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1 An Overview of the Department of Energy Program for the Recovery of Energy and Materials from Urban Solid Waste DONALD K. WALTER

Downloaded by 92.63.110.177 on January 27, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: August 29, 1980 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1980-0130.ch001

Urban Waste and Municipal Systems Branch, U.S. Department of Energy, Mail Stop 2221-C, 20 Massachusetts Ave., Washington, DC 20545

The primary mission of the Department of Energy Urban Waste Program is to promote energy conservation through the widespread use of urban solid waste as a source of energy and materials. Specifically, the Urban Waste and Municipal Systems (UWMS) Branch seeks to replace conventional fuels with the energy recovered from urban solid wastes; replace virgin materials with materials recycled from urban solid waste; and reduce the amount of energy used in urban waste treatment and disposal. By recovering energy and materials from urban wastes, the word "waste" becomes a mis nomer. Garbage, refuse, certain sludges, and certain solids and liquids which are discarded by households, institutions, and businesses are more aptly defined as "urban byproducts" which are awaiting conversion to a useful form. Development of these previously neglected resources rein forces several national policies including energy, resource con servation, and the environment. For example, a typical 900 tonne (1,000 ton) per day energy and materials plant: ο Produces approximately two quadrillion joules (two tril lion Btu's) of low-sulfur fuel per year — the equivalent of roughly 300,000 barrels of oil; ο Produces in a year as much as 18,000 metric tons of ferrous, 1,100 metric tons of aluminum and other nonferrous metals, and 14,000 metric tons of glass for use by industry in various manufacturing processes; ο Reduces the amount of material for land disposal from over 270,000 metric tons of mixed wastes (including organic wastes and metals) per year to about 54,000 metric tons per year of relatively inert material. The use of energy and materials recovery technologies con serves fossil fuels directly by replacing them as sources of energy for combustion, and indirectly by replacing virgin materials with intermediate products which require less energy to reconvert into a final form. However, central plant pro cessing of urban solid waste to recover energy and materials is This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright. Published 1980 American Chemical Society Jones and Radding; Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1980.


4

THERMAL CONVERSION OF SOLID WASTES AND BIOMASS

s t i l l i n the e a r l y stages of development. In pursuing i t s mission to achieve maximum development of the resource p o t e n t i a l of urban s o l i d wastes, the UWMS Branch undertakes a c t i v i t i e s i n three areas: t e c h n i c a l processes, i n s t i t u t i o n a l impediments to waste use, and program (monetary) support. These areas, although l o g i c a l l y separable, are h i g h l y i n t e r r e l a t e d and u n d e r l i n e the Branch s t r a t e g y to demonstrate promising energy recovery technologies at a commercial s c a l e i n a v a r i e t y of i n s t i t u t i o n a l s e t t i n g s . This s t r a t e g y i s aimed at a s s i s t i n g p u b l i c and p r i v a t e e n t i t i e s to conserve energy by u t i l i z i n g the resources contained i n t h e i r urban s o l i d wastes; i t focuses on e x i s t i n g impediments to the implementation of energy recovery p r o j e c t s . The program a c t i v i t i e s — i n t e c h n i c a l processes, i n s t i t u t i o n a l impediments to waste use, and program support — address the problems that hinder progress i n demonstrating resource recovery t e c h n o l o g i e s . The f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n attempts to describe the breadth of Branch a c t i v i t i e s i n these areas. Technical

