Article pubs.acs.org/cm
Cite This: Chem. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
Annular Mesoporous Carbonaceous Nanospheres from BiomassDerived Building Units with Enhanced Biological Interactions Jinrong Liu,†,§ Lei Xie,†,§ Jiang Deng,† Yutong Gong,† Guping Tang,‡ Hongzhen Bai,*,‡ and Yong Wang*,† †
Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group, Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China
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S Supporting Information *
ABSTRACT: Here, hydrothermal biomass-derived nanospheres were designed to enhance cellular delivery in biomedicine and to overcome the difficulties in the synthesis of small mesoporous hydrothermal carbonaceous nanospheres (SMHNs) below 100 nm in size. A facile kinetics-controlled soft-template strategy was developed to construct annular SMHN with precisely tunable sizes of 30−80 nm, ordered channels, and abundant functional glycosylation groups using monosaccharides as the carbon source. SMHN exhibited a high loading capacity of 503 mg g−1 for doxorubicin due to the mesoporous structure and rich functional glycosylation groups. Moreover, SMHN displayed low cytotoxicity and few hemolytic effects and biological interactions, showing efficient internalization performance. Cells treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-loaded SMHN had high mean fluorescence intensity within 75 min, which is significantly higher than that of the carbon counterparts. It is believed that the biological interactions of SMHNs are attributed to the reserved functional glycosylation groups that can activate glucose transporters and mediate endocytosis across the cytomembrane. The approach used to construct SMHN provides great opportunities for the generation of small mesoporous carbonaceous particles with rough annular structures. Moreover, the bottom-up construction strategy provides new understanding of the rational design and synthesis of biomass-derived vectors for efficient drug delivery.
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INTRODUCTION Progress of nanoscience in biomedicine has resulted in the design of multifarious mesoporous nanoparticles (MNs) for biomedical and biotechnological applications.1−8 The tailored mesopores of MNs adequately match the size of various guest molecules ranging from small biomolecules to proteins; MNs show excellent loading capacity as drug delivery systems (DDSs).6,8−12 In practical applications, MN efficiency heavily relies on the cellular uptake, which results from the interactions between the cells and MNs.13 Recent efforts have been devoted to enhancing internalization efficiency by controlling various factors (such as chemical composition, particle shape, and surface charge);13−18 however, only a few studies investigated improving the MN−cell interactions using MNs from a biocompatible source. Biomass derivatives, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, are nontoxic and ubiquitous. In addition, it has been proven that functional glycosylation groups can be transported by their specific membrane transport proteins.19 Notably, the recently rediscovered hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass derivatives offers a new perspective for the synthesis of nanoparticles for biomedicine because these products possess abundant functional glycosylation groups.20 Therefore, biomass-derived HTC mesoporous materials are speculated to have satisfactory © XXXX American Chemical Society
biocompatibility and great potential to enhance the efficiency of cellular delivery. Nanoparticles with sizes below 200 nm are especially suitable for endocytosis.21 Unfortunately, the HTC strategies for the synthesis of biomass-derived nanoparticles are still at an early stage of development; it is especially difficult to prepare ultrafine carbonaceous nanospheres (
