contents
http://pubs.acs.org/ac ISSN 0003-2700
March 1, 2001 / Vol. 73, No. 5
features Tunable Deep Blue Light for Laser Spectrochemistry. Now that a laser with a “deep blue” light—the GaN laser diode— is commercially available, what can analytical chemists do with it? Kay Niemax and Alexander Zybin of the Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (Germany), and David Eger of the Soreq Nuclear Research Center (Israel) evaluate the properties of the new laser diode and compare it with alternative means for generating blue and near-UV radiation.
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COVER STORY 150 A
Molecular micelles. 140 A
Molecular Micelles: Novel Pseudostationary Phases for CE. With more demands being placed on analytical separations, the need for new phases and methodologies to separate very similar analytes, such as enantiomers, is intensifying. Shahab Shamsi of Georgia State University, Christopher Palmer of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, and Isiah Warner of Louisiana State University describe polymeric materials that solvate compounds like micelles and are an alternative to conventional surfactant micelles as separation carriers. Centennial Retrospective on Chemical Sensors. Chemical sensors have become an accepted part of analytical chemistry. Jir˘ í Janata of the Georgia Institute of Technology looks at how far sensor technology has come in the past few decades and tackles the difficult question: “What is a chemical sensor?”
news 123 A
Analytical Currents Ligands for SNPs. Checking up on athletes. New NO detector. New heights for acoustic levitators. HPLC/NMR and the exchanging protons. On-chip isolation of mRNA.
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Research Profile Stacking extra-long samples in capillaries. A sample plug longer than the column.
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Meeting News NIR observes infants’ brains. fossils in the brain.
DNA microarray experiment. 130 A
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A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y / M A R C H 1 , 2 0 0 1
New tricks from an old sol.
Finding
contents
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Government and Society Connecting the dots: Standards for DNA microarrays. tests evaluated.
New BSE
Business With Applera, PE Corp. finds an identity.
departments 117 A
Editorial Analytical Chemistry and the Life Sciences. Roland Hirsch points out that, thanks to analytical chemistry, the picture of living organisms has changed from that of biological macromolecules functioning in relative isolation to macromolecular complexes and “machines”.
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In AC Research
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Product Review High-Resolution NMR Gets Even Better. Higher magnetic fields and a new probe promise more resolution and greater sensitivity.
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AC WebWorks What Did One Cell Say to the Other? Laura Ruth surveys Web sites that investigate the best way to eavesdrop, monitor, record, and decipher cell signaling conversations.
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Books and Software Finding the Middle Ground for CE. Jonathan Sweedler, Jason Page, and Xin Zhang of the University of Illinois–Champaign review Practical Capillary Electrophoresis, 2nd edition.
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Meetings ACS Spring National Meeting in San Diego.
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New Products
1C
AC Research Contents
849–1067
AC Research
1068
Author Index
Cell signaling conversations. 159 A
New tricks from an old sol. 128 A
High-resolution NMR. 155 A
Chemical sensors. 150 A
M A R C H 1 , 2 0 0 1 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
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editorial
Analytical Chemistry and the Life Sciences I
am stating the obvious when I say that analytical instrumentation has changed greatly since my start in the profession in 1965. A more subtle point is that these advances have had a major impact not only on experimentation in the life sciences but also on basic concepts in the field. Thanks to research in analytical chemistry and related disciplines, such as biophysics, the textbook picture of living organisms has changed from that of biological macromolecules functioning in relative isolation (except, perhaps, in structures such as cell membranes) to macromolecular complexes and “machines” determining much of cellular chemistry. As stated by Bruce Alberts, “… instead of a cell dominated by randomly colliding individual protein molecules, we now know that nearly every major process in a cell is carried out by assemblies of 10 or more protein molecules. And, as it carries out its biological functions, each of these protein assemblies interacts with several other large complexes of proteins. Indeed, the entire cell can be viewed as a factory that contains an elaborate network of interlocking assembly lines, each of which is composed of a set of large protein machines” (Cell 1998, 92, 291–294). Understanding the functions of living organisms thus requires probing the chemistry of systems that are much more complicated and interrelated than was thought 35 years ago. Great progress has been made in sequencing and determining three-dimensional structures of DNA, RNA, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and “small” biological molecules. Analytical research has led to techniques capable of measuring very low concentrations of many of these components, even in single cells. These techniques range from single molecule spectroscopy to new types of MS, high-resolution chromatography, and electrophoresis to highly sensitive electrochemical and other types of sensors. These new analytical techniques demonstrate that the concept “gene sequence determines protein structure determines biological function” is an oversimplification. The intricacies of gene expression complicates the linkage between gene sequence and protein presence or
absence. Expressed proteins often are modified chemically into their functional form. Moreover, proteins usually are complexed, aggregated, and chaperoned as they move about the cell. Thus, understanding the function of proteins or other macromolecules can only come within the context of the biological system(s) in which they are involved. The ribosome— the cellular factory that produces proteins—is a good example of the irreducible complexity of many cellular systems. Even bacterial ribosomes, the simplest ribosome, contain 55 protein molecules and 3 RNA strands, each positioned to carry out a specific and essential role. Remarkable structural studies of ribosomes, nucleosomes, and other living cell components are being reported, with near-atomic-scale resolution. But we are far from being able to visualize these complex systems in action. Analytical techniques offering much greater speed, selectivity, spatial and temporal resolution, and dynamic range will be needed to capture the full chemical complexity of these systems. Analytical chemistry today is enabling great progress in all the life sciences, from molecular and cellular biology to medical diagnosis and drug design. Yet, there is still much for us to do to enable our colleagues to learn enough about the chemistry underlying biological function to truly understand the molecular basis of disease and health. Thus, I am confident that the analytical sciences will be at the very center of the biology of the future.
Roland F. Hirsch Medical Sciences Division U.S. Department of Energy
[email protected] M A R C H 1 , 2 0 0 1 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
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