Processes

Figure 1 shows the range of t e c h n i c a l process options i n resource recovery. Three broad technologies are a v a i l a b l e to recover energy and energy i n t e n s i v e m a t e r i a l s from urban wastes: mechanical, thermal, and b i o l o g i c a l . Mechanical. Mechanical p r o c e s s i n g separates wastes i n t o v a r i o u s components i n c l u d i n g metals, g l a s s , and a r e f u s e d e r i v e d f u e l (RDF). G e n e r a l l y , a mechanical process i s a p r e l i m i n a r y step to the thermal and b i o l o g i c a l t e c h n o l o g i e s . The m e t a l l i c components, g l a s s , and paper f i b e r s are r e c y c l e d to d i s p l a c e v i r g i n materials. In general, mechanical processes are employed f o r s i z e r e duction and s e p a r a t i o n by s i z e , weight, shape, d e n s i t y and other p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . A t y p i c a l p r o c e s s i n g l i n e would u t i l i z e shredding f o r s i z e r e d u c t i o n of raw r e f u s e , followed by some form of a i r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n to separate the p a r t i c l e s i n t o l i g h t (organics) and a heavy ( i n o r g a n i c s ) m a t e r i a l stream. The l i g h t f r a c t i o n , without f u r t h e r p r o c e s s i n g , has come to be known as f l u f f RDF. A demonstration u n i t sponsored by the Environemtal P r o t e c t i o n Agency (EPA) to produce RDF at St. Louis proved the b a s i c f e a s i b i l i t y of mechanical s e p a r a t i o n processes, t r a n s p o r t and storage techniques, and combustion of f l u f f RDF to r e p l a c e 5 to 27 percent of the p u l v e r i z e d c o a l used i n s u s p e n s i o n - f i r e d u t i l i t y boilers. However, the refinement of equipment components and the t e c h n i c a l and economic o p t i m i z a t i o n of the b a s i c technology s t i l l r e q u i r e a great deal of work. There i s one operating f a c i l i t y at Ames, Iowa which recovers and uses f l u f f RDF on a d a i l y b a s i s . T h i s f a c i l i t y has encountered a s e r i e s of economic and t e c h n i c a l problems. A second f a c i l i t y at Milwaukee, Wisconsin i s e n t e r i n g i t s f i r s t year of

Jones and Radding; Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1980.


Sewage * Sludge"

7

As. &ec£i}£ecL I Waste

Technology

Biochemical

Organics

Mechanical

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)

Thermal

Figure 1.

Co-Fire

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Technical processes

Energy from Landfills

Anaerobic Digestion

Other

Combustion

Technique

Electricity

~

Methane «

Compost

Fuel

Materials -

Feedstocks

_

-Synthetic Natural Gas

— Conditioner

Thermal

• Reuse

Chemicals

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Heat

Process Heat

istrict

End Use

Fuels — G a s Turbine

.S

Product


s:

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H

ir


6


production e v a l u a t i o n p r i o r to f i n a l i z i n g f u e l s a l e s c o n t r a c t s . Several other f a c i l i t i e s are i n a shakedown phase or under cons t r u c t i o n at Chicago; Monroe County, New York; Bridgeport, Connecticut; etc. The p r e p a r a t i o n of d e n s i f i e d RDF (d/RDF) by p e l l e t i z i n g , b r i q u e t t i n g , or extruding i s being explored and evaluated. It i s p a r t i c u l a r l y adapted f o r stoker and spreader-stoker furnaces. However, i t has not been demonstrated commercially, and the c o s t s , handling c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and f i r i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are yet to be evaluated. The a n t i c i p a t e d advantages of d e n s i f i e d RDF are g r e a t l y improved storage and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Production of powder RDF ( p a r t i c l e s smaller than 0.15 m i l l i meter) i s being developed i n a p r o p r i e t a r y p i l o t - p l a n t process by e m b r i t t l i n g waste with organic a c i d . A f t e r adding an e m b r i t t l i n g chemical, c o a r s e l y shredded waste i s p u l v e r i z e d . The r e s u l t i n g powder has a higher Btu content than f l u f f RDF, as w e l l as a greater d e n s i t y , homogeneity and decreased moisture content. In a d d i t i o n , powder RDF may be capable of d i r e c t c o - f i r i n g with f u e l oils. However, the d u s t - l i k e composition n e c e s s i t a t e s s p e c i a l handling to minimize the danger of e x p l o s i o n . A "wet" mechanical s e p a r a t i o n process u t i l i z e s hydropulping technology adapted from the pulp and paper i n d u s t r y to reduce raw waste to more uniform s i z e and consistency, followed by a s e r i e s of processes to separate the pulped mass i n t o l i g h t and heavy f r a c t i o n s and to remove some of the water. The o r i g i n a l EPA sponsored p i l o t p l a n t at F r a n k l i n , Ohio, i s s t i l l o p e r a t i n g , although i t no longer produces low grade f i b e r f o r a r o o f i n g p l a n t as o r i g i n a l l y intended. A f t e r s u c c e s s f u l t e s t burns of the 50 percent o r g a n i c s , 50 percent moisture pulp, a f u l l - s c a l e f a c i l i t y designed to burn the pulp to recover steam i s now i n s t a r t - u p at Hempstead, New York. Ferrous metal recovery systems are the most advanced m a t e r i a l recovery systems. Paper f i b e r recovery by both pulping and dry processes has been demonstrated s u c c e s s f u l l y , and aluminum and glass recovery has been demonstrated with l i m i t e d success. E f f o r t s are planned to improve system e f f i c i e n c i e s i n terms of energy use, q u a n t i t y , and q u a l i t y of m a t e r i a l recovered. Thermal. Combustion techniques burn waste f o r the recovery of heat energy. Waterwall combustors are the most t e c h n i c a l l y developed energy recovery systems and employ s p e c i a l grates to burn "as r e c e i v e d " urban waste and recover steam e i t h e r at s a t u rated or superheated c o n d i t i o n s . Over 250 p l a n t s are operating worldwide; seven of them i n the United States. Three of the seven were o r i g i n a l l y b u i l t as i n c i n e r a t o r s . Worldwide there have been a number of t e c h n i c a l problems, with the c o n t r o l of c o r r o s i o n and e r o s i o n being the most s e r i o u s . The most recent European designs have solved these problems but at an increased c a p i t a l c o s t . The more popular U.S. development seems to be the recovery of RDF f o r s a l e to c o a l - u s i n g f a c i l i t i e s although t h i s may be changing. With m o d i f i c a t i o n s , e x i s t i n g b o i l e r s can use RDF as a



