Approach for Profiling of Glycosphingolipid ... - ACS Publications

May 6, 2019 - ... Profiling of Glycosphingolipid Glycosylation by Multiplexed Capillary Gel Electrophoresis Coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence Dete...
0 downloads 0 Views 683KB Size
Subscriber access provided by UNIV OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND

Letter

A Novel Approach for Profiling of Glycosphingolipid Glycosylation by xCGE-LIF Identifies Cell-Surface Markers of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Derived Cardiomyocytes Charlotte Rossdam, Sarah A. Konze, Astrid Oberbeck, Erdmann Rapp, Rita Gerardy-Schahn, Mark von Itzstein, and Falk F. R. Buettner Anal. Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01114 • Publication Date (Web): 06 May 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 6, 2019

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Analytical Chemistry

1

A Novel Approach for Profiling of Glycosphingolipid

2

Glycosylation by xCGE-LIF Identifies Cell-Surface Markers

3

of

4

Cardiomyocytes

Human

Pluripotent

Stem

Cells

and

Derived

5 6

Charlotte Rossdama,b, Sarah A. Konzea,b, Astrid Oberbecka,b, Erdmann Rappc,d, Rita Gerardy-

7

Schahna,b, Mark von Itzsteine & Falk F. R. Buettnera,b, *

8 9

aInstitute

of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

10

bREBIRTH

11

cMax

12

dglyXera

GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany

13

eInstitute

for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia

Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany

1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Analytical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 2 of 18

14

ABSTRACT: Application of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

15

(hiPSC-CMs) as tissue transplants in regenerative medicine depends on cell-surface marker-

16

based characterisation and/or purification. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a family of highly

17

diverse surface-exposed biomolecules that have been neglected as potential surface

18

markers for hiPSC-CMs due to significant analytical challenges. Here, we describe the

19

development of a novel and high-throughput-compatible workflow for the analysis of GSL-

20

derived glycans based on ceramide glycanase digestion, APTS labelling and multiplexed

21

capillary gel electrophoresis coupled to laser induced fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF).

22

GSL glycans were detected with highly reproducible migration times after repeated analysis

23

by xCGE-LIF. We built up a migration time database comprising 38 different glycan species

24

and we showed exemplarily that as few as 10 pg of fucosyl lactotetra were detectable. GSL

25

glycan profiling could be performed with 105 human induced pluripotent stem cells and we

26

quantitatively dissected global alterations of GSL glycosylation of hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs by

27

employing xCGE-LIF. In our study we observed a general switch from complex GSLs with

28

lacto- and globo-series core structures comprising the well-known human pluripotent stem

29

cell markers stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA3) and SSEA4 in hiPSCs towards the

30

simple gangliosides GM3 and GD3 in hiPSC-CMs. This is the first description of GM3 and

31

GD3 being highly abundant GSLs on the cell-surface of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

2 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 3 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Analytical Chemistry

32

INTRODUCTION

33

As the human heart has a low regeneration capacity,1 tissue transplants made from human

34

pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are considered a viable option.2

35

These transplants must contain pure cardiomyocytes without contaminating stem cells that

36

could lead to teratoma formation3 or affect the functionality of the graft. To date, the

37

characterisation and purification of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes has entirely relied on

38

few cell-surface exposed proteins4-7 or N-glycans.8 While glycosphingolipid (GSL) glycans

39

are commonly applied as markers for pluripotent stem cells9 or cancer cells,10,11 GSL

40

glycosylation of hiPSC-CMs has not been assessed at a global level by analytical methods,

41

but rather investigated with a particular focus on histo-blood group antigens using specific

42

antibodies.12 Several hundred different glycan structures are known in humans and their

43

expression is highly dynamic and strongly influenced by the developmental state and

44

environmental conditions.13 Mass spectrometry-based14-18 as well as chromatographic19-21

45

techniques have been developed for GSL analysis. Tetramethylrhodamine-labelled GSLs

