Ï EQUIPMENT Analyzer Aims for Sensitivity Process chromatograph uses catalytic combustion cell for sensitive detecting « A s gas chromatography for process stream analysis continues t o grow and become more specialized, more demands are p u t on the chromatographs themselves. One of these demands is greater sensitivity. To meet this need, Greenbriar Instruments a n d Davis Instruments have jointly developed the Chroma-Cat for process stream analysis. Most gas chromatographs use thermal conductivity cells to detect concentration, and for the vast majority of cases at present these cells are quite adequate. But thermal conductivity produces a relatively small signal, thus docs not have the sensitivity needed in some cases. Chroma-Cat's solution: a catalytic combustion cell. T h e catalytic combustion cell gives large temperature changes, thus large signals. With the resulting increase in sensitivity over that of the thermal conductivity cell, the Chroma-Cat is especially suited for detecting traces of combustible gases and vapors and for analyzing streams from partial combustion processes, says Davis. O n e special use: detecting hydrogen in hydrocarbon streams. Catalytic combustion should pick up as little as a few parts per million. T h e lower limit with thermal conductivity is around 25 p.p.m. • Uses Platinum. Here's h o w the device works. The analyzing cell contains two specially treated, h e a t e d platinum filaments. Both filaments have a high temperature coefficient of resistance and are arranged in a Wheatstone bridge circuit. Each filament is housed in a separate chamber; one holds the reference filament and is sealed in air, the other holds the analyzing filament and is open to the column sample. T h e chromatograph, explains Davis, uses air as a carrier gas. T h u s when a s a m p l e leaves the column and enters the cell it burns on the surface of the analyzing filament. This increases the filament's temperature, and thus its re58
C&EN
AUG.
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sistance, in proportion to the amount of combustible. T h e chromatograph itself shapes up something like this. Temperature range, says Davis, is 40° to 85° C , can b e maintained to ziz0.5° C. Maxi-
m u m column length is 5 0 ft. And the control section can be located u p to 160 ft. from the analyzer section. Cost of the unit, including a strip recorder, ranges from about $ 3 8 0 0 to $7000. • Process Control· Davis and Greenbriar have also come u p with an accessory called the Chroma-Trol. This unit uses the chromatograph signal to control a plant process directly. Chroma-Trol selects one component coming from the column as a control component. As this p e a k begins to develop, a timer closes a solenoid valve in the p n e u m a t i c signal line from a transducer potentiometer to a process controller. I t then unlocks the transducer potentiometer, which responds to the c h r o m a t o g r a p h y signal and follows the peak to its maximum. T h e pneumatic
% Special Device Aids Magnetic Studies Faced with the problem of measuring the magnetic properties of materials that have been exposed to nuclear radiation, Westinghouse has developed its own "torque magnetometer/* A thin disk of material being studied rotates in the gap of an electromagnet. Result: a curve of torque (which changes according to t h e change in magnetization) vs. angular position of the disk with respect to the direction of the applied field. W e s t i n g h o u s e materials engineers then use this to determine "anisotropy constants" for the material. T h e s e constants are a measure of the ease with which a substance can b e magnetized in a certain direction. Mechanical " h a n d s " or manipulators h a n d l e the material samples a n d make adjustments on the "torque magnetometer/* which is housed in a hot cell.
In the Cowles...
IT'S THE TEETH THATMAKE THE DIFFERENCE for greater mixing volume and quality That's why the Cowles Dissolver is most in demand for ultimate dispersion, dissolving, emulsifying and deagglomerating—in processing solid-liquid, liquid-liquid and gas-liquid materials. These teeth are an exclusive, patented feature of the Cowles Impeller. They set the» Cowles far ahead of conventional mixers. Scientifically engineered power and drive systems insure complete control of the impeller action. The result is shown here in the steps that give you "MULTI-PHASE'* mixing for greater volume and finer quality. ;
"W h i g h Velocity^ §>!;*•'• ι to:matërîeï·'· ;';
f 4STCawies* lamsnar f l o w §;dtf»r' : i >TotaIi;Motîorg^||
Ϊ2ί; C r e a t e s ;x©o«;cHf | i;f:>€: i n t e n s e , t i i ^ w l e r w - e .