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WALTER

Urban Solid Waste

7

supplemental f u e l . Most development has been aimed a t the l a r g e suspension c o a l f i r e d u t i l i t y b o i l e r . While t e s t burns have been encouraging, t e c h n i c a l problems have developed r e l a t e d to burning c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s l a g g i n g , and environmental c o n t r o l equipment performance. A l l can be solved. However, upgrading c o n t r o l devices such as e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r s may r e q u i r e s i g n i f i cant increases i n the c a p i t a l costs of the system. Another v a r i a t i o n being demonstrated i s the combustion of RDF i n a dedicated b o i l e r as a p r i n c i p a l f u e l . Normally the b o i l e r i s of spreader-stoker design with some c o n s i d e r a t i o n given to the use of f o s s i l f u e l s such as high s u l f u r c o a l as a load l e v e l e r and steam production s t a b i l i z e r . The only a v a i l a b l e s m a l l - s c a l e system i s a packaged two chamber i n c i n e r a t o r with waste heat recovery. This technique i s p r a c t i c a l at the 25 to 100 tons per day (TPD) s c a l e . In these u n i t s , p a r t i a l o x i d a t i o n occurs i n the f i r s t s e c t i o n of the u n i t and causes a p o r t i o n of the waste m a t e r i a l to degrade and give o f f combustible gases. These gases, as w e l l as products of combustion and p a r t i c u l a t e from the f i r s t chamber, flow to a second chamber where they are combusted with excess a i r and a n a t u r a l gas o r o i l p i l o t flame. The combustion products then flow through a p p r o p r i ate heat t r a n s f e r equipment to produce steam, hot water, or hot air. Today, four small c i t i e s and more than s i x t y i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s use the technique with heat recovery equipment. Thermal g a s i f i c a t i o n and p y r o l y s i s systems are a l s o under development with s e v e r a l systems approaching the f u l l s c a l e demons t r a t i o n stage. S p e c i f i c d i s c u s s i o n i s not included on i n d i v i d u a l techniques s i n c e they are s t i l l i n the developmental stages. Fuels from these processes i n c l u d e gases, o i l s and chars. Biological. B i o l o g i c a l techniques use l i v i n g organisms t o convert organics i n t o u s e f u l energy forms. These processes are i n the developmental stages. The Department of Energy (DOE) i s sponsoring an anerobic d i g e s t i o n process that converts the organics i n urban waste to methane under c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s . This process i s at the proof-of-concept stage and i s not expected to be commercialized u n t i l the l a t e 1980s. Another b i o c o n v e r s i o n process to recover methane from e x i s t ing l a n d f i l l s i s near commercialization. Because of the e x p l o s i v e nature o f the gas, i n c r e a s i n g a t t e n t i o n has been p a i d to c o n t r o l l i n g i t s m i g r a t i o n . Today there i s one operating s i t e , two s i t e s i n development, one s i t e under c o n s t r u c t i o n and t e n s i t e s i n an advanced planning stage to u t i l i z e the recovered gas. It i s estimated that 28 m i l l i o n cubic meters (one t r i l l i o n cubic f e e t ) of methane i s p o t e n t i a l l y recoverable from e x i s t i n g l a n d f i l l s , with 1.5 b i l l i o n cubic meters (55 b i l l i o n cubic f e e t ) of p i p e l i n e q u a l i t y methane a v a i l a b l e y e a r l y , j u s t from the 100 l a r g e s t l a n d fills. Generally, the mechanical, thermal and b i o l o g i c a l resource recovery technologies can be ranked i n order of t h e i r s t a t e s of development as shown i n Table 1. The DOE research, development




