Archaeological Chemistry IV - ACS Publications - American Chemical

5 Compositional Classification of Mexican Majolica Ceramics of the Spanish Downloaded by CORNELL UNIV on July 27, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: July 1, 1989 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1988-0220.ch005

Colonial Period Jacqueline S. O l i n and M. James Blackman Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D C 20560

This chapter is an attempt to refine the classification of Mexican majolica ceramics from Spanish Colonial sites by using chemical data obtained by neutron activation analysis. The ceramics examined came primarily from excavations in Mexico City and from the Santa Catalina de Guale Mission site, St. Catherines Island, GA. The majolica types from these sites are both Spanish and Mexican and date from the 16th to the late 17th century. A rationale for the chemical classification of Mexico City and Puebla production is proposed.

EXCAVATIONS AT THE SPANISHI-NDIAN SITE OF FIG SPRINGS

in Northern F l o r i d a i n 1949 y i e l d e d a c o m p l e x of majolica ceramics u n l i k e those p r e v i ously k n o w n f r o m other F l o r i d a sites. T h e archaeologist, J . M . G o g g i n , c a r r i e d out a d e t a i l e d examination of the available majolica ceramics from late 15th- to 18th-century contexts a n d p u b l i s h e d an extensive typology for these ceramics (J). O n typological a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n a l e v i d e n c e , G o g g i n r e c o g n i z e d a S p a n i s h a n d a M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n a n d made a tentative attempt to s u b d i v i d e specific M e x i c a n majolica types into productions at M e x i c o C i t y , P u e b l a , or elsewhere i n M e x i c o . L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2) f u r t h e r refined the majolica typology for the 16thc e n t u r y varieties. T h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n was based o n the study of majolica ceramics f o u n d b e l o w a floor sealed i n 1573 at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l excavation site along w i t h other ceramics from less w e l l - d e f i n e d stratigraphie contexts at the Sagrario excavations i n M e x i c o C i t y . O n the basis of this 0065-2393/89/0220-0087$07.50/0 © 1989 A m e r i c a n C h e m i c a l S o c i e t y

Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.

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study, they i d e n t i f i e d n e w majolica varieties, suggested revisions i n the n o m e n c l a t u r e of G o g g i n , a n d established a tentative chronology for the deposits b e n e a t h the C a t h e d r a l a n d Sagrario. T h e L i s t e r s a t t r i b u t e d some majolica varieties to P u e b l a a n d argued that M e x i c o C i t y was the o r i g i n for others. I n the i n i t i a l c h e m i c a l studies of majolica ceramics, O l i n et al. (3) sought to establish, o n a c o m p o s i t i o n a l basis, the S p a n i s h a n d M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n s of majolica f r o m excavations i n the C a r i b b e a n , V e n e z u e l a , a n d M e x i c o . T h e research d o c u m e n t e d the c h e m i c a l differences b e t w e e n the two p r o d u c t i o n areas a n d s h o w e d that they c o u l d be r e a d i l y differentiated o n the basis of the c e r i u m , t h o r i u m , a n d l a n t h a n u m concentrations. M a g g e t t i et a l . (4) further d e m o n s t r a t e d that the Spanish a n d M e x i c a n productions c o u l d also be d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y t h i n - s e c t i o n petrography. M a g g e t t i et a l . s h o w e d that although the S p a n i s h p r o d u c t i o n was characterized b y inclusions of s e d i m e n t a r y o r i g i n ( p r e d o m i n a n t l y quartz), the M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n was c h a r acterized b y inclusions of a volcanic o r i g i n . N e u t r o n activation a n d pétrographie analysis of late m e d i e v a l S p a n i s h pottery from the major S p a n i s h p r o d u c t i o n centers of S e v i l l e , G r a n a d a , P a t e r n a - M anises, B a r c e l o n a , a n d Talavera-Puente a l l o w e d progress to be made i n u n i q u e l y c h a r a c t e r i z i n g these p r o d u c t i o n centers ( 5 - 7 ) . Efforts to identify different M e x i c a n majolica productions petrographically have b e e n unsuccessful, a n d an attempt at c h e m i c a l characterization b y d i r e c t l y c o u p l e d p l a s m a - o p t i c a l e m i s s i o n spectroscopy was later d e t e r m i n e d to have b e e n flawed b y p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h the dissolution of the c e r a m i c samples (4). T h i s chapter reports the results of research o n c h e m i c a l characterization of different p r o d u c t i o n sites i n M e x i c o b y i n s t r u m e n t a l n e u t r o n activation analysis ( I N A A ) . T h e integration of the typological information of G o g g i n (J) a n d L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (3) w i t h c h e m i c a l characterization data forms the basis for e x a m i n i n g 16th-century c e r a m i c samples from the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l , M e x i c o C i t y ; 16th- a n d 17th-century ceramic samples from Santa C a talina de G u a l e M i s s i o n site o n St. C a t h e r i n e s Island, G A ; a n d m o d e r n majolica samples f r o m P u e b l a , M e x i c o . W e w i l l show that the p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y a n d P u e b l a productions can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d c h e m i c a l l y a n d , i n a d d i t i o n , that t e m p o r a l a n d spatial differences appear i n the P u e b l a p r o duction.