46

could be efficiently separated and detected at high sensitivity by capillary electrophoresis

47

with laser-induced fluorescence detection.22 However to globally decipher GSL glycosylation

48

at high-throughput there is a paucity of novel analytical technologies due to significant

49

technical challenges. Our interest in regenerative medicine using hiPSC-CMs8,23,24 led us to

50

the development of multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis coupled to laser induced

51

fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF8,25-31) for the analysis of GSL-derived glycans. xCGE-LIF

52

has particular advantages over other glyco-analytical technologies including potential for

53

high-throughput, isomer separation capacity, sensitivity and low cost per sample.32 To the

54

best of our knowledge we here present the first application of xCGE-LIF in the

55

characterisation of GSL-based cell surface markers for hiPSC-CMs.

3 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Analytical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

56

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

57

All experimental procedures can be found in the Supporting Information

Page 4 of 18

58 59

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

60

Glycan-based standards library development

61

In the first instance we needed to establish a GSL-based standards library to be used in the

62

xCGE-LIF protocol. We commenced this library development by using a leech-derived

63

(Hirudo medicinalis) ceramide glycanase digestion33 of GSLs from commercially available

64

GSL standards. This enzyme efficiently released the glycan head groups leading to free

65

reducing-end glycans that could be subsequently labelled with the fluorescent dye 8-

66

aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and analysed by xCGE-LIF. Specifically, we used

67

six different commercially available GSLs including GM3 (aa), GD1a (ab), GD3 (ac), GD1b

68

(ad), GD2 (ae) and GM1a (af) and demonstrated in a multi-replicate analysis that the entire

69

workflow including ceramide glycanase digestion, fluorescent labelling with APTS and xCGE-

70

LIF led to defined signals at distinct migration time units (MTUs, Figure 1) with minimal

71

deviations below 0.5 MTU (Figure S1; Table S1). Variations between different runs could be

72

efficiently minimized by internal calibration to a size standard that is detected at a different

73

wave length. The measurements correlating a value for the migration time to a defined

74

glycan were used to build up a database. However, in standards of GSLs with terminal sialic

75

acids, we could also detect the respective desialylated species after analysis by xCGE-LIF

76

(Figure 1 A-C). As we applied similar labelling conditions as for N-glycans, this is expected to

77

be caused by partial loss of terminal sialic acids.29 We further expanded the repertoire of

78

different glycan structures by analysing commercially available glycans that are known to be

79

present as head groups on GSLs including Lewis x pentaose (Le x penta, ag), fucosyl

80

lactotetraose / stage-specific embryonic antigen 5 (fucosyl Lc4 / SSEA5, ah), fucosyl

81

neolactotetraose (fucosyl nLc4, ai), sialyl lactotetraose (sialyl Lc4, aj), sialyl globopentaose /

82

stage specific embryonic antigen 4 (sialyl Gb5 /SSEA4, ak), fucosyl globopentaose (fucosyl 4 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 5 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Analytical Chemistry

83

Gb5 / globoH, al), globotriaose (Gb3, am) neolactotetraose (nLc4, an), globopentaose / stage

84

specific embryonic antigen 3 (Gb5 / SSEA3, ao), blood group A antigen hexaose type 1 (A

85

type 1 hexa, ap), Forssman antigen pentaose (Forssman penta, aq), isoforssman antigen

86

pentaose (isoforssman penta, ar), globoA (as), fucosyl GM1-derived glycan (at), GT1c-

87

derived glycan (au), GT1a-derived glycan (av), GM1b-derived glycan (aw), isoglobopentaose

88

(isoGb5, ax), blood group B antigen hexaose type 2 (B type 2 hexa, ay), blood group B

89

antigen hexaose type 1 (B type 1 hexa, az), blood group A antigen hexaose type 2 (A type 2

90

hexa, ba), neolactohexaose (nLc6, bb, Figure S2; Figure S3; Table S2). Smaller glycans

