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Antioxidative properties and interconversion of tertbutylhydroquinone and tert-butylquinone in soybean oils Jun Li, Yanlan Bi, Huifang Yang, and Donghai Wang J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04517 • Publication Date (Web): 12 Nov 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on November 13, 2017
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Antioxidative properties and interconversion of tert-butylhydroquinone and tert-butylquinone in soybean oils
Jun Li a,b, Yanlan Bia,*, Huifang Yanga, Donghai Wangb,*
a
Lipid Technology and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering,
Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China. b
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, US
* The correspondence author Yanlan Bi: Tel: +86-0371-67758022 Fax: +86-0371-67758022 E-mail:
[email protected] Donghai Wang: Tel: 785-532-2919 Fax: 785-532-5825 E-mail:
[email protected] 1
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Abstract
2
During the process of antioxidation of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in oil and fat
3
systems, tert-butylquinone (TQ) can be formed, which has higher toxicity than TBHQ.
4
The changes of TBHQ and TQ in edible oils at room temperature (RT) or under
5
thermal treatment were investigated. Under thermal treatment, volatilization was the
6
main pathway of TBHQ loss in edible oils. TQ was the main oxidation product of
7
TBHQ under thermal treatment as well as at RT. The amount of TQ in thermal treated
8
oils was much less than that in oils stored at RT due to the decreased amount of
9
oxygen dissolved in oils and easy volatilization of TQ at high temperature. In addition,
10
TQ can be reduced to TBHQ by reduction components in edible oils, but the
11
conversion amount was very small. Thus, TQ, theoretically having no antioxidative
12
property, presented a very weak antioxidative activity equivalent to that of BHA due
13
to the presence of insignificant amount of TBHQ formed from TQ in edible oils. The
14
narrow potential difference of 0.059 between oxidation and reduction peaks of TBHQ
15
and TQ resulted in easy interconversion of TBHQ and TQ under the action of
16
common oxidation and reduction substances which have a higher oxidation potential
17
or a lower reduction potential than them.
18 19
Keywords: TBHQ; TQ; Oxidation; Reduction
20
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Introduction
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Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is one of the most common synthetic
23
antioxidants usually applied in oils and oleaginous foods to delay the oxidative
24
rancidity of oils and extend their shelf life.1,2 To gain an in-depth understanding to the
25
antioxidative properties of TBHQ, its fate in different types of frying oils has
26
rekindled extensive interests of scholars for recent decades. The results shows that a
27
large amount of TBHQ lose from oils in the form of volatilization under thermal
28
treatment, and the amount of TBHQ loss varies considerably, depending on the types
29
of oils, the added amounts of TBHQ, and thermal treatments etc.3-6 Moreover, Kim et
30
al.7 reported that tert-butylquinone (TQ) was the major oxidation product of TBHQ at
31
frying temperature in the model system. Similar results were reported by Li et al.5,6
32
During the storage of TBHQ-containing oils and oleaginous foods at room
33
temperature (RT), besides participating in the lipid radical reactions, TBHQ is easily
34
oxidized to TQ in the presence of oxygen, metal ions (such as Fe3+ and Cu2+), and
35
hydroperoxides, etc.8 These results are coincident with the fact of the easy
36
interconversion of phenols and quinones. Relevant toxicological studies9-11 have
37
demonstrated that TQ has higher toxicity than TBHQ, which causes a higher potential
38
risk to human health in comparison with TBHQ. Therefore, it’s essential to not only
39
study the changes of TBHQ and TQ in edible oils at RT or under thermal treatment,
40
but also develop analytical methods capable of accurately detecting the contents of
41
TBHQ and TQ in edible oils.
42
Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most 3
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common analytical technique for TBHQ detection in edible oils. Thus, the accuracy of
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this technique for the detection of TBHQ and TQ has been investigated and reported
45
in our previous research.12 RP-HPLC is not suitable for the detection of TQ because
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TQ can be reduced to TBHQ by the reduced hydrogen ([H]) in the mobile phase
47
(water and acid solution) of the RP-HPLC system during the injection (Figure S1 of
48
the Supporting Information), resulting in the measured TQ being lower and TBHQ
49
higher than the actual concentrations. To solve this, a normal-phase (NP)-HPLC was
50
successfully developed for the simultaneous and accurate detection of TBHQ and TQ
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without the oxidation reaction of TBHQ and the reduction reaction of TQ due to no
52
[H] existing in the mobile phase of NP system (Figure S2 of the Supporting
53
Information).