History of Mexican Majolica

Production

T h e p r o d u c t i o n of majolica ceramics i n M e x i c o d u r i n g the 16th c e n t u r y is b e l i e v e d to have taken place i n b o t h M e x i c o C i t y and i n P u e b l a . M u c h of the e v i d e n c e for M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n consists of the ceramics f r o m excavations at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l site.


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D o c u m e n t a r y i n f o r m a t i o n available from 16th-century archives c o n c e r n i n g potters i n M e x i c o C i t y is exceedingly sparse a n d inferential. T h e early colonial roadways i n M e x i c o C i t y f r e q u e n t l y bore the names of the particular crafts located along t h e m , b u t there is no k n o w n 16th-century street name r e f e r r i n g i n any way to the p o t t e r y - m a k i n g process. O n the basis of d o c u m e n t a r y e v i d e n c e f r o m later centuries, the most p r o b a b l e l o cation of the c o l o n i a l potteries is b e l i e v e d to be west of the center of the city (8), a l t h o u g h no colonial k i l n s or workshops have as yet b e e n i d e n t i f i e d in this area. H i s t o r i c a l d o c u m e n t s do, h o w e v e r , r e c o r d dates for the construction of the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l , the floor of w h i c h was l a i d i n 1573, sealing u n d e r n e a t h deposits of the first 50 years of colonial occupation a n d the earlier P r e - C o l o m b i a n p e r i o d . D u r i n g the installation of support pylons at the c a t h e d r a l i n 1975 a n d 1976, 182 pits w e r e sunk t h r o u g h the floor, a l l o w i n g excavation a n d s a m p l i n g of the early colonial deposits. M a j o l i c a ceramics f r o m these excavations assigned to n o n - S p a n i s h types are assumed to b e f r o m a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n . D e s p i t e the lack of m o r e d e t a i l e d inform a t i o n , the c l a i m is made (2) that, as M e x i c o C i t y was the most i m p o r t a n t city of N e w S p a i n for the e n t i r e 16th c e n t u r y , the earliest demands of the market for better dishes m u s t have b e e n m e t b y local craftsmen. T h e date of the b e g i n n i n g of majolica p r o d u c t i o n at P u e b l a is u n c e r t a i n . P u e b l a is w e l l - k n o w n as the l e a d i n g center for the manufacture of fine-grade majolica ceramics d u r i n g the 17th a n d 18th centuries, a n d L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2) cite two references that describe potters i n P u e b l a b y the 1580s (9, JO). A c t u a l p r o d u c t i o n c o u l d , therefore, have b e g u n d u r i n g or somewhat before the 1580s. T h e r e are, h o w e v e r , few majolica sherds from c o n t r o l l e d excavations i n P u e b l a that are dated finely e n o u g h to establish the advent of p r o d u c t i o n (11, 12). M o r e is k n o w n historically about the Spanish trade a n d s u p p l y i n the early colonial p e r i o d . B e t w e e n 1564 a n d 1566, the S p a n i s h established a pattern for s h i p p i n g that i n v o l v e d two t r a d i n g fleets. D u r i n g this p e r i o d , one fleet, the T i e r r a F i r m e flota, left S p a i n h e a d e d for Porto B e l l o , P a n a m a , and the other, the N e w S p a i n flota, was d e s t i n e d for the p o r t of V e r a c r u z , M e x i c o . T h e N e w S p a i n flota d r o p p e d off ships h e a d e d for San J u a n , P u e r t o R i c o ; Santo D o m i n g o , D o m i n i c a n R e p u b l i c ; various ports i n C u b a ; other C a r i b b e a n islands; a n d the C e n t r a l A m e r i c a n m a i n l a n d (13). Supplies a n d trade goods from S p a i n most p r o b a b l y reached early missions o n the N o r t h A m e r i c a n m a i n l a n d t h r o u g h this fleet, possibly v i a C u b a or P u e r t o R i c o . Scattered records a n d w i d e s p r e a d archaeological finds (mostly majolica) i n dicate that a flourishing trade existed i n ceramics m a n u f a c t u r e d i n M e x i c o . T h e research for this chapter was u n d e r t a k e n i n an effort to explore this early trade i n M e x i c a n - m a d e majolica. T h e identification of the major p r o d u c t i o n sites a n d the date that p r o d u c t i o n began is critical to the study. It


