO NPs samples were stored in sealed bottles under dry conditions prior to use. Synthesis of FeO NPs using NaBH4 The preparation of FeO NPs using NaBH4 was carried out using glass burette filled with 0.2 M NaBH4 and added drop wise to 0.5 M of FeCl3 in the Erlenmeyer flask with continuous stirring maintained at 60 ± 1 °C. The solutions were continuously stirring until the formation of black precipitation and colour change from yellow to colourless. The supernatant liquid was allowed for cooling and filtered with the Whatmann No.1 paper. The precipitate was washed with distilled H2O and ethanol and dried at 65 °C for 90 min in hot air oven. These samples were stored in sealed bottles under dry conditions.



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Characterization Formations of NPs are confirmed by absorption spectrums measured by a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Japan) over a wavelength range of 200–800 nm. The FTIR spectra of the leaf extract and NPs were recorded by Thermo Scientific™ Inc (USA) Nicolet™ iS™5 FT-IR over a spectral range of 400–4000 cm−1. The Morphologies and composition were analysed using TEM and EDAX (FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit 120 KV, Netherlands) operating at accelerating voltages of 120 KV. The crystallinity of NPs was investigated using XRD (Rigaku Ultima III) by step scan technique with Cu-Ka radiation (1.500 Å, 40 kV, 30 mA). The PSD and zeta potential were measured by SZ-100 nanopartica (Hiroba USA). The surface area was measured by N2 adsorption isotherm using a Micromertics ASAP 2020 V3.04 H. Prior to the analysis the samples were degassed with nitrogen at 300 °C for an hour. The magnetic properties of NPs were investigated using VSM (Lake shore model 7404). The PL spectra are recorded in JASCO FP 8500 spectrofluorometer instrument equipped with 150 W Xe source between 200 and 700 nm for different excitation wavelength. Photocatalytic experiment The photocatalytic decolourization of MB and MO using NPs were investigated. 750 mL of 100 ppm MB and MO dye solution with 250 mg/L of NPs were taken in the 1000 mL breaker as the reactor. The solutions were stirred with magnet stirrer at 100 RPM under the average sunlight irradiation of 1000 W/m2 and maintain at 38 ± 2 °C upto 6 hrs. The photocatalytic experiments of NPs were carried in the month of April - May, 2015 under the similar condition. Solar radiation intensity was measured in the regular interval of time using Pyranometer. Samples are collected at regular intervals of time during the experiments. The absorbance of the solution at wavelength, λmax 664 nm for MB and 470 nm for MO were measured using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer.

The percentage of colour removal was


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calculated using the following equation Colour removal (%) =

Ao − At ×100 At

Where Ao and At is the absorbance of the initial concentration and after time‘t’ of dye solution. Antioxidant Experiment The antioxidant activities of the extracts and NPs were measured in terms of hydrogen donating ability using stable, commercially available organic nitrogen radical DPPH.35 DPPH is characterized as a stable free radical by virtue of the delocalisation of the spare electron over the molecule as a whole, so that the molecules do not dimerise, like most other free radicals.36 and highly reproducible way to assess the antioxidant ability aqueous extract. Different concentration of leaf extract from 50 to 250 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL NPs prepared in methanol were mixed with DPPH (25 mg/L) and incubated in the dark condition for 30 min. The remaining concentration of DPPH was measured the absorbance at λmax 515 nm. The percentage of inhibition was calculated using the following equation,



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Percentage Inhibition =

AB − AS ×100 AB

Where, AB and As is the absorbance of the blank and samples. Results and discussion Antioxidant activity of leaf extract The antioxidant capacity of leaf extract was studied by varying the extract concentration from 50 to 250µg/mL. The percentage of inhibitory activity was increased from 25 to 90 ± 2% with increasing of extract concentration from 50 to 250µg/mL as shown in figure 1. The result showed that the antioxidant capacity increased with increasing concentration of extract. This may due to bioactive compounds like amaranthine and phenolic compounds. These molecules were highly reactive hydroxyl group which are able to donate hydrogen to reduce the free radicals.37 The reducing capacity and antioxidant capacity are same molecular mechanisms. The result confirms that reducing capacity of leaf extract was increased with increasing the antioxidant activity of leaf extract concentration. Absorption spectroscopy of Leaf extract and NPs The absorbance spectrum of leaf extract and synthesised NPs was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer wavelength ranges from 200-600 nm as shown in figure 2. For leaf extract, the absorbance peak at 214 nm and slight shift at 260 nm confirmed the presence of phenol compounds.38 Formation of FeO NPs may due to the presence polyphenols complex present in A. spinosus extract that induces the reduction reaction. The absorbance peak at 290 nm confirmed the formation of FeO NPs and also observed the peak at 270 nm due to capping of oxidised polyphenols; which enhance the stabilization of NPs. The CFe NPs formation was absorbed in a broad spectrum from 290 to 300 nm.39 The broad spectrum occurred may due to its sizes and agglomeration of CFeNPs.