^Kinetic Energy m Îiow
Typical Curve
5 0 25
Inches from Impeller Yon* T w o actions cause r a p i d h y d r a u l i c a t t r i t i o n tr* t h i s z o n e : Sfaeor—Rubbmg o f particles on e a c h other a n d s c r u b b i n g o f l i q u i d p h a s e o n surfaces o f s o l i d p h a s e . I m p a c t — P a r t i c l e collisions / due t o directional differentials.
The t u r b u l e n t zone îs α z o n e of i n t e n s e energy d i s s i p a t i o n . N e a r l y ; 7 5 % o f the kinetic energy i s used f o r h y d r a u l i c a t t r i t i o n in a distance : o f T ' ^ 2 " f r o m t h e i m p e l l e r vanes.
T h e Cowles is adaptable to your m a t e r i a l s , p r o c e s s e s and present equipment. Cowles engineers will be happy to work with you in solving your processing problems economiRepresentatives in principal cities Convenient lease and time payment plans
B e y o n d t h e t u r b u l e n t zone the ·;]-fV n v o v e m e n t becomes l a m i n a r ^ T h i s ; fFw;:'divicles;'ay:>h^';V«'sselA.wailk^:-i a s s u r i n g complete c i r c u l a t i o n o f ^; tr*e emtîre batch;Turbulence?doesi ' notJriteirruptvf l o w / p c t t t ^
cally. Their solutions are based on the industry's most advanced research. Let us prove it in your plant at our risk ! Write today for complete information and catalog.
MOREHOUSE-COWLES 1150 San Fernando Rd., Los Angeles 65, Calif. AUG,
2 5,
1958 C & E N
59
This diaphragm pump can't air bind
EQUIPMENT
output of the transducer follows the potentiometer, but the solenoid valve closes this output off, holds the signal to the controller constant. When the chromatograph peak reaches a maximum, the transducer potentiometer motor starts to reverse. A peak picker attachment on the potentiometer then trips and locks the potentiometer at its highest value. The timer then opens the solenoid valve and the pneumatic signal set by the new peak goes to the controller. The system's control signal is in steps due to the length of time between analyses. This time depends on the stream composition, partitioning agent, and the like, may be 5 to 30 minutes or more. Ε 1
Controlled spray coatings might b e used for missiles, aircraft, and nuclear reactors, Giannini feels. The technique permits matching the thermal expan sion properties of different base mate rials with surface protection that can withstand the high temperatures found in such uses. Ε2
Lob Ware · . . • A batch t y p e flotation machine uses interchangeable parts to perform l a b test work in flotation, agitation, and attrition, according to Western Machin ery. Its called the Wemco Fagergren lab flotation machine. All major cast ings are aluminum; machine can b e dis assembled into Rve major parts. Ε3 • A n e n v i r o n m e n t a l test chamber f o r
• . · one o f many reasons why you get reliability and accuracy with Milton Roy Controlled Volume Diaphragm Pumps Take a good lock at the outstanding features of the new Milton Roy Controlled Volume Diaphragm Pump: ^ positive mechanical valve bleeds air or vapor from hydraulic fluid. t*
§11
CHEMICAL ÎNStî^MENT^Oît-SYSTEMS Confroîied Volume Pumps Quantichem Analyzers Chemical Feed Systems Anders Air and G a s Dryers
60
C&EN
A U G . 2 5, 1 9 5 8
Hotter than Sun's Surface Temperatures more than twice that on the surface of the sun are all in a day's work for Plasmatron, a new device for creating and sustaining such high temperatures. Developed by Giannini Plasmadyne, the unit turns out a jet at over 22,000° F. The jet is formed from a fluid— usually a gas such as argon or air— which passes through an electric arc in an enclosed chamber. T h e transfer of electrical energy in the arc, ac celerated b y thermal and magnetic "pinch" effects, results in random mo tion among gas ions and electrons, Giannini explains. This causes intense heat and patrial ionization of the gas. The temperature at the chamber orifice, says Giannini, is capable of vaporizing any element in the periodic chart. Size of the jet, which travels at velocities of some 13,000 ft. per sec. reaches up to 1/._» in. in diameter and 6 in. in length. The smaller the jet, the higher the temperature, explains Giannini. Plasmatron systems come in various power levels from 12.5 to 160 kw. to give various test area sizes. Such a jet, says the company, has uses in metallurgy, materials fabrica tion, aerodynamics, thermodynamics, nuclear physics, and others. One use tried out by Giannini is spray coating. The company chose tungsten with a 10,600°-F. boiling point (higher than the temperature of an oxyacetylene torch, says Giannini), vaporized it in the jet, and sprayed it onto cold steel. The result, the com pany says: a strong surface bond, high packing density, a smooth surface.