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is, therefore, i m p o r t a n t to b e g i n w i t h the ceramic typology for 1 6 t h - a n d 17th-century M e x i c a n majolica a n d to test its consistency a n d provenance attributions b y c h e m i c a l characterization. T o this e n d , majolica from the sealed 16th-century context at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l i n M e x i c o C i t y a n d 1 6 t h - a n d 17th-century majolica from the m i s s i o n context at Santa C a talina de G u a l e , St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d , G A w e r e e x a m i n e d .


Source and Typology of the Majolica Samples F o l l o w i n g the N o r t h A m e r i c a n p r o c e d u r e i n use at that t i m e , the majolica types d e s c r i b e d b y G o g g i n w e r e g i v e n b i n o m i a l designations. T h e first n a m e is geographical, taken f r o m a n early find's locality o r the assumed site o f p r o d u c t i o n , a n d the second name is d e s c r i p t i v e . T h e typology, as d e v e l o p e d b y G o g g i n a n d r e v i s e d b y L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r , includes such characteristics as f o r m , surface finish a n d decoration, a n d paste a n d glaze d e s c r i p t i o n . T h e 16th-century majolica samples c a m e f r o m excavations at the M e t ropolitan C a t h e d r a l i n M e x i c o C i t y a n d can be assigned to a date before 1573. O t h e r ceramics from excavations i n M e x i c o C i t y at the Sagrario a n d the M e t r o can not b e so closely dated. T h e types of ceramics i n c l u d e M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e , F i g Springs/San Juan Polychrome, Sevilla W h i t e , and C o l u m b i a G u n Metal. Before 1982, M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e , an u n d e c o r a t e d , w h i t e glazed w a r e , was i n c l u d e d w i t h the s i m i l a r type of S p a n i s h ware c a l l e d C o l u m b i a P l a i n . S u b s e q u e n t réévaluation of the typology b y L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2) r e s u l t e d i n the splitting of the type into the Spanish w a r e - C o l u m b i a P l a i n a n d M e x i c a n w a r e - M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e . Mexico C i t y W h i t e , attributed by Lister and Lister to a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n (2), is the most c o m m o n M e x i c a n type from the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l a n d Sagrario excavations. I N A A analysis of 11 " C o l u m b i a P l a i n " sherds at B r o o k h a v e n N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y (3) s h o w e d that n i n e w e r e of M e x i c a n o r i g i n a n d two d i d not m a t c h the c o m p o s i t i o n of the M e x i c a n sherds. T h e s e two sherds w e r e later classified as S e v i l l a W h i t e (2), a t h i r d type of w h i t e glazed w a r e of 16th-century S p a n i s h o r i g i n (4). C o l u m b i a G u n M e t a l is a variant of C o l u m b i a P l a i n w i t h a d a r k e n e d , rather than w h i t e , glaze that varies from dense iridescent black to s p e c k l e d grey. T h i s w a r e is a t t r i b u t e d to a S p a n i s h p r o d u c t i o n . F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e majolica is p a i n t e d i n b l u e a n d y e l l o w (and/or orange) o n a c r e a m to g r a y - w h i t e b a c k g r o u n d a n d is the most a b u n dant decorated fine w a r e i n the excavations. It is a t t r i b u t e d to a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n b y L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2), a l t h o u g h , G o g g i n (J) stated that i t is possible these ceramics w e r e m a n u f a c t u r e d i n P u e b l a . T h e presence of M e x ican p r o d u c t i o n types a m o n g these excavated materials a l l o w e d the i n c l u s i o n of u n a m b i g u o u s 16th-century majolica of M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n i n this study. T o e x t e n d the sample of M e x i c a n - a t t r i b u t e d majolica into the 17th c e n t u r y , samples w e r e o b t a i n e d from sherds from the S p a n i s h m i s s i o n site of