91

migrated faster than larger glycans, and addition of charged sialic acid residues significantly

92

increased migration velocity during the electrophoresis. Importantly, using xCGE-LIF we

93

could not only discriminate glycans differing in the number or type of monosaccharides but

94

also clearly distinguish peaks of structural isomers that differ either in the positioning of

95

identical monosaccharides (e.g. GD1a-derived glycan (ab) vs. GD1b-derived glycan (ad)) or

96

even in the type of linkage between identical monosaccharides (e.g. fucosyl Lc4 / SSEA5

97

(ah) having galactose bound to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in β1-3-linkage vs. fucosyl

98

nLc4 (ai) with galactose bound to GlcNAc in β1-4-linkage). Determination of the xCGE-LIF

99

detection limit revealed that as little as 10 pg of fucosyl Lc4 is sufficient to give rise to a

100

detectable signal (Figure S4). We completed our library development by treating

101

commercially available (GSL-derived) glycans with different exoglycosidases. Thereby we

102

obtained additional glycan structures including lactose (Lac, bc), gangliotriaose (Gn3, bd),

103

gangliotetraose (Gn4, be), GM2-derived glycan (bf), lactotriaose (Lc3, bg), lactotetraose

104

(Lc4, bh), globotetraose (Gb4, bi), isoglobotetraose (isoGb4, bj), isoglobotriaose (isoGb3, bk)

105

and neolactopentaose (nLc5, bl) that were applied to expand our migration time database

106

(Figure S5, Table S3). The applied exoglycosidases were shown to cleave their designated

107

target glycans, but did not modify a panel of non-target glycans (Figure S6), underlining their

108

specificity. We ended up with a glycan library of 38 different structures covering a broad

109

spectrum of GSL glycans present on human pluripotent stem cells and early derivatives

110

thereof.9,34 5 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Analytical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 6 of 18

111 112

Characterisation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) GSL glycans

113

The establishment of this novel analytical approach with various standards provided us the

114

opportunity to analyse GSL glycans prepared from human induced pluripotent stem cells

115

(hiPSCs). We obtained electropherograms with numerous clear baseline separated peaks

116

(Figure S7a and b) that consistently appeared with similar MTUs (Table S4). However, the

117

analysis of GSL glycans from hiPSCs by xCGE-LIF at different time points (hiPSC1 to 3 vs.

118

hiPSC4 to 6, Table S4) revealed that MTU values are less diverging when samples are

119

analysed in a short term interval as the lot or aging of the polymer slightly affects the

120

migration times. Based on our database, 15 peaks could be assigned to specific glycans

121

(Figure S7) comprising ganglio-, globo- and lacto-series glycans. Treatment of hiPSC-

122

derived GSL glycans with different exoglycosidases (Figure S8) confirmed these peak

123

assignments. Relative quantification of peak intensities based on their heights and

124

comparison between different biological replicates underscored the reproducibility of the

125

observed peak intensities (Figure S7c and d). For assessment of the detection limit of our

126

novel analytical approach, we compared peak heights of 104, 105, and 106 hiPS cells. For

127

inter-sample comparison, we added the same amount of a defined N-glycan standard (Man6)

128

to each sample, enabling normalization of peak intensities of different electropherograms by

129

adjustment to the intensity of the internal standard peak. This analysis revealed that the

130

majority of peaks could still be detected from as few as 105 hiPS cells (Figure S9). For

131

comprehensive glycosphingolipidomics of biomaterials, broad substrate specificity of the

132

applied ceramide glycanase is pivotal and we therefore compared our enzyme from Hirudo

133

medicinalis with the known broad specific endoglycoceramidase from Rhodococcus

134

triatomea.19 hiPSC-derived GSLs were digested in parallel with both enzymes and xCGE-LIF

135

analysis revealed similarities and differences in the substrate specificity of both enzymes.