low and high temperature testing is now available from Associated Testing Laboratories. Its range is —100° to 800° F., within ±:2° F., says the com pany. The chamber measures 18 by 18 by 18 in.; internal volume: 3.4 cu. ft. Ε4
Instruments · . · • N e w Ratosight flow r a t e
indicator,
offered by Fischer & Porter, features a "snap-in" metering tube. The device uses O-ring construction to seal the metering tube, thus eliminates packing glands and stuffing boxes. Company says it can be used to measure flow rates of bearing lubes, coolants, and the like; it has a vibration-proof alarm for high and/ or low flows. Ε 5 • No-drain circuit annunciator, from Panellit, can monitor automatic equip ment from 2 4 to 9 6 points, says the firm. The device is a completely inte grated unit with all plug-in relays her metically sealed. A flashing sequence and audible alarm signals off-normal conditions. Ε6 • Null-balcnce
strip
chart
recorder,
now available from General Electric, is available in either a d.c. potentiom eter or a.c. or d.c. bridge version. Also it can be had in either single-pen or multirecord types. It has a 10 H / 4 in. calibrated chart width. Ε7 • Electric stopwatch, which measures time intervals between opening and closing of contacts on many instruments or controls, has been developed by D y napai Corp. It's available with either glow counter tube or a neon tube read out. Contact time intervals vary from
Latest for Detroit! New latex dip paints get durability boost from "Dutch Boy" research Durability of primers and topcoat dips is improved b y a product of National Lead research, "Dutch Boy" BEN-A-GEL® gelling agent. Intensive salt spray tests show that the durability of latex primers on bonderized steel is extended t o as much as double their original life. In dip tanks, this inorganic, insol uble gellant prevents pigment set tling — keeps paint at best coating consistency. During the dip, this unique gellant stops sag, controls
run-off, establishes optimum and uniform thickness. Alter the dip, it fortifies the film and promotes ad hesion — primer to surface, finish to primer. Tough, durable, weather-resistant latex dip primers and topcoats are but two of many compounds made with water that "Dutch Boy" BENA-GEL improves. Ceramic glazes are one example. Cosmetics, another. Porcelain enamels, still another. "Dutch Boy" BENTONE® gel-
N A T I O N A L LEAD C O M P A N Y , 1 1 1 B r o a d w a y , N e w York 6 , Ν . Υ. In Canada: CANADIAN TITANIUM PIGMENTS LIMITED, 630 Dorchester Street, West Gentlemen: Please send literature checked b e l o w : I # Folders on "Dutch B o y " Gelling Agents: Name Π "Dutch Boy" BENTONE® 18-C, 34, 38 (gel organic liquids) • "Dutch Boy" BEN-A-GEL® (gels aqueous compounds) pirm •
Folders on "Dutch B o y " Stabilizers: • Describe vinyl product as fully as possible
lants 18-C, 34, and 38 also help the printing, petroleum, pharmaceutical, adhesive industries step up quality. Twenty-two "Dutch Boy" stabi lizers for vinyls do the same for manufacturers of electrical insula tions, of flooring, of calendered prod ucts, of toys, of rigid polyvinyl struc turais, and dozens of other vinyl products. Delve into this treasure house of useful "Dutch Boy" chemicals. Send coupon below for literature.
Montreal .Title
Address _State-
City_
Buy and
DuTch Boy C H E M I C A L S get the plus
of a name
you
know.