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Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e , o n St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d , G A . T h e site is b e l i e v e d to have b e e n an i m p o r t a n t G u a l e I n d i a n t o w n b y 1576 a n d to have b e e n a b a n d o n e d i n the early 1680s (14). T h e G u a l e Indians of the southeastern coast w e r e a m o n g the first indigenous peoples m e t b y E u r o p e a n explorers o n the N o r t h A m e r i c a n continent. I n 1587, St. C a t h e r i n e s Island b e c a m e the p r i n c i p a l n o r t h e r n S p a n i s h outpost o n the A t l a n t i c coast. T h e sherds from St. C a t h e r i n e s Island i n c l u d e types a t t r i b u t e d to b o t h Spanish a n d M e x i c a n productions. T h e M e x i c a n types i n c l u d e d F i g S p r i n g s / San J u a n P o l y c h r o m e , San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e , A u c i l l a P o l y c h r o m e , M t . Royal Polychrome, and Puebla Polychrome. The F i g Springs/San Juan P o l y c h r o m e has already b e e n d e s c r i b e d a n d sherds are shown i n F i g u r e 1. San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e is decorated i n b l u e , a n d rarely w i t h some y e l l o w or black, o n an off-white b a c k g r o u n d . G o g g i n r e c o g n i z e d two paste variants based o n color: a r e d d i s h a n d a cream paste. H e stated that the r e d d i s h paste variant is s i m i l a r to F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e paste a n d b o t h may have b e e n made i n the same center. H e p r o p o s e d a M e x i c o C i t y o r i g i n for the r e d d i s h paste variant a n d a P u e b l a o r i g i n for the cream paste variant. T h i s proposal conflicts w i t h the proposal m a d e earlier b y G o g g i n (J): that F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e may have b e e n p r o d u c e d i n P u e b l a .

Figure 1. Fig Springs/San Juan Polychrome sherds from the Santa Catalina de Gaule Mission on St. Catherines Island, GA. Top row (left to right): SCI017, SCI037, SCI047; middle row: SCI009, SCI024, SCI018; bottom row: SCI031, SCI036.