54
Many research works about the changes of TBHQ in edible oils under thermal
55
treatment have been reported.1,3,5-7 To date, however, no relevant studies on the
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changes of TQ in edible oils at RT or under thermal treatment have been found as
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well as the changes of TBHQ in edible oils at RT. The primary objective of this study
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was to investigate the changes of TBHQ and TQ in edible oils at RT and under
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thermal treatment. Also, the relevant reasons for the interconversion of TBHQ and TQ
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in the above process were investigated.
61 62
Materials and Methods
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Chemicals. Standards of TBHQ (purity > 99.0%) and TQ (purity > 98.0%) were
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purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Fresh refined soybean oil (SBO) 4
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(acid value of 0.13 mg of KOH/g, peroxide value of 1.22 mmol/kg) with no synthetic
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antioxidants was obtained from Henan Sunshine Oils and Fats Co., Ltd. (Zhengzhou,
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China). Liquid chromatography (LC) solvents (methanol, n-hexane, isopropanol, and
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ethyl acetate) were of HPLC grade, obtained from VBS Biologic Inc. (New York),
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and used after filtration through a 0.45 µm organic membrane. Glacial acetic acid
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(purity > 99.8%, HPLC grade) was purchased from Kerch Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
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(Tianjin, China). High purity helium (5.0 grade) was purchased from Henan Branch
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Beneficial Gas Co., LTD. (Zhengzhou, China). All other solvents were
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analytical-grade and used without further purification.
74 75
Apparatus. The RP-HPLC spectra were measured with a 2695 separation
76
module and an ultraviolet (UV)/visible-2489 detector (Waters, Milford, MA). The
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NP-HPLC spectra were measured with a 2695 separation module and an
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UV/visible-2487 detector (Waters, Milford, MA). The GC spectra were measured
79
with a 7820A separation module and a flame ionization detector (FID) (Agilent, Santa
80
Clara, CA). The oxidative stability index (OSI) was measured with a 743 oxidative
81
stability instrument (Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland). The potential was measured
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with a CHI-660D electrochemical workstation, and an Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl)
83
electrode, a commercial glassy carbon electrode, and a platinum wire (3 mm diameter)
84
as the reference, working, and auxiliary electrodes, respectively, purchased from
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Shanghai Chenhua instruments Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). A vortex mixer (Staufen,
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German), SCQ-250B ultrasonic apparatus (Shanghai, China), and TDL-80-2B 5
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low-speed centrifuge (Shanghai, China) were also used in the experiments.
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Preparation of SBO Containing 2000 mg/kg of TBHQ or TQ. A total of 1.00
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g (accurately weighed to 0.1 mg, similarly hereafter) of TBHQ or TQ was added to
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499.00 g of refined SBO, and then shaken until homogeneous.
92 93
Preparation of SBO Containing 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of TBHQ or TQ. A
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total of 25.00, 50.00, and 100.00 g of SBO containing 2000 mg/kg of TBHQ or TQ
95
were diluted to 1000 g with control SBO and then shaken until homogeneous.
96 97
Heating Experiment. 5 copies of 500 g of SBO containing 200 mg/kg of TBHQ
98
were held at 105, 120, 135, 150, and 180 oC for 24 h, respectively. Samples were
99
taken at intervals of 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 h.
100 101
Storage Experiment. 5 copies of 60 g of SBO containing 200 mg/kg of TBHQ
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or TQ were sealed and stored at RT. 1 copy of stored SBO samples was taken to
103
determine TBHQ and TQ contents every two weeks.
104 105
Extraction Procedure. The extraction procedure was similar to previous
106
methods.6,13,14 A total of 0.50 g of each of oil samples was weighed into a 10 mL test
107
tube, and 4 mL of methanol was added. The mixture was agitated for 3 min using a
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vortex mixer and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 2 min at RT. The supernatant was 6
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quantitatively transferred to a 10 mL volumetric flask. The extraction procedure was
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repeated twice more, adding 3 mL of methanol each time. Finally, sufficient methanol
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was added to achieve a 10 mL solution. The solution was filtered through a 0.45 µm
112
membrane before HPLC analysis.
113 114
HPLC Analysis. The conditions of RP-HPLC analysis were as follows:6,15,16 the
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injection volume for TBHQ or TQ samples was 20 µL; the column was Symmetry C18
116
(4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm, Waters); the solvent system was methanol-H2O containing 0.5%
117
AcOH (65:35, v/v); the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min; the detection wavelength was set at
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280 nm; the column temperature was 35 oC. Methanol and H2O containing 0.5%
119
AcOH were both degassed for 15 min by an ultrasonic apparatus.