Table I.

Developmental Stage of Resource Recovery Technologies

L e v e l of Development

Technology

High • • • • • • • • •

Low

Ferrous Metal Recovery Anaerobic D i g e s t i o n of M u n i c i p a l S o l i d Wastes Waterwall and Modular Cont r o l l e d A i r Combustors Coarse, F l u f f , and Wet Pulped RDF Paper F i b e r Recovery L a n d f i l l Gas Recovery Glass, Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Metal Recovery Dust and D e n s i f i e d RDF P y r o l y s i s and G a s i f i c a t i o n Anaerobic D i g e s t i o n of S o l i d Waste Enzymatic and Fungal Synthesis


1.

WALTER

Urban Solid Waste

9

and demonstration (RD&D) program addresses a l l of these technologies and i s a c t i v e i n promoting t h e i r development. However, true development r e q u i r e s a good deal more than proving the s c i e n t i f i c or engineering v i a b i l i t y of a l t e r n a t i v e resource recovery options, H i s t o r y demonstrates that the major d i f f i c u l t i e s of p u t t i n g a new technology on a sound commercial f o o t i n g occur a f t e r the successf u l operation of the f i r s t prototype. The Branch's program i s fashioned to deal with these problems.


Nontechnical

Issues

Figure 2 i l l u s t r a t e s the range of nontechnical i s s u e s i n resource recovery. The three broad c a t e g o r i e s — institutional, socioeconomic, and l e g a l — are i n t e r r e l a t e d and o f t e n r a i s e obstacles more d i f f i c u l t to overcome then t e c h n i c a l problems. Energy and m a t e r i a l recovery f a c i l i t i e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , are s i m i l a r to other c a p i t a l i n t e n s i v e manufacturing operations i n that they cannot operate economically unless they r e c e i v e regul a r l y s u f f i c i e n t feedstocks to u t i l i z e production c a p a c i t y . A guaranteed supply of waste i s the foundation upon which an economically f e a s i b l e energy recovery p r o j e c t i s b u i l t . However, m u n i c i p a l i t i e s f r e q u e n t l y c o n t r o l only a f r a c t i o n of the wastes collected within their j u r i s d i c t i o n s . Most urban waste i s c o l l e c t e d by p r i v a t e haulers who d e t e r mine the l e a s t cost p l a c e of d i s p o s a l . Attempts to mandate that p r i v a t e l y - c o l l e c t e d wastes be d e l i v e r e d to a recovery system have met with considerable o p p o s i t i o n from both p r i v a t e haulers and l a n d f i l l operators. One such attempt p r e c i p i t a t e d l i t i g a t i o n that i s now awaiting a d e c i s i o n i n the U.S. D i s t r i c t Court f o r the Northern D i s t r i c t of Ohio. The waste c o n t r o l problem i s f u r t h e r aggravated by the need to aggregate s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s of waste f o r the recovery facility. Because many recovery technologies c u r r e n t l y are economically f e a s i b l e only at a l a r g e s c a l e , they f r e q u e n t l y r e q u i r e r e g i o n a l i z a t i o n of the waste management system. The p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a recovery p r o j e c t of numerous communities — each with d i f f e r e n t perceptions, needs, and expectations — i s d i f f i c u l t to achieve because of the perceived r i s k s and costs a s s o c i a t e d with recovery systems. Thus, i n t e r m u n i c i p a l agreements to achieve r e g i o n a l i z a t i o n are d i f f i c u l t to develop and n e g o t i a t e . The comp l e x i t i e s of t h i s process are o f t e n a major cause of delay i n implementing promising p r o j e c t s . Another major impediment i s that resource recovery f a c i l i t i e s must compete with l a n d f i l l s i n most communities. Most of these l a n d f i l l s f a l l f a r short of s a t i s f y i n g even reasonable p r o t e c t i o n against p o l l u t i o n of ground waters and t h r e a t s to p u b l i c h e a l t h and s a f e t y . Further, few communities account f o r the f u l l cost of land d i s p o s a l . The value of land used as a l a n d f i l l d i s p o s a l f a c i l i t y w i l l diminish g r e a t l y as i t reaches capacity and must be c l o s e d . Few m u n i c i p a l i t i e s r e f l e c t t h i s decrease i n value i n c a l c u l a t i n g d i s p o s a l c o s t s . Sometimes