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T h e L i s t e r s c o n s i d e r e d a l l San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e to be of M e x i c o C i t y manufacture. T h e San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e sherds f r o m Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e are s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2. A u c i l l a P o l y c h r o m e is decorated i n black, y e l l o w (or orange), a n d g r e e n o n a c r e a m b a c k g r o u n d . T h i s type is thought to be a 17th-century p r o d u c t i o n , a t t r i b u t e d to an u n k n o w n place of m a n u facture i n M e x i c o . M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e is decorated w i t h b r o w n l i n e s , y e l l o w bands, a n d b l u e dots a n d designs o n a c r e a m b a c k g r o u n d . G o g g i n assigned this t y p e to the m i d - 1 7 t h c e n t u r y a n d to an u n k n o w n m a n u f a c t u r i n g site i n S p a i n . T h e A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e sherds are s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3. P u e b l a P o l y c h r o m e is decorated i n b l u e a n d black (rarely w i t h other colors) o n a w h i t e b a c k g r o u n d . It is assigned a late 17th-century date a n d a t t r i b u t e d to P u e b l a . S e v e r a l k n o w n a n d a t t r i b u t e d S p a n i s h w a r e types w e r e also e x a m i n e d from the St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d c e r a m i c corpus. T h e s e types i n c l u d e d C o l u m b i a P l a i n , Yayal B l u e - o n - W h i t e , Santo D o m i n g o B l u e - o n - W h i t e , I c h -

Figure 2. San Luis Blue-on-White sherds from the Santa Catalina de Guale Mission on St. Catherines Island, GA. Top row (left to right): SCI082, SCI027, SCI010, SCI076; second row: SCI069, SCI027, SCI041, SCI083; third row: SCI063, SCI048, SCI060, SC1073; fourth row: SCI059, SCI039; bottom row: SCI052, SCI075, SCI042.



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Figure 3. Aucilla and Mt. Royal Polychrome sherds from the Santa de Gaule Mission on St. Catherines Island, GA. Top row (left to right): SCI008, SCI080, SCI045; second row: SCI077, SCI055, SCI070, SCI050; third row: SCI044, SCI058, SCI078, SCI072; bottom row: SCI028, SCI030, SCI081.

Catalina SCI038, SCI057, SCI074,

t u c k n e e B l u e - o n - W h i t e , Iehtucknee B l u e - o n - B l u e , a n d Santa E l e n a M o t t l e d B l u e - o n - W h i t e . Iehtucknee B l u e - o n - B l u e has b e e n r e c o n s i d e r e d b y the L i s t ers, a n d an Italian a n d a S p a n i s h variant have b e e n p r o p o s e d . T h e y have chosen to n a m e the p r o p o s e d S p a n i s h variant " S e v i l l a B l u e - o n - B l u e " a n d to consider its m a n u f a c t u r i n g site to be i n the A n d a l u s i a n r e g i o n of S p a i n . A single s h e r d , i d e n t i f i e d as Santa E l e n a M o t t l e d B l u e - o n - W h i t e was i n c l u d e d in the sample from St. C a t h e r i n e s Island. T h i s type was d e s c r i b e d b y S o u t h (15), w h o c o n s i d e r e d it to b e a S p a n i s h prototype for a s i m i l a r red-paste ware from M e x i c o C i t y . The c e r a m i c samples selected for discussion i n this chapter are those of M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n . A s r e p o r t e d b y M a g g e t t i et a l . (5), the M e x i c a n majolica p r o d u c t i o n i n c l u d e s b o t h calcareous a n d noncalcareous paste c o m positions. T h i s chapter w i l l focus on the calcareous M e x i c a n majolica. T h e f o l l o w i n g ware types w e r e selected to examine questions of the assignation


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to M e x i c o C i t y or P u e b l a productions a n d to d e t e r m i n e i f c h e m i c a l classi fication

u s i n g n e u t r o n activation analysis data was possible:

• Mexico City White • F i g Springs/San Juan Polychrome • San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e • Aucilla Polychrome


• M t . Royal Polychrome I n a d d i t i o n to the archaeological material, majolica sherds w e r e o b t a i n e d from two m o d e r n factories i n P u e b l a : L a T r i n i d a d a n d Santa M a r i a . B o t h of these potteries use a clay b o d y b l e n d e d f r o m a m i x t u r e of e q u a l amounts of a black volcanic clay a n d a w h i t e m a r l o b t a i n e d from the i m m e d i a t e area a r o u n d P u e b l a (4). Samples f r o m these sherds w e r e a n a l y z e d b y n e u t r o n activation analysis a n d the data u s e d to represent a P u e b l a c o m p o s i t i o n .

