AN IBM CARD INDEXZNG SYSTEM FOR LITERATURE REFERENCES* BY R . A. BONHAM, F. A. MOMANY, AND M. L. DRUELINGER Chemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
A comprehensive s e t of a b s t r a c t s of a r t i c l e s on m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e and c e r t a i n r e l a t e d topics i s being compiled on IBM c a r d s a t Indiana University. The d e t a i l s of the a b s t r a c t ing s y s t e m a r e d e s c r i b e d below. A copy of the a b s t r a c t c a r d deck m a y be obtained f r o m the authors f o r the p r i c e of postage and c a r d s . The proposed method m a k e s u s e of IBM punched c a r d s . These c a r d s have 80 columns, each of which m a y be punched in 36 distinct ways. The information coded in t h e s e c a r d s then m a y be r e t r i e v e d e a s i l y by u s e of an IBM c a r d s o r t e r . If? columns a r e used t o code a p a r t i c u l a r i t e m then t h e r e exist a t l e a s t 36" different coding possibilities s o that the amount of information which can be put on one c a r d i s quite l a r g e . As an added advantage a s h o r t a b s t r a c t is typed on the back of each c a r d b e f o r e i t i s coded. It has been found that the punching of information onto a c a r d does not usually l e s s e n the legibility of the typed abstract. The coding p r o c e d u r e outlined below f o r handling l i t e r a t u r e r e f e r e n c e s in the field of m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e could be used in a modified f o r m f o r other a r e a s of i n t e r e s t . Columns one through t h r e e on e a c h c a r d a r e r e s e r v e d f o r a t h r e e l e t t e r code representing the name of a journal. The code closely follows that adopted by Suttonl and a m a s t e r s h e e t containing the journal codes is maintained f o r e a s y r e f e r e n c e . Columns four through s i x contain the volume n u m b e r , columns s e v e n through eleven the page number and columns twelve through t h i r t e e n the year. The authors n a m e s a r e coded according to t h e i r initials and in o r d e r of t h e i r appearance on the a r t i c l e . Columns fourteen through twenty-two a r e u s e d f o r this p u r p o s e which allows t h r e e authors t o be coded with f i r s t , middle, and l a s t initials o r f i r s t initial and the f i r s t two l e t t e r s of the l a s t name o r some other suitable combination. Again a m a s t e r code l i s t i s maintained f o r the a u t h o r ' s i n i t i a l s . Columns twenty-three through twenty-eight a r e u s e d f o r coding the specific approach to m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e utilized by the a r t i c l e .
This space allows coding of up t o two t h r e e l e t t e r codes f o r specific experimental and theor e t i c a l approaches to molecular s t r u c t u r e . The code follows that utilized by Sutton a s closely a s i s possible. Column twenty-nine u s e s an additional n u m e r i c a l code t o subdivide the gene r a l a r e a of molecular s t r u c t u r e into broad s u b - a r e a s such a s t h e o r y , s t r u c t u r e , a p p a r a t u s , and techniques, The e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a of up t o t h r e e chemical compounds m a y be coded in columns thirty through seventy-six. Eleven columns a r e used f o r the f o r m u l a of each compound, coded a s i t i s found in the "Handbook of P h y s i c s and Chemistry2" and four columns a r e used to designate i s o m e r i c f e a t u r e s o r pertinent ring s y s t e m s of e a c h compound. If an a r t i c l e did not deal with specific compounds this s p a c e could be utilized in a different m a n n e r . The l a s t four columns (seventy-seven through eighty) m a y be used to label the c a r d s n u m e r i cally. This s p a c e could, however, a l s o be used to s t o r e additional information, a s it i s not e s s e n t i a l t o keep t r a c k of the total number of cards. In F i g . 1 a typical coded IBM c a r d i s shown f r o m the punched s i d e and a l s o f r o m the side with the typed a b s t r a c t . When decoded the punched side would r e a d the J o u r n a l of the American Chemical Society (JAS), Vol. 75, a r t i c l e begins on page 1542, y e a r published was 1953, the a u t h o r s n a m e s w e r e J . W. Coutts, and R. L. Livingston (determined by u s e of the code sheet f o r authors using the punched i n i t i a l s JWC and R L L ) ; the experimental method used was e l e c t r o n diffraction ( E ) ; the a r t i c l e d e a l s with the experimental determination of m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e ( 1 ) ; and the compounds i n volved w e r e t e r t i a r y - b u t y l chloride[(CH3)3CCI], 2,2-dichloropropane[CH3CCl2CH3-J, and 1, 1, 1 -trichloroethane [CH3CC13]. At the t i m e of writing about four hundred a r t i c l e s had been a b s t r a c t e d and this total r e f e r e n c e s e t occupies a space about t h r e e inches by four inches by seven inches. This s y s t e m has the advantages that it m a k e s u s e of readily available equipment z Td r e f e r e n c e collections
'Contribution 992 from the Chemical Laboratories of Indiana University.
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AN IBM CARD INDEXING SYSTEM FOR LITERATURE REFERENCES
using t h i s type of a p p r o a c h e a s i l y m a y be r e produced and changed. In f a c t i f different l a b o r a t o r i e s i n c o r p o r a t e d different f o r m a t s f o r t h e s t o r a g e of information on c a r d s a conv e r s i o n of information on one f o r m a t t o another can be accomplished. e a s i l y by t h e u s e of a n IBM c a r d r e p r o d u c e r . While i t i s not envisioned that t h i s s y s t e m will. r e p l a c e the small s p e c i a l i z e d r e f e r e n c e collections on k e y s o r t c a r d s , i t
should p r o v e a useful m e a n s of maintaining a c o m p r e h e n s i v e l i t e r a t u r e s u r v e y of a given a r e a which i s r e a d i l y t r a n s f e r a b l e and can be modified e a s i l y . If a digital c o m p u t e r i s a v a i l able a c a r d collection c a n be put on m a g n e t i c t a p e and the c o m p u t e r m a y be u s e d t o m a k e the v a r i o u s r e q u i r e d s o r t s . The a u t h o r s w i s h t o thank the National Science Foundation and the Indiana U n i v e r s i t y Computing C e n t e r f o r t h e i r help i n t h i s w o r k .
Fig. 1 FRONT
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AN ~&ECTKON DIFFHACTEON I N V E S T I G ~ I ~ NOF THE OF L,L,L-TtcIfXLOHOET"E, 2,2-DICHLOROPKOPANE;
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An electron diffraction investigation If the above rnoJkculer
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REFERENCES (1) L. E. Sutton, Ed., "Tables of Interatomic Distances and Configuration in Molecules and Ions." The Chemical Society, London, 1958.
(2) C. D. Hodgman, Ed., "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics." 39th ed., Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1957.