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The conditions of NP-HPLC analysis were as follows:12 the injection volume for
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TBHQ or TQ samples was 20 µL; the column was Sunfire Prep Silica (4.6 × 250 mm,
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5 µm, Waters); the solvent system was n-hexane containing 5% ethyl acetate (solvent
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A) and n-hexane containing 5% isopropanol (solvent B); the gradient elution program
124
was isocratic mode of 8% solvent B for 10 min, linear gradient from 8 to 100%
125
solvent B for 5 min, and then isocratic mode of 100% solvent B for 12 min; the flow
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rate was 0.8 mL/min; the dual detection wavelengths were set at 280 nm for TBHQ and
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310 nm for TQ, respectively; the column temperature was 30 oC. Solvents A and B
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were both degassed for 40 min by an ultrasonic apparatus.
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Identification of compounds was achieved by comparing their retention time to
130
those of standards. Data were collected and processed using Empower 2.0 software 7
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(Waters Corporation).
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GC Analysis. The conditions of GC analysis were as follows: samples (0.8 µL of
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TBHQ or TQ standard solution, and 5 µL of oil samples) were injected in split mode.
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The split ratio was 50:1 (v/v) for TBHQ or TQ standard solution, and 25:1 (v/v) for
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oil samples. The capillary chromatographic column was a HP-5 MS (Agilent
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Technologies), 30 m × 0.32 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 µm. The column, injector,
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and detector were set at 180, 200, and 300 oC, respectively. Hydrogen- and air-flow
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rates were 40 and 400 mL/min, respectively. Helium gas was used as the carrier gas at
140
a rate of 0.5 mL/min.
141 142
OSI Analysis. The OSI analysis was determined as defined in the AOCS Official
143
Method.17 The instrument was run at 100, 110, 120, 130, and 140 oC, respectively.
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Sample size used was 5.00 g. The volume of deionized water in measuring vessel was
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50 mL. Air-flow rate was set at 9 L/h for all analyses.
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The potential analysis. The concentrations of TBHQ and TQ methanol solutions
148
were both 10 µg/mL. The pH value of Britton-Robinson buffer was 2.0. The scanning
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rate was 100 mV/s.
150 151
Statistical Analyses. All experiments were performed at least in duplicate. All
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data were presented as the mean ± the standard deviation (SD). The significance of 8
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the differences was assessed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data
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evaluation was performed using SPSS software for Windows (version rel. 16.0, SPSS
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Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Differences were considered significant when the p value
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was < 0.05.
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Results and Discussion
159
Changes of the contents of TBHQ in SBO containing TBHQ under thermal
160
treatment. As temperatures and heating time increased, the remaining contents of
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TBHQ in SBO decreased gradually (p < 0.05) (Figure 1). For example, when oil
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samples were held at 135 oC for 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h, the remaining contents of
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TBHQ in SBO were 195.04, 168.04, 115.61, 71.18, 39.51, and 10.26 mg/kg,
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respectively. When oil samples were held at 105, 120, 135, 150, and 180 oC for 12 h,
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the remaining contents of TBHQ in SBO were 170.55, 106.25, 71.18, 53.07, and
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38.25 mg/kg, respectively. This indicated that a large amount of TBHQ were lost from
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SBO under heating conditions. The main reason was its easy volatilization (Figure S3
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of the Supporting Information), which is the major pathway for TBHQ loss under the
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heating conditions as described in our previous studies.5,6 It was also reported that TQ
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was the major transformation product of TBHQ.5,12 However, the contents of TQ in
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heated oils were tiny due to the decreased amount of oxygen dissolved in oils and
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easy volatilization of TQ at high temperature.
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Changes of the contents of TBHQ and TQ in SBO containing TBHQ at RT. 9
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As the storage time prolonged, the contents of TBHQ in SBO decreased gradually (p
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< 0.05) and the contents of TQ in SBO increased gradually (p < 0.05) (Figure 2),
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respectively. For example, when SBO samples were stored for 4 and 8 weeks at RT,
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the contents of TBHQ decreased from initial 197.35 to 182.98 and 178.59 mg/kg,
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respectively, and the contents of TQ increased from initial non-existence to 14.17 and
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16.15 mg/kg, respectively. This indicated that partial TBHQ was converted to TQ
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while TBHQ played an antioxidative role in SBO.