Figure 2.

Legal

Socioeconomic

Institutional

Category

{ Contracts

Ownership

Waste Control ^

Guarantees

— -Model Codes/Guidelines

7

r~\

-Training/Education/Technology Transfer

P r i c e Supports

Evaluate A l t e r n a t i v e s

Incentives/Procedures

Regionalization/Coordination

Environmental/Price/1RS

Output

Nontechnical issues and their interrelationships

|"Ί

Manpower

Markets

Benefit/Cost

Lj \-A

Financing

r- !

-

P u b l i c / P r i v a t e Interface

Government I n t e r a c t i o n

Regulations

Issue



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WALTER

Urban Solid Waste

11

c a p i t a l equipment costs have not been considered i n the determination o f d i s p o s a l c o s t s . Consequently, the cost of l a n d f i l l i n g i s cheap i n areas that do not enforce reasonable environmental and p u b l i c h e a l t h standards. In a d d i t i o n , i t i s perceived as cheap i n areas which have good enforcement but f a i l to f u l l y account f o r the true c o s t s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n s e v e r e l y c o n s t r a i n s the a b i l i t y of energy and m a t e r i a l s recovery systems t o compete with land d i s p o s a l operations f o r the a c q u i s i t i o n of urban wastes. Economy i n transport a t i o n i s one p o t e n t i a l advantage that energy recovery f a c i l i t i e s enjoy r e l a t i v e to land d i s p o s a l . Because l a n d f i l l s i t e s a r e i n c r e a s i n g l y a v a i l a b l e only a t considerable d i s t a n c e from the urban centers which generate the waste, the costs of t r a n s p o r t i n g the waste i s g r e a t l y increased. Unfortunately, t h i s advantage i s l a r g e l y reduced because c e r t a i n types of energy recovery f a c i l i t i e s cannot be l o c a t e d i n urban areas that cannot meet EPA ambient standards f o r p a r t i c u l a t e s . These nonattainment areas may not add a new s t a t i o n a r y source o f p a r t i c u l a t e emissions without an equal or greater o f f set i n emissions from other sources. Current Federal e n v i r o n mental r e g u l a t i o n s do not recognize the other o f f s e t t i n g r e g i o n a l environmental b e n e f i t s of an energy and m a t e r i a l s recovery p l a n t . In order to increase the a b i l i t y of energy recovery systems to compete with land d i s p o s a l , DOE i s urging the Congress and the Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency to r e v i s e environmental regul a t i o n s so as to encourage demonstration of environmentally sound recovery systems. The Branch program addresses not only these p r e s s i n g i s s u e s but a l s o provides a s s i s t a n c e regarding f i n a n c i n g of resource systems, market development f o r recovered resources, advice on n e g o t i a t i n g equipment c o n t r a c t s and f o r developing procurement documents. Branch a c t i v i t i e s i n these n o n t e c h n i c a l areas as w e l l as i n t e c h n i c a l areas are coordinated through i t s program support efforts. Program