. . for
quality
OXYGEN IS FACTOR IN BREAKDOWN OF MANY DIFFERENT PRODUCTS Causes Rancidity, Gum-Formation, Embrittlement, Discoloration USE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IS GROWING Reports from agricultural and in dustrial fields indicate increased recognition of ubiquitous oxygen as a destructive threat t o products containing fats, oils, waxes, hydro carbons, plastics or rubber. Oxida tion manifests itself in a variety of ways... as rancid lard, stale potato chips, unpalatable a n i m a l feed, gummed up gasoline, and cracked tire side walls. To combat the attack of o x y g e n , many c o m p a n i e s are turning to antioxidants. Addition of these inhibitors in only very small amounts provides long-last ing protection against oxidative deterioration. Lard is typical of food products needing protection against oxygen. Antioxidants effectively and eco nomically retard d e c o m p o s i t i o n that would otherwise result in poor color, aroma, taste or texture. Sim ilarly, in baked products such as crackers, and in fried foods such as potato chips, antioxidants inhibit product deterioration, making complaints of rancidity a thing of the past. Shelf life is increased when anti oxidants are added to a fat-contain ing food, permitting distribution to be broadened to m a r k e t s previ ously inaccessible. Typical of the increasing impor tance of antioxidants i s their role in helping to develop an entirely new outlet for inedible fats and oils ...animal feed. By stabilizing the fats in the feed and thus keeping the feed fresh and palatable, anti oxidants were instrumental in cre ating a market for more than 300 million pounds of fats annually. 62
C&ENAUG.
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1958
Antioxidants are used to retard formation of power-robbing gums i n a u t o m o t i v e g a s o l i n e and jet fuels. In transformer and turbine oils, antioxidants prolong the use ful life of the oils by increasing their resistance to high-tempera ture oxidative reactions that build u p sludge. L o w e r maintenance costs resulting from their use are an extra benefit for the electrical industry. In the field of plastics, antioxi dants are effective in protecting molded and extruded polyethylene against deterioration during both processing and use. Rubber products also need pro tection against o x y g e n . . . actually against ozone, one of the most pow erful and insidious oxidizing agents known. Even minute concentra tions in the atmosphere can se verely damage rubber products in a short time. To retard the cracking and checking caused by ozone, rub ber processors depend on antiozonants. In the field of agriculture, anti oxidants extend the usefulness of insecticide formulations. In poultry feeds antioxidants help chicks to mature faster by protecting vita min content, stimulating growth,
improving pigmentation, and pre venting certain deficiency diseases. Trie b e s t advice this report can .give to manuf acturers seeking to protect their products against the attack of oxygen is t o seek out a leading supplier of antioxidants, for e x a m p l e , E a s t m a n C h e m i c a l Products, Inc., as their laboratories are staffed with antioxidant spe cialists, ready to help you explore the benefits, use and cost of antiox idants in your, product. Moreover, "because Eastman manufactures all the principal a n t i o x i d a n t s u s e d Products in these fields know the value of Eastman antioxidants ] Food Insecticides Rubber Animal Feeds Plastics Hydraulic Fluids Transformer Oils Petroleum 1 Vegetable and Animal Oils
1
commercially and have years of e x perience i n this field, they are in the best possible position to offer unbiased constructive advice. You can get more information on the proper u s e of antioxidants by writ ing Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., subsidiary of Eastman Kodak Company, Kingsport, Tennessee.
When you must combat oxidative deterioration...
Eastman ANTIOXIDANTS
S ALES O F f ICES: Eastman Chemical P r o d u c t · , Inc.^ King» port, Tennessee; New York City; Framingham, Massachusetts; Cincinnati; Cleveland; Chicago; St, ίου i t ; Houston. Wmft Coasts W i l s o n M e y e r Co- # San Francisco; Los Ang«lesj Portland; Salt Lake City; Seattle.