136

Nevertheless, both enzymes seem comparably suited for digestion of a broad spectrum of

137

GSLs (Figure S10; Table S6). Alternatively to enzymatic digestion, GSL glycans can be

6 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 7 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Analytical Chemistry

138

released by oxidation with bleach (NaClO) leading to free glycan nitriles.35 However,

139

suitability of glycan nitriles for xCGE-LIF remains elusive.

140 141

Determining changes in the glycosphingolipidome by cardiac differentiation of hiPSCs

142

Using our established novel xCGE-LIF analytical approach for the determination of GSL-

143

derived glycans, we interrogated the changes in the glycosphingolipidome that are

144

associated with cardiac differentiation of hiPSCs. Thus, hiPSCs were differentiated into

145

cardiomyocytes applying the GiWi approach36,37 that led to the formation of 82+/-6% cardiac

146

muscle troponin T (cTnT) positive cardiomyocytes on d10 of differentiation in three

147

independent differentiation approaches (Figure S11). GSLs of hiPSCs and hiPSC-derived

148

cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were prepared and their released glycans were analysed by

149

xCGE-LIF in the presence of an internal standard enabling comparison of peak heights

150

between different samples (Figure 2, Table 1, Table S5). Thereby, we could confirm the

151

human pluripotent stem cell characteristic pattern of GSL glycans in our hiPSCs including

152

Gb5 / SSEA3 and sialyl Gb5 / SSEA4.9 These common stem cell markers as well as Gb4

153

that belong to the GSL globo-series were strongly reduced in hiPSC-CMs compared to

154

hiPSCs as was the lacto-series GSL glycan Lc4. On the other hand, simple ganglioside-

155

derived glycans such as GM3-derived glycan and GD3-derived glycan were strongly

156

augmented in hiPSC-CMs whereas complex ganglio-series GSL-derived glycans including

157

GD1b-derived glycan and GM1a-derived glycan were reduced. These findings imply a

158

general shift from globo- and lacto-series GSLs in hiPSCs to simple gangliosides in hiPSC-

159

CMs. Interestingly, a similar switch of GSL core structures has been reported previously by

160

Liang et al., who applied an undirected embryoid body-based differentiation into cell types of

161

all three germ layers.34 Unlike Liang et al., we did directed differentiation into highly enriched

162

hiPSC-CMs. The glycan lactose of the ubiquitous precursor for GSL synthesis,

163

lactosylceramide, as well as the glycan Gb3, the precursor of globo-series GSLs, were found

164

at almost similar levels in hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs. Notably, the complex lacto-series and

7 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Analytical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 8 of 18

165

neolacto-series glycans sialyl Lc4 and nLc4 were significantly increased in hiPSC-CMs,

166

respectively (Figure 2).

167 168

CONCLUSIONS

169

Taken together, to the best of our knowledge, we here present the first description of xCGE-

170

LIF for the analysis of GSL-derived glycans. This paved the way for an unprecedented

171

comprehensive analysis of GSL glycans of hiPSC-CMs leading to the identification of GD3,

172

GM3, sialyl Lc4 and nLc4 as novel cell-surface markers. These markers have the potential to

173

be used in the isolation of pure stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes from residual stem cells

174

that is in high demand for applications in regenerative medicine.

8 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 9 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Analytical Chemistry

175

ASSOCIATED CONTENT

176

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at

177

DOI:

178

Human induced pluripotent stem cell culture; cardiomyogenic differentiation; flow cytometry;

179

extraction of glycolipids from cells; deglycosylation using endoglycoceramidases; fluorescent

180

labelling and HILIC-solid phase extraction (SPE); xCGE-LIF; exoglycosidase digests; data

181

processing and statistics; figures with additional xCGE-LIF analyses; tables with raw data of

182

xCGE-LIF analyses

183 184

AUTHOR INFORMATION

185

Corresponding Author

186

*E-Mail: [email protected]

187

Phone: +49/511/532-8245. Fax: +49/511/532-8801.