Support

DOE's Urban Waste Technology funds are p r i m a r i l y used to support RD&D. Most p r o j e c t s are funded by grants, c o n t r a c t s and cooperative agreements. The o b j e c t i v e s of our RD&D e f f o r t s are two-fold: to conduct research and development that w i l l provide planners with s u f f i c i e n t options f o r choosing a waste-to-energy system that f i t s s p e c i f i c l o c a l needs, and to provide the f i n a n c i a l support to demonstrate a wide range of these technolog i e s . Major e f f o r t s concentrate on developing technologies that can have wide a p p l i c a t i o n . DOE a l s o provides t r a i n i n g and t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e to maximize the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of i t s RD&D investment. Demonstration of e f f e c t i v e energy technologies w i l l reduce many of the b a r r i e r s that cause m u n i c i p a l i t i e s and the p r i v a t e sector t o h e s i t a t e i n undertaking energy recovery p r o j e c t s . In



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the i t e r i m , DOE i s developing techniques to provide f i n a n c i a l and economic i n c e n t i v e s f o r moving d e s i r a b l e p r o j e c t s forward. These i n c e n t i v e s — loans, loan guarantees and p r i c e supports — w i l l be used to s h i f t much of the f i n a n c i a l r i s k from the l o c a l p a r t i c i pants to the Federal government. When i n p l a c e , a l i m i t e d program of p r i c e supports w i l l help develop markets f o r recovered f u e l , steam and e l e c t r i c i t y . Loan guarantees w i l l be used to guarantee 75 percent o f t o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t s , o r 90 percent of c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s . DOE w i l l , however, l i m i t i t s loan guarantee support to those p r o j e c t s f o r which there i s a reasonable assurance of repayment. As of w r i t i n g , loan guarantee and p r i c e support r e g u l a t i o n s are being developed. Appropriations are not yet a v a i l a b l e f o r these programs. An a c t i v e program of t r a i n i n g , t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e and information t r a n s f e r i s a l s o being i n i t i a t e d . This i n c l u d e s p r e p a r a t i o n of case s t u d i e s , conducting workshops and seminars and developing u n i v e r s i t y and apprenticeship programs. And l a s t l y , the program i s being coordinated among the Federal agencies so that the e x p e r t i s e of each i s used to the f u l l e s t . To summarize, the DOE Urban Waste Program aims at h e l p i n g the p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s e c t o r s conserve energy by u t i l i z i n g the energy resources contained i n urban wastes. The s t r a t e g y i s to reduce or e l i m i n a t e both the t e c h n i c a l and nontechnical b a r r i e r s to using resource recovery on a l a r g e s c a l e . The i n i t i a l goal i s to reduce the t e c h n i c a l b a r r i e r s by supporting R&D e f f o r t s that w i l l l e a d to commercial s c a l e demonstration o f promising technologies. S u c c e s s f u l demonstrations w i l l reduce many of the current r i s k s which i n h i b i t m u n i c i p a l i t i e s and the p r i v a t e s e c t o r from adopting resource recovery. In the i n t e r i m , the Federal government w i l l assume major f i n a n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p r o j e c t r i s k s . U l t i m a t e l y , i t i s hoped that a l l of these e f f o r t s w i l l make resource recovery a common and popular method of waste d i s p o s a l and energy production.

REFERENCES

1.

CSI Resource Systems Group, Inc., Federal Assistance by the Department of Energy in the Demonstration of Energy and Materials Recovery Systems. Contract No. 31-109-38-4493, Argonne National Laboratory (August 1978).

2.

Cohen, Alan S., An Overview of the Department of Energy's Research, Development and Demonstration Program for the Recovery of Energy and Materials from Urban Waste.

RECEIVED December 21,

1979.


An Overview of the Department of Energy Program ... - ACS Publications

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