Experimental Methods and Results T h e data discussed i n this chapter i n c l u d e the results of i n s t r u m e n t a l n e u t r o n activation analysis c o n d u c t e d at two different laboratories. T h e analyses of the Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e M i s s i o n samples, most of the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l samples, a n d the m o d e r n P u e b l a samples w e r e c o n d u c t e d at the N a t i o n a l B u r e a u of Standards reactor b y u s i n g procedures d e s c r i b e d b y B l a c k m a n (16) a n d i n T a b l e I. T h e r e m a i n d e r of the samples w e r e a n a l y z e d at B r o o k h a v e n N a t i o n a l Laboratories ( B N L ) , a n d r e p o r t e d i n O l i n et a l . (3). Because different comparator standards w e r e used i n the two laboratories, all the B N L data w e r e n o r m a l i z e d to the S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n standard a c c o r d i n g to the p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d b y B l a c k m a n (17). T h e c o n v e r s i o n factors are p r e s e n t e d i n Table I. T h e data for a l l of the samples are p r e s e n t e d i n appendixes to this chapter. A p p e n d i x A includes samples from excavations i n M e x i c o C i t y at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l (SC 16, S C 20, S C 22, S C 29, S C 3 1 , S C 37, a n d S C 38); the Sagrario (all other samples designated S C ) ; a n d f r o m the M e t r o excavations (designated S A ) . A p p e n d i x Β includes a l l the samples from Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e (designated S C I ) . A p p e n d i x C contains the data for the m o d e r n majolica samples from P u e b l a (designated S D ) . T h e data w e r e i n i t i a l l y screened to separate S p a n i s h a n d M e x i c a n p r o ductions. T h e ceramics typologically classified as Spanish h a d c e r i u m , t h o r i u m , a n d l a n t h a n u m concentrations consistent w i t h p r o d u c t i o n i n S p a i n (3). T h e s e types i n c l u d e d C o l u m b i a P l a i n , C o l u m b i a G u n M e t a l , S e v i l l a W h i t e , Yayal B l u e o n W h i t e , Santo D o m i n g o B l u e - o n - W h i t e , Iehtucknee B l u e - o n W h i t e , Iehtucknee B l u e - o n - B l u e , a n d Santa E l e n a M o t t l e d B l u e - o n - W h i t e .


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95

Mexican Majolica Ceramics

Table I. I N A A Experimental Parameters


Element

Nuclide

Na Κ Ca Sc Cr Fe

Na-24 K-42 Ca-47 Sc-46 Cr-51 Fe-58

Co

Co-60

Zn As Br Rb Sr Zr Sb Cs Ba La Ce Nd Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U W

Zn-65 As-76 Br-82 Rb-86 Sr-85 Zr-95 Sb-122 Cs-134 Ba-131 La-140 Ce-141 Nd-147 Sm-153 Eu-152 Tb-160 Yb-175 Lu-177 Hf-181 Ta-182 Pa-233 Np-239 W-187

a

Gamma Ray Energy (keV)

Cone, in Standard SRM 1633°

Analytical Precision SRM 679

BNL to SI Conversion Factors

Count?

1369 1525 1297 889 320 1099, 1292 1173, 1333 1115 559 554 1077 514 757 564 796 496 1596 145 91 103 1408 879 396 208 482 1221 312 106 686

0.32 1.61 4.70 27.0 131.0 6.20

1 1 1 2 2 2

2.3% 8.2%

1.037

1.4% 3.1% 2.9%

0.893 0.992 0.972

41.5

2

1.5%

1.036

213.0 61.0 8.6 125.0 1700.0 301.0 6.9 8.6 2700.0 82.0 146.0 64.0 12.9 2.5 1.9 6.4 1.0 7.9 1.8 24.8 11.6 5.5

2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1

3.5% 6.0% 9.1%

9.9% 2.7% 13.2% 1.4% 1.8% 1.6% 2.2% 12.9% 4.8% 6.7% 3.5% 7.0% 2.2% 15.9%

1.160

L009 1.095 0.961 0.983 0.824 1.023 0.835 1.213 0.821 0.992

Na, K, Ca, and Fe results are given in percents; all others are in parts per million. Count 1: 1 h after a 5-day decay; count 2: 2 h after a 30-day decay.