188

ORCID

189

Falk F. R. Buettner: 0000-0002-8468-1223

190

Rita Gerardy-Schahn: 0000-0002-5796-368X

191

Note

192

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

193 194

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

195

We are grateful to Prof. Dr. Scheper (Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of

196

Hannover) for providing basic fibroblast growth factor, Rock Inhibitor Y-27632 and CHIR-

197

99021 as well as Prof. Dr. Martin and Dr. Haase (LEBAO, MHH) for providing the human iPS

198

cell

199

Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) for the Cluster of Excellence

200

REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, EXC 62/2). F.F.R.B. was

201

funded by the DFG (FOR2509 BU 2920/2-1 and BU 2920/3-1).

line

“Phoenix”.

This

work

was

supported

by

funding

from

the

Deutsche

9 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Analytical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

203 204 205 206 207

Page 10 of 18

Reference List 1. Bergmann, O.; Bhardwaj, R. D.; Bernard, S.; Zdunek, S.; Barnabe-Heider, F.; Walsh, S.; Zupicich, J.; Alkass, K.; Buchholz, B. A.; Druid, H.; Jovinge, S.; Frisen, J. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 2009, 324 (5923), 98-102. 2.

Laflamme, M. A.; Murry, C. E. Heart regeneration. Nature 2011, 473 (7347), 326-335.

208 209 210

3. Nelson, T. J.; Martinez-Fernandez, A.; Yamada, S.; Perez-Terzic, C.; Ikeda, Y.; Terzic, A. Repair of acute myocardial infarction by human stemness factors induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation 2009, 120 (5), 408-416.

211 212 213

4. Dubois, N. C.; Craft, A. M.; Sharma, P.; Elliott, D. A.; Stanley, E. G.; Elefanty, A. G.; Gramolini, A.; Keller, G. SIRPA is a specific cell-surface marker for isolating cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 2011, 29 (11), 1011-1018.

214 215 216

5. Rust, W.; Balakrishnan, T.; Zweigerdt, R. Cardiomyocyte enrichment from human embryonic stem cell cultures by selection of ALCAM surface expression. Regen. Med. 2009, 4 (2), 225-237.

217 218 219 220

6. Uosaki, H.; Fukushima, H.; Takeuchi, A.; Matsuoka, S.; Nakatsuji, N.; Yamanaka, S.; Yamashita, J. K. Efficient and scalable purification of cardiomyocytes from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells by VCAM1 surface expression. PLoS. One. 2011, 6 (8), e23657.

221 222 223 224

7. Van Hoof, D.; Dormeyer, W.; Braam, S. R.; Passier, R.; Monshouwer-Kloots, J.; Wardvan Oostwaard, D.; Heck, A. J.; Krijgsveld, J.; Mummery, C. L. Identification of cell surface proteins for antibody-based selection of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J. Proteome. Res. 2010, 9 (3), 1610-1618.

225 226 227 228

8. Konze, S. A.; Cajic, S.; Oberbeck, A.; Hennig, R.; Pich, A.; Rapp, E.; Buettner, F. F. R. Quantitative Assessment of Sialo-Glycoproteins and N-Glycans during Cardiomyogenic Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Chembiochem. 2017, 18 (13), 1317-1331.

229 230

9. Breimer, M. E.; Saljo, K.; Barone, A.; Teneberg, S. Glycosphingolipids of human embryonic stem cells. Glycoconj. J. 2017, 34 (6), 713-723.

231 232 233

10. Daniotti, J. L.; Vilcaes, A. A.; Torres, D., V; Ruggiero, F. M.; Rodriguez-Walker, M. Glycosylation of glycolipids in cancer: basis for development of novel therapeutic approaches. Front Oncol. 2013, 3, 306.

234 235

11. Groux-Degroote, S.; Guerardel, Y.; Delannoy, P. Gangliosides: Structures, Biosynthesis, Analysis, and Roles in Cancer. Chembiochem. 2017, 18 (13), 1146-1154.