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PL spectroscopy The optical behaviour of BFeNPs and CFeNPs was investigated using PL and UV-NIR and its spectrums were shown in figure 3a and b. The Intense fluorescence emissions of both NPs were observed under strong excitation at 224 nm in UV-NIR. The fluorescence emission spectra of BFeNPs and CFeNPs showed an emission band in the UV region at around 322 nm is attributed to the near band-edge emission of FeO. The band at 343 nm may be due to the recombination of free exceptions through an exciton–exciton process.40 A strong and weak emission band was observed in the visible region at 431 and 473 nm are due to the presence of defects and oxygen vacancies.41 An emission band was observed at 602 nm attributed to the interstitial oxygen defects. BFeNPs and CFeNPs energy peak is almost equal to the band-gap energy of FeO NPs. The small intensity and band gap difference between BFeNPs (1.9 eV) and CFeNPs (2.1 eV) may due to the presence of biomoleclues from the extract present on the surface of the BFeNPs.41 FTIR analysis The FT-IR spectra of leave extract and BFeNPs were shown in figure 4. The spectrum analysis confirmed the presence of amaranthine and phenolic compounds, functional groups in leave extract and NPs by 400 to 4000 cm-1. The absorption bands at 3500 and 3270 cm-1, implying the presence of strong OH and NH stretching of phenol and amine group, 2700 cm-1, 2610 cm-1, 1755 cm-1and 1170 cm-1 peaks representing =C-H aldehyde stretch, O-H may from acidic groups, C=O stretch and C-O groups respectively. The peaks at 1521 cm-1 and 1347 cm-1 denoting N-O (nitro) stretch N-H were also observed. The BFeNPs synthesis by bio-molecules, particularly those free from C-O stretch, C-Cl stretch and -CH- stretch. A. spinosus leaf extract mediated NPs IR band showed the peaks for hydroxyl group at 3100 cm-1, 3250 cm-1 and 1500 cm-1. The disappearance of other groups indicates the formation of NPs. The presence of amaranthine and phenolic compounds with z ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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functional groups hydroxyl or amines from that can donate hydrogen atoms and many free amino or carboxylic moieties capable of binding to free Fe surface.34 The appearance of two absorption bands at 474 cm-1 and 575 cm-1 are due to the formation of Fe–O bonds which is clearly confirmed the formation of BFeNPs.9 XRD analysis XRD measurements were performed to determine the crystalline phase of the BFe NPs and CFe NPs as shown in figure 5. The Braggs reflections 2θ peaks were observed at 24.1 (012), 33.15 (104), 35.6 (110), 40.8 (113), 49.45 (024) and 54.05 (116). These peaks match to the standard XRD data JCPDS file No. 33-0664. These result indicated that BFeNPs and CFe NPs are rhombohedral crystalline structure.42 For BFeNPs, disappearance of 2θ peaks at 40.8 (113) and small intensity difference may due to bio-compounds from the leaf extract that bound to NPs surface. VSM analysis In order to study the magnetic behaviour of FeO NPs, magnetization measurements recorded using VSM at room temperature. Figure 6 shows a hysteresis loop recorded for the BFeNPs and CFeNPs. It reveals that coercivity values reached 94.7emu/g for CFeNPs and 92.12emu/g for BFeNPs. The magnetic property of BFeNPs was lower than CFeNPs. The magnetic properties of materials were depending on many factors, such as, crystallinity and capping agent coating on the metal NPs.43 The synthesised NPs are being attracted by a magnet and while the applied magnetic force is removed, the NPs can easily be dispersed. Hence, removal of NPs from the medium with a simple magnetic device.44 Size shape and surface analysis of BFeNPs and CFeNPs The particle size of NPs was determined using PSA and zetasizer. Figure 7 results of PSA showed that the maximum particle sizes of 91 and 125 nm for BFeNPs and CFeNPs. The PSA result showed BFeNPs and CFeNPs size ranges varied from 58 to 530 nm and 105 z ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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to 2300 nm respectively shows in figure (S1). It apparently depicts that biogenic synthesized DFeNPs having less agglomeration than BFeNPs even after one month. This may due to biomoleclues bind to the surface of FeO and significantly increase their surface charge that enhance their stability by inhibiting aggregation.45 The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were carried out to investigate the surface area of BFeNPs and CFe NPs as shown in Figure S2. The specific surface areas of NPs are calculated using the BET-surface area plot was found to be 54 and 43 m2 /g for BFeNPs and CFeNPs respectively. The Zeta potential measurement of BFeNPs and CFe NPs were carried out using water at a neutral pH value.46 The potential range was observed from 59 to 71 mV and 45 to 55 mV respectively. The potential range showed less agglomeration and the charge on the surface of the NPs does not change by leaf extract45. The surface morphology of the synthesised NPs was investigated using TEM, figure 8a and 8b shows the