fe

D a t a for these types are p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d i x e s A , B , a n d C . T h r e e St. C a t h e r i n e s Island samples ( S C I 0 4 2 , S C I 0 5 2 , and S C I 0 7 5 i n A p p e n d i x B ) , typologically classified w i t h the San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e , a M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n , w e r e c h e m i c a l l y classified as Spanish. C l o s e examination of these sherds ( F i g u r e 2) shows v i s i b l e distinctions suggesting that these m a y be examples of a S p a n i s h variant discussed b y L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (18). To investigate the question of w h e t h e r the majolica ceramics p r o d u c e d in M e x i c o d u r i n g the 16th a n d 17th centuries c o u l d be assigned to a p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y or P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n , the majolica w i t h a M e x i c a n c o m p o s i t i o n and n i n e m o d e r n P u e b l a samples were subjected to cluster analysis. T h e h i e r a r c h i c a l aggregative c l u s t e r i n g p r o g r a m A G C L U S (19) u s e d "average-


96


l i n k " c l u s t e r i n g o n a m e a n - E u c l i d e a n - d i s t a n c e m a t r i x for the elements Se, C r , a n d F e , a n d separated the ceramics f r o m M e x i c o already discussed, into two large clusters ( F i g u r e 4). T h e u p p e r cluster, G r o u p A i n F i g u r e 4, c o n t a i n e d a l l the late 16th- a n d 17th-century Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e s a m ples, 11 of the 14 F i g Springs / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e samples f r o m the M e x i c o C i t y excavations, a n d the n i n e m o d e r n P u e b l a samples. T h e l o w e r cluster, G r o u p Β i n F i g u r e 4, c o n t a i n e d o n l y samples of 16th c e n t u r y context from the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l a n d Sagrario excavations i n M e x i c o C i t y , i n c l u d i n g a l l the M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e , the M e x i c a n copies o f C o l u m b i a P l a i n , a n d three F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e samples. T h e v a l i d i t y o f these c o m p o s i t i o n a l groups was tested statistically b y u s i n g M a h a l a n o b i s distance a n d H o t e l l i n g T statistic. I n the c o m p o s i t i o n a l group A , four F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e samples ( S C I 0 0 9 , S C I 0 3 7 , S C I 0 4 7 , a n d S C 44) a n d one San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e sample (SCI076) of the 54 samples w e r e e x c l u d e d at the 9 9 % confidence i n t e r v a l . I n the c o m positional g r o u p B , three samples o f M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e ( S C 13, S C 20, a n d S C 24) w e r e e x c l u d e d at the 9 9 % confidence l e v e l . T h e s e three samples w e r e also outliers i n the cluster analysis ( F i g u r e 4). W i t h these samples e l i m i n a t e d , the r e f o r m e d c o m p o s i t i o n a l groups w e r e tested against each other. I n d i v i d u a l m e m b e r s of each group d i s p l a y e d less t h a n a 1% p r o b a b i l i t y o f m e m b e r s h i p i n the other group. T h e t w o clusters, therefore, represent distinct a n d statistically verifiable c h e m i c a l composition groups.