236 237 238

12. Saljo, K.; Barone, A.; Molne, J.; Rydberg, L.; Teneberg, S.; Breimer, M. E. HLA and Histo-Blood Group Antigen Expression in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and their Derivatives. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7 (1), 13072.

239 240

13. D'Angelo, G.; Capasso, S.; Sticco, L.; Russo, D. Glycosphingolipids: synthesis and functions. FEBS J. 2013, 280 (24), 6338-6353.

241 242 243

14. Anugraham, M.; Everest-Dass, A. V.; Jacob, F.; Packer, N. H. A platform for the structural characterization of glycans enzymatically released from glycosphingolipids extracted from tissue and cells. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2015, 29 (7), 545-561. 10 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 11 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Analytical Chemistry

244 245

15. Barrientos, R. C.; Zhang, Q. Isobaric Labeling of Intact Gangliosides toward Multiplexed LC-MS/MS-Based Quantitative Analysis. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90 (4), 2578-2586.

246 247

16. Farwanah, H.; Kolter, T. Lipidomics of glycosphingolipids. Metabolites. 2012, 2 (1), 134164.

248 249 250 251

17. Furukawa, J.; Sakai, S.; Yokota, I.; Okada, K.; Hanamatsu, H.; Kobayashi, T.; Yoshida, Y.; Higashino, K.; Tamura, T.; Igarashi, Y.; Shinohara, Y. Quantitative GSL-glycome analysis of human whole serum based on an EGCase digestion and glycoblotting method. J. Lipid Res. 2015, 56 (12), 2399-2407.

252 253 254

18. Hajek, R.; Jirasko, R.; Lisa, M.; Cifkova, E.; Holcapek, M. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Gangliosides in Biological Samples. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89 (22), 12425-12432.

255 256 257 258

19. Albrecht, S.; Vainauskas, S.; Stockmann, H.; McManus, C.; Taron, C. H.; Rudd, P. M. Comprehensive Profiling of Glycosphingolipid Glycans Using a Novel Broad Specificity Endoglycoceramidase in a High-Throughput Workflow. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88 (9), 47954802.

259 260 261 262

20. Neville, D. C.; Coquard, V.; Priestman, D. A.; te Vruchte, D. J.; Sillence, D. J.; Dwek, R. A.; Platt, F. M.; Butters, T. D. Analysis of fluorescently labeled glycosphingolipid-derived oligosaccharides following ceramide glycanase digestion and anthranilic acid labeling. Anal. Biochem. 2004, 331 (2), 275-282.

263 264 265 266

21. Wing, D. R.; Garner, B.; Hunnam, V.; Reinkensmeier, G.; Andersson, U.; Harvey, D. J.; Dwek, R. A.; Platt, F. M.; Butters, T. D. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of ganglioside carbohydrates at the picomole level after ceramide glycanase digestion and fluorescent labeling with 2-aminobenzamide. Anal. Biochem. 2001, 298 (2), 207-217.

267 268 269

22. Whitmore, C. D.; Hindsgaul, O.; Palcic, M. M.; Schnaar, R. L.; Dovichi, N. J. Metabolic cytometry. Glycosphingolipid metabolism in single cells. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79 (14), 51395142.

270 271 272 273

23. Konze, S. A.; Werneburg, S.; Oberbeck, A.; Olmer, R.; Kempf, H.; Jara-Avaca, M.; Pich, A.; Zweigerdt, R.; Buettner, F. F. Proteomic Analysis of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyogenesis Revealed Altered Expression of Metabolic Enzymes and PDLIM5 Isoforms. J. Proteome. Res. 2017, 16 (3), 1133-1149.

274 275 276

24. Wolling, H.; Konze, S. A.; Hofer, A.; Erdmann, J.; Pich, A.; Zweigerdt, R.; Buettner, F. F. R. Quantitative Secretomics Reveals Extrinsic Signals Involved in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyogenesis. Proteomics. 2018, 18 (14), e1800102.