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The contents of TBHQ loss in SBO were almost equivalent to the contents of TQ
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formed in SBO (Figure 2), further indicating that TQ was the major transformation
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product of TBHQ. As reported by our previous studies5,12 (Figure S4 of the
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Supporting Information), there are two pathways for the conversion of TBHQ to TQ
186
in edible oils. One pathway is that TBHQ is directly oxidized to TQ by the oxygen
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dissolved in the edible oils. Another is that TBHQ reacts with lipid radicals (R·) or
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lipid peroxide radicals (ROO·) and finally TQ is formed.
189 190
Antioxidative properties of TQ. A slight difference of oxidation induction time
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(OIT) was observed between SBO with and without TQ (p < 0.05) (Figure 3). For
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example, the OIT of SBO containing 200 mg/kg of TQ at 100, 110, and 120 oC was
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12.27, 6.12, and 3.24 h, respectively, and the OIT of control SBO was 11.92, 5.68,
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and 3.17 h, respectively. This indicated that TQ had an antioxidative effect on SBO,
195
but very weak. It was also observed that the OIT of SBO containing TQ was much
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less than that of SBO containing TBHQ (p < 0.05). 10
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By comparing the OIT of SBO containing TBHQ, TQ, butylated hydroxytoluene
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(BHT), and butyl hydroxyl anisd (BHA) at 120 oC (Figure 4), it was found that the
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antioxidative property of TQ was equivalent to that of BHA (p > 0.05). Similar results
200
were reported by Kureci et al.18,19 However, the antioxidative property of TQ was less
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than that of BHT and, particularly, TBHQ (p < 0.05).
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Based on the chemical structure of TQ (Figure S5 of the Supporting Information),
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it can be seen that theoretically TQ itself has no antioxidative property. Therefore, a
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hypothesis was proposed that the weak antioxidative effect presented by TQ might be
205
because a fraction of TQ was reduced to TBHQ by the reduction components in SBO
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and then this small amount of TBHQ presented a weak antioxidative property.
207 208
Changes of TQ in SBO containing TQ under thermal treatment. To
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investigate the changes of TQ in SBO containing TQ under thermal treatment, 30.00 g
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of SBO with 2000 mg/kg of TQ was weighed into a 100-mL flat-bottom flask and
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then heated for 1 h at 120 oC under a reflux condensation mode. After the end of the
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reaction, it was observed that a large amount of light yellow volatiles from heated
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SBO had condensed on the inner surface of the end of the condenser (Figure 5). To
214
analyze the composition of these volatiles, the condenser was eluted with methanol
215
and all the methanol solution was collected and concentrated to 3 mL using a
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nitrogen-blowing method at RT. Finally, the concentrated samples were analyzed by
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GC with helium as the carrier gas (Figure 6A). The peaks of TQ and TBHQ were
218
clearly observed at 5.05 and 8.29 min with the relative contents of 97.19 and 2.81%, 11
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respectively. Also, the methanol extracting solutions of the heated SBO were analyzed
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by GC with the same carrier gas (Figure 6B). The peaks of TQ and TBHQ were also
221
observed clearly at 5.05 and 8.29 min with the relative contents of 93.27 and 6.73%,
222
respectively. These results confirmed the hypothesis mentioned above that partial TQ
223
was reduced to TBHQ by the reduction components from the heated SBO under
224
thermal treatment, compared to the original contents of TBHQ (1.44%) and TQ
225
(98.56%) in TQ standard. This indicated that the antioxidative effect of TQ was due to
226
the role of TBHQ from reduced TQ in heated SBO. In addition, the relative contents
227
of TQ in heated SBO were less than that in volatiles and the relative contents of
228
TBHQ in heated SBO were more than that in volatiles, suggesting that TQ was more
229
volatile than TBHQ under heating conditions.
230 231
Changes of the contents of TBHQ and TQ in SBO containing TQ at RT. As
232
the storage time prolonged, the contents of TQ in SBO decreased gradually (p < 0.05)
233
and the contents of TBHQ in SBO increased gradually (p < 0.05) (Figure 7),
234
respectively. For example, when SBO samples were stored for 4 and 8 weeks at RT,
235
the contents of TQ decreased from initial 196.11 to 181.27 and 147.42 mg/kg,
236
respectively, and the contents of TBHQ increased from initial non-existence to 5.41
237
and 7.81 mg/kg, respectively. This further indicated that partial TQ was reduced to
238
TBHQ by the reduction components in SBO. In addition, the contents of TQ loss in
239
SBO were much more than that of TBHQ formed in SBO (Figure 7), suggesting that
240
only an insignificant amount of TQ was reduced to TBHQ in SBO. This further 12
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confirmed that the antioxidative effect presented by TQ was very weak in SBO.