EQUIPMENT
2 milliseconds to 10 seconds within ztl millisecond, claims Dynapar. Ε 8 • N e w Rapper Control System for Cottrell electrical precipitators is being in troduced by Western Precipitation. The company claims rapping fre quency, intensity, and pattern can be adjusted readily to meet most collection requirements. Ε 9 • Water-cooled
pressure
transducer
has a flush mounted pressure diaphragm with a double spiral cooling passage, according to Dynamic Instrument. Firm calls it the PT 4 9 and says it's de signed for use in rocket research. Dy namic claims the transducer can stand the most severe conditions in rocket motor tests. Ε ΙΟ • N e w force balance transmitters will measure differential pressure and flow over wide ranges, claims Bailey Meter. The transmitters will measure over a minimum range span of 0 to 2 in. of water under service pressures to 5 0 p.s.i.g. to a maximum span of 0 to 2000 in. water under service pressures to 5000 p.s.i.g. Ε Π • New portable, b a t t e r y - o p e r a t e d survey meter called the Sentinel is now available from Nucleonic Corp. of America. The company offers a choice of two interchangeable probes: a betagamma discriminating probe or an endwindow probe for alpha, soft and hard beta, and gamma detection. The unit indicates radioactivity by earphone, flashing light, and meter. Ε 12
• Bolted bonnet v a l v e is now offered by Jerguson Gage & Valve. It uses a forged yoke, which supports the stem away from the valve body, and a sepa rate forged gland follower, which bears directly on the packing and is entirely independent of the yoke. Such con struction, adds Jerguson, places the threaded portion of the stem outside of the valve body where it is not af fected by temperatures or liquids han dled; such design prevents possible freezing, claims the company. 116 • N e w d i a t o m i t e w a t e r filter reduces bacteria and removes all visible sedi ment and organic matter, claims Sparkler Mfg. I t s called the Model RJ, is slurry fed, and uses s\rithetic cloth covered filter plates, which hang from roller carriages for easy inspection and removal. Ε 17
• Two torque-flow p u m p s , n o w avail able from W e m c o Torque-Flow Pump ; can be had in both vertical and hori zontal models. One i s called type D and comes in both 4 a n d 6 in. sizes; is suitable for general d u t y pumping of solids even at high h e a d s and high capacities, adds W e m c o . T h e other, model D L , is a smaller version usually used on low head applications,, accord ing to the company. Ε 18 Ρ Panel mounted m a n u a l v o l v e for u p to :200 p.s.i. pneumatic and hydraulic :»ck v o l u m e * a n d s e t - . O.K. A>hl€»v. 2 7 K. 21 S t . . N>\v Y o r k 10. Ν . Υ .
Processing • Vacuum baking o v e n , developed b \ F . J. S t o k e s , c a n b e u s e d to m a k e s e m i conductor components. T h e new oven is a p a c k a g e u n i t c o m p l e t e w i t h its o w n p u m p i n g system, heating e q u i p m e n t , and temperature regulating a n d indi cating instrumentation. Ε 21
B A C K Î S S C E S of n e a r l y all v o l u m e - of AC'S journal:* a r e Μ ν η liable p i u i n p t l y from t h e A m e r ican ('lii'iiunil Societv. W r i t e for q u o t a t i o n s o n volume·* a ti.l — t s . B a r k I - u * v l>ej»t.. A C S , 11.50 -16th S t . N. W . , WasliiniiH)!] (i. I). C. S P E C I A L I S T S in s e t s , b a c k file*. clioini«-a! -c-ient itic. t cclinical j o u r n a l s . G e t oui q u o t a t i o n s l.etoie u m l . u v or sell. Oniiner'- I n c . Boston 20. M a s s a c h u s e t t s .
FOR SALE U S E Β acid REBUILT
EQUIPMENT
AUTOCLAVE. 1 gal. cast iron 800 p.s.i. AUTOCLAVE, 600 c.c. steel 3.000 p.s.i. WESTCO pump turbine tvpe iron 2 " inlet. TURBO-IMJXER, stainless steel 4" rotors. JEFFREY-TR AYLOR feeder. 6'' PALO-TRAV1S par ticle size tester. La MOTTE p H equipment. ANALYTICAL BALANCE. RAFTON LABORATORIES, INC. Andover, M a s s .
USED or REBUILT EQUIPMENT • For S a l e · For Rent • W a n t e d to Buy • Direct your advertisement to the largest single b u y i n g a u d i e n c e in the chemical a n d process indus tries 91,000 C