277 278 279

25. Callewaert, N.; Van Vlierberghe, H.; Van Hecke, A.; Laroy, W.; Delanghe, J.; Contreras, R. Noninvasive diagnosis of liver cirrhosis using DNA sequencer-based total serum protein glycomics. Nat. Med. 2004, 10 (4), 429-434.

280 281

26. Hennig, R.; Rapp, E.; Kottler, R.; Cajic, S.; Borowiak, M.; Reichl, U. N-Glycosylation Fingerprinting of Viral Glycoproteins by xCGE-LIF. Methods Mol. Biol. 2015, 1331, 123-143.

282 283 284

27. Hennig, R.; Cajic, S.; Borowiak, M.; Hoffmann, M.; Kottler, R.; Reichl, U.; Rapp, E. Towards personalized diagnostics via longitudinal study of the human plasma N-glycome. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2016, 1860 (8), 1728-1738.

285 286

28. Kottler, R.; Mank, M.; Hennig, R.; Muller-Werner, B.; Stahl, B.; Reichl, U.; Rapp, E. Development of a high-throughput glycoanalysis method for the characterization of 11 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Analytical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 12 of 18

287 288

oligosaccharides in human milk utilizing multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis with laserinduced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2013, 34 (16), 2323-2336.

289 290 291 292

29. Ruhaak, L. R.; Hennig, R.; Huhn, C.; Borowiak, M.; Dolhain, R. J.; Deelder, A. M.; Rapp, E.; Wuhrer, M. Optimized workflow for preparation of APTS-labeled N-glycans allowing high-throughput analysis of human plasma glycomes using 48-channel multiplexed CGE-LIF. J. Proteome. Res. 2010, 9 (12), 6655-6664.

293 294 295

30. Schwarzer, J.; Rapp, E.; Reichl, U. N-glycan analysis by CGE-LIF: profiling influenza A virus hemagglutinin N-glycosylation during vaccine production. Electrophoresis 2008, 29 (20), 4203-4214.

296 297 298 299 300 301

31. Thiesler, C. T.; Cajic, S.; Hoffmann, D.; Thiel, C.; van Diepen, L.; Hennig, R.; Sgodda, M.; Weibetamann, R.; Reichl, U.; Steinemann, D.; Diekmann, U.; Huber, N. M.; Oberbeck, A.; Cantz, T.; Kuss, A. W.; Korner, C.; Schambach, A.; Rapp, E.; Buettner, F. F. Glycomic Characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from a Patient Suffering from Phosphomannomutase 2 Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (PMM2-CDG). Mol. Cell Proteomics. 2016, 15 (4), 1435-1452.

302 303 304 305 306 307

32. Huffman, J. E.; Pucic-Bakovic, M.; Klaric, L.; Hennig, R.; Selman, M. H.; Vuckovic, F.; Novokmet, M.; Kristic, J.; Borowiak, M.; Muth, T.; Polasek, O.; Razdorov, G.; Gornik, O.; Plomp, R.; Theodoratou, E.; Wright, A. F.; Rudan, I.; Hayward, C.; Campbell, H.; Deelder, A. M.; Reichl, U.; Aulchenko, Y. S.; Rapp, E.; Wuhrer, M.; Lauc, G. Comparative performance of four methods for high-throughput glycosylation analysis of immunoglobulin G in genetic and epidemiological research. Mol. Cell Proteomics. 2014, 13 (6), 1598-1610.

308 309 310

33. Li, S. C.; DeGasperi, R.; Muldrey, J. E.; Li, Y. T. A unique glycosphingolipid-splitting enzyme (ceramide-glycanase from leech) cleaves the linkage between the oligosaccharide and the ceramide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1986, 141 (1), 346-352.