typical TEM image of BFeNPs is given in particles appears to possess a characteristic of spherical like morphology and less aggregation. The CFeNPs appears merely spherical like morphology and with aggregation. The EDAX analysis of synthesised NPs confirms the composition of FeO as shown in figure 8c and 8d. The results confirms that leaf extract mediated NPs have smaller size and large surface with less aggregation that may enhance the photocatalytic activity.47 Photocatalytic activity The photolysis and catalytic activity of BFeNPs and CFeNPs were investigated by decolourization of 100 ppm MO and MB dyes under sunlight irradiance. The experiment was done in triplicates for obtaining standard error. The decolourization efficiency of 9 ± 2% and 11 ± 2% for MB and MO dye were observed in the photolysis. The percentage decolourisation of dye by photolysis not only depends on sunlight irradiance, but also influenced by many other parameters like concentration of O2 and OH-. Soltani and Entezari also reported that the photolysis of MB which influence the like light intensity, z ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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concentration of O2 and OH-.48 The catalytic activity of BFeNPs and CFeNPs was studied under dark conditions. The percentage colour removal efficiency 20 ± 2% of MB and 18 ± 2% of MO was observed using BFeNPs under dark conditions. The UV-Vis spectral evaluation of MO and MB decolourization using BFeNPs under sunlight was shown in figure 9a and b. Investigating, the re-usability of NPs also plays a pivotal role for its efficient use. The NPs was recovered from a photocatalytic reaction mixture through filtration and it was washed and dried in oven. The recovered NPs were then reused for the decolourization of dyes under the same reaction conditions. Figure 10a shows percentage colour removal of 75 ± 2% and 69 ± 2% for MO and MB using BFeNPs under sunlight irradiance. The decolourization potential of BFeNPs was higher than CFeNPs. This may due to the band gap and the biomoleclues encpuseled on a larger number of BFeNPs surface with higher surface area than CFeNPs. It was reported that photocatalytic activities of NPs also depends on the morphology, size and surface area of the photocatalyst.49 The photoelectron has passed through a large number of BFeNPs boundaries that can enhance the formation of hydroxyl radical and conferred the improved decolourization.24 Antioxidant activity of NPs The antioxidant potential of FeCl3, BFeNPs and CFeNPs were also investigated using DPPH assay. The results clearly depict that 250 µg/mL of FeCl3, BFeNPs and CFeNPs conferred scavenging activities on DPPH radical with the inhibitory rate 60± 2%, 93± 2% and 88± 2% respectively as shown in figure 10b. The results clearly depicted that BFeNPs showed higher antioxidant compared to CFeNPs. This may be due to capped phenolic and amaranthine compounds can be used against deleterious effects of free radicals.50 Conclusion The synthesis of BFeNPs conditions were studied and optimized. The analytical z ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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techniques confirmed the synthesised BFeNPs has a spherical shape with rhombohedral phase structure with diameter range from 54 to 270 nm with surface area of 54m2/g. The BFeNPs having ferromagnetism properties with saturation magnetization of 92.12emu/g was observed. PL spectrum showed the strong emission band in the visible region at 431 nm with the intrinsic energy band gap at 1.9 eV. The photocatalytic and antioxidant activity of BFeNPs and CFeNPs were compared. The percentage decolourization of 75 and 69% against MO and MB were observed under the sunlight using BFeNPs. The antioxidant efficiency of 93%, it conferred that BFeNPs also having good evidence toward antioxidant capacity. It can be suggested that BFeNPs could be effectively used in environmental, opto-electronics and biomedical safe applications. As a result, A. spinosus mediated synthesis will be an efficient material in developing a rapid, nontoxic, and ecofriendly nanomaterial. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Department of Science and Technology (DST – Pro.No.SB/FT/CS-047/2012) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT –RTGS No: BT/PR6080/GBD/27/503/2013) Government of India for the financial assistance. Also authors sincerely thank Dr. M.C. Santhosh Kumar, Department of physics for providing PL recording. Dr. Jaffar Ali B.M, Centre for Green Energy Technology, Pondicherry University for VSM interpretation. A.V.Karthikeyani, Indian Oil Corporation, R&D Centre, for BET interpretation. Supporting information Particle Size Distribution and Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm for BFeNPs and CFeNPs. References 1. Ana, L. S.; Riansares, M. O.; Jon, S. L.; Carmen, C. Nanoparticles: a global vision. Characterization, separation, and quantification methods. Potential environmental and z ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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Figures:



Leaf extract (µg/mL)

250

200

150

100

50 0

20

40

60

80

100

Inhibition (%)

Figure 1.Antioxidant activity of various concentration of A. spinosus aqueous leaf extract using DPPH (25 mg/L)

2.5 BFeNPs CFeNPs Leaf extract

2.0

Absorbance(abs)

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1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 200

250

300

350 400 450 Wavelength (nm)

500

550

600

Figure 2.UV-vis absorbance spectrum of Leaf extract, BFeNPs and CFeNPs


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40 35

Refelectance ( %)

PL intensity(a.u)

2000

1500

30

FeO Nps

(A)

25 20 15 10 200

1000

300

400

500 600 700 800 Wavelength (nm)

900

1000

500 CFeNPs CFeNps BFeNps BFeNPs 0 300

(B)

400

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

Figure 3(a).UV-NIR spectrum of FeO NPs and 3(b).Photoluminescence spectrum of BFeNPs and CFeNPs

FeO - OH

% Transmittance (a.u.)

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- OH

=C-H

C-O

- OH

- NH

leaf extract BFeNPs 500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

-1

Wavelength(cm )

Figure 4. FTIR analysis of Leaf extract and BFeNPs 51.



♦ (104)

CFeNPs BFeNPs BFeNps

♦: JCPDS No. 33-0664 ♦ (116) ♦ (110)

♦ (024) ♦ (214)

Intensity (a.u.)

♦ (113)

♦ (104) ♦ (110)

♦ (024)

30

40

♦ (116)

50

♦ (214)

60

70

2θ (degree)

Figure 5. XRD pattern of CFeNPs and BFeNPs 100

Magnetisation Ms(emu/g)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

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C FeNPs BFeNPs

50

0

-50

-100 -10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

Applied Magnetic field (kOe)

Figure 6. Saturation Magnetization of CFeNPs and BFeNPs


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7 6 5 % Intensity (a.u)

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BFeNPs CFeNPs

4 3 2 1 0 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

size (dia.nm)

Figure 7. Particle size distribution of BFeNPs and CFeNPs

20 nm 20 nm

(b)

(a)

50 nm

(b)

50 nm

(a) 50 nm



Figure 8. TEM (a and b) micrograph of 50nm magnification (inset- 20nm magnification) and Energy dispersion spectrum of (c and d) BFeNPs and CFeNPs

Figure 9. Spectral evaluation of 100 ppm MO (a) and MB (b) decolourization using 250 mg/L of BFeNPs under Sunlight

100

MB MO

(a)

Sunlight

(b) 80

Leaf extract % Inhibition

60

A

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CFeNPs

40

20

BFeNPs 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100

Decolourization (%)

FeCl3

CFeNps

BFeNPs

250 μg/ml concentration of materials

Figure 10. (a) Decolourization 100 ppm of MO and MB using 250 mg/L of BFeNPs, CFeNPs and Leaf extract against under sunlight and (b) Antioxidant activity of 250µg/mL FeCl3, BFeNPs and CFeNPs


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Amaranthus spinosus leaf extract mediated FeO nanoparticles: Physicochemical traits, Photocatalytic and Antioxidant activity

Harshiny Muthukumar, Matheswaran Manickam* Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India-620015 * Corresponding author email ID:[email protected] Tel: +91-431-2503120 Fax: + 91-431-2500133

Graphical Abstract

Synopsis Synthesis of FeO-NPs using A. spinosus leaf extracts as reducing agents. Physico-chemical characteristics and catalytic activity of nanoparticles were investigated.


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Amaranthus spinosus Leaf Extract Mediated FeO Nanoparticles

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