242 243
The potential of TBHQ and TQ. Based on the above analysis, it was observed
244
that the oxidation reaction of TBHQ and the reduction reaction of TQ easily occurred,
245
which was in accordance with the easy interconversion of phenols and quinones. This
246
largely depends on their potential. As shown in Figure 8 and Table 1, the oxidation
247
and reduction potential of TBHQ was 0.490 and 0.431, respectively, and the oxidation
248
and reduction potential of TQ was 0.486 and 0.427, respectively. There only had a
249
narrow potential difference of 0.059 between oxidation and reduction peaks, resulting
250
in the easy interconversion between TBHQ and TQ under the action of common
251
oxidation and reduction substances which have a higher oxidation potential or a lower
252
reduction potential than them.
253 254
Abbreviations used
255
TBHQ, tert-butylhydroquinone; TQ, tert-butylquinone; SBO, soybean oil; HPLC,
256
high performance liquid chromatography; GC, gas chromatography; RP, reverse phase;
257
NP, normal phase; RT, room temperature; SD, standard deviation; RSD, relative
258
standard deviation.
259 260
Acknowledgement
261
The authors declare no competing financial interest. The authors also thank Dr.
262
Richard Akins for help in reviewing this paper. 13
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Funding sources
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This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of
266
China (No. 31671818).
267 268
Supporting Information Description
269
Supporting Information Available: Superimposed RP-HPLC chromatograms of 5, 10,
270
and 20 µg/mL of TBHQ (profile A) and TQ (profile B) standard solutions, NP-HPLC
271
chromatograms of TBHQ (profile A) and TQ (profile B) standard solutions,
272
Condensed volatiles from SBO containing TBHQ, Two pathways of TBHQ
273
converting to TQ, Chemical structures of TBHQ and TQ.
274
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(19) Kurechi, T.; Kunugi, A. Studies on the antioxidants XIX: photooxidation
331
products of tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) (II). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1983,
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60, 1882-1887.
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Figure captions:
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Figure 1. Changes of the contents of TBHQ in SBO containing 200 mg/kg of TBHQ
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under heating conditions. (Oil samples were analyzed with RP-HPLC.)
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Figure 2. Changes of the contents of TBHQ and TQ in SBO containing 200 mg/kg of
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TBHQ at RT. (Oil samples were analyzed with NP-HPLC.)
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Figure 3. Comparison of antioxidative effect of TBHQ and TQ on SBO at different
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temperatures. (The contents of TBHQ and TQ added in SBO were both 200 mg/kg.)
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Figure
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butylated-hydroxytoluene (BHT), and butyl-hydroxyl-anisd (BHA) on SBO at 120 oC.
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(The contents of TBHQ, TQ, BHT, and BHA added in SBO were 200 mg/kg.)
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Figure 5. Condensed volatiles from SBO containing 2000 mg/kg of TQ at 120 oC.
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(Conditions: a total of 30.00 g of SBO with 2000 mg/kg of TQ was weighed into a
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100-mL flat-bottom flask and then heated for 1 h at 120 oC under the reflux
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condensation mode.)
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Figure 6. GC chromatograms of condensed volatiles from SBO containing 2000
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mg/kg of TQ at 120 oC (A), methanol extracting solution of SBO containing 2000
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mg/kg of TQ at 120 oC (B), TBHQ methanol solution (C) and TQ methanol solution
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(D) with helium as carrier gas. (The relative contents of TQ and TBHQ in TQ
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methanol solution were 98.56 and 1.44%, respectively. The relative contents of TQ
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and TBHQ in TBHQ methanol solution were 0.47 and 99.53%, respectively.)
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Figure 7. Changes of the contents of TBHQ and TQ in SBO containing 200 mg/kg of
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TQ at RT. (Oil samples were analyzed with NP-HPLC.)
4.
Comparison
of
antioxidative
effect
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TQ,
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Figure 8. The potential of TBHQ and TQ.
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Table 1. The potential of TBHQ and TQ. Oxidation peak
Reduction peak Potential difference
Potential/V
Current/µA Potential/V Current/µA
TBHQ
0.490
4.808
0.431
5.679
0.059
TQ
0.486
6.962
0.427
8.592
0.059
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