311 312 313 314

34. Liang, Y. J.; Kuo, H. H.; Lin, C. H.; Chen, Y. Y.; Yang, B. C.; Cheng, Y. Y.; Yu, A. L.; Khoo, K. H.; Yu, J. Switching of the core structures of glycosphingolipids from globo- and lacto- to ganglio-series upon human embryonic stem cell differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2010, 107 (52), 22564-22569.

315 316 317

35. Song, X.; Ju, H.; Lasanajak, Y.; Kudelka, M. R.; Smith, D. F.; Cummings, R. D. Oxidative release of natural glycans for functional glycomics. Nat. Methods 2016, 13 (6), 528-534.

318 319 320 321

36. Lian, X.; Hsiao, C.; Wilson, G.; Zhu, K.; Hazeltine, L. B.; Azarin, S. M.; Raval, K. K.; Zhang, J.; Kamp, T. J.; Palecek, S. P. Robust cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells via temporal modulation of canonical Wnt signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2012, 109 (27), E1848-E1857.

322 323 324 325

37. Lian, X.; Zhang, J.; Azarin, S. M.; Zhu, K.; Hazeltine, L. B.; Bao, X.; Hsiao, C.; Kamp, T. J.; Palecek, S. P. Directed cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by modulating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling under fully defined conditions. Nat. Protoc. 2013, 8 (1), 162-175.

326 327

12 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 13 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Analytical Chemistry

328 329

Figure 1 xCGE-LIF analysis of glycans derived from GSL standards. Glycans were released

330

by ceramide glycanase (CGase) from (A) GM3, (B) GD1a, (C) GD3, (D) GD1b, (E) GD2,

331

(F) GM1a. The dominant peak in each electropherogram was assigned to the known glycan

332

(lowercase letters and depicted structures) of the purchased GSL. Further intense peaks

333

(indicated with lowercase letters in brackets) could be subsequently assigned to degradation

334

products of the standard glycan (see Figure S5). Additionally, a sample containing CGase

335

but no glycan (negative control) was measured and is depicted together with GM3 as relative

336

fluorescence units (red line, A) to exclude possible contaminations from the enzyme. Symbol 13 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Analytical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 14 of 18

337

key: blue circle: glucose, yellow circle: galactose, yellow square: N-acetylgalactosamine,

338

purple diamond: sialic acid. RFU: relative fluorescence units, nRFU: normalized RFU

339

(normalized to the most intense peak).

340 341

14 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 15 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Analytical Chemistry

342 343

Figure 2 Comparison of GSL glycosylation of hiPSCs and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes by

344

xCGE-LIF. (A) Structures of identified GSL glycans. Symbol key: blue circle: glucose, yellow

345

circle: galactose, blue square: N-acetylglucosamine, yellow square: N-acetylgalactosamine,

346

red triangle: fucose, purple diamond: sialic acid. (B) Overlay of xCGE-LIF electropherograms 15 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Analytical Chemistry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 16 of 18

347

of APTS-labelled GSL-derived glycans of hiPSCs (black) and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes

348

(blue). Peaks were annotated (lowercase letters) depending on migration time units matching

349

the newly established database (see Figure 1, Figure S2, Figure S5) and exoglycosidase

350

digests (see Figure S8 for hiPSCs). For comparison of peak heights between different

351

samples, 0.083 ng of APTS-labelled Man6 standard was spiked into each sample and the

352

intensity of this standard (#) was set to 1 RFU. (C) Comparison of relative signal intensities of

353

major peaks (>1% relative signal intensity) of glycans derived from GSLs of hiPSCs and

354

hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes plotted against their mean migration time. Annotated glycans

355

are depicted by lower case letters. Bar diagram shows mean + S.D. (n=6 for hiPSCs with cell

356

numbers of 107, each and n=3 for hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes with cell numbers of

357

approx. 5x106, each). An unpaired Student’s t-test was performed between the peaks of the

358

different cell lines and statistical significant differences are highlighted (* p