2

T h e means, standard deviations, a n d 9 5 % confidence intervals for 22 elements i n these two c o m p o s i t i o n a l groups a n d the m o d e r n P u e b l a samples are p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I I . T h e two c o m p o s i t i o n a l groups are v i r t u a l l y i d e n tical at the 9 5 % confidence i n t e r v a l for a l l elements except Sc, C r , a n d F e . P r i m a r i l y the elevated C r values i n the c o m p o s i t i o n g r o u p A p r o v i d e the d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . F i g u r e 5 is a p l o t of C r vs. F e concentrations. T h e p l o t shows the separation of the two groups. T h e m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica samples (represented b y the crosses) fall w e l l w i t h i n the 9 5 % p r o b a b i l i t y e l l i p s e o f the c o m p o s i t i o n a l g r o u p A . O n the basis o f the association o f m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica w i t h the late 16th- to 17th-century majolica samples from the G u a l e M i s s i o n site i n group A , w e propose that this c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n a l g r o u p represents the p r o d u c t i o n o f P u e b l a . T h e c e r a m i c types that can b e a t t r i b u t e d to the p r o p o s e d P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n i n c l u d e A u c i l l a P o l y c h r o m e , M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e , San Luis B l u e - o n - W h i t e , F i g Springs/San Juan Polychrome, Puebla Polychrome, a n d P u e b l a B l u e - o n - W h i t e . T h e association, i n g r o u p B , of o n l y samples from the Sagrario a n d the sealed 1573 C a t h e d r a l sites i n M e x i c o C i t y a n d L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r ' s a t t r i b u t i o n o f the c e r a m i c types ( p r i m a r i l y M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e a n d M e x i c o C i t y copies of C o l u m b i a Plain) to M e x i c o C i t y , p r o v i d e s a basis for p r o p o s i n g a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n for this c o m p o s i t i o n a l group. I n contrast to the P u e b l a c o m p o s i t i o n g r o u p , there is no i n d e p e n d e n t e v i d e n c e for a M e x i c o C i t y o r i g i n a n d c o n f i r m a t i o n m u s t await further research.


OLIN & BLACKMAN



5.

Figure 4. Dendrogram obtained by using the cluster analysis program, AGCLUS, for chromium, scandium, and iron values for majolica samples with Mexican chemical composition. Dendrogram shows two major groups, A and B, that are the proposed Puebla and Mexico City groups, respectively.


97


1.29

1.26

14.0

9.5

54.3

Na

K

Ca

Se

Cr

57.5

Rb

Sr

75.6

Zn

0.080

e

2.71

Fe

a

Mean

Element

e

12.6

19.8

30.0

9.4

10.8

10.1

25.2

22.5

Std Dev (%) 19.6 1.82 0.76 1.85 0.67 21.4 6.5 11.4 7.5 66.6 42.1 3.24 2.17 124.0 27.3 81.2 33.8 0.102 0.059

95% Confidence Interval

Mexico City Production

0.055

51.3

69.7

3.57

98.3

12.7

9.8

0.77

1.40

Mean

24.5

18.5

13.2

8.7

14.0

5.8

35.7

34.4

20.0

Std Dev (%) 1.96 0.84 1.30 0.24 16.8 2.8 14.2 11.2 126.0 70.6 4.19 2.94 88.1 51.3 70.4 32.3 0.083 0.028


Puebla Production

0.028

58.1

76.5

3.45

94.5

12.0

12.7

0.63

1.15

Mean

8.3

14.0

7.0

9.8

11.5

8.1

6.5

21.6

Std Dev (%) 4.5

1.27 1.03 1.07 0.20 14.6 10.7 14.2 9.7 120.0 69.4 4.22 2.67 88.9 64.2 76.9 39.3 0.033 0.023


Modem Puebla Production

Table II. Chemical Data for the Mexico City and Puebla Production Samples and the M o d e m Puebla Samples



11.5

8.0

14.8

0.26*

4.01

0.51

5.2

Lu

Hf

Ta

Th

5.7 2.1 575.0 372.0 31.0 13.8 46.9 24.2 5.28 2.98 1.21 0.67 2.32 1.35 0.33 0.20 4.68 3.34 0.61 0.41 6.9 3.6 15.0 13.7 11.7 17.2 11.0 16.1 11.5

1.11 1.88 0.28 4.87 0.55 5.5

18.2

27.7 4.38

16.1

41.3

446.0 21.0

35.0

4.5

7.6 1.3 817.0 76.0 27.8 14.2 37.5 17.4 5.70 3.07 1.42 0.80 2.32 1.43 0.38 0.18 5.95 3.79 0.73 0.37 6.7 4.2 5.5 7.4 5.1 12.3 11.5 14.6 8.8

0.96 2.16 0.33 4.80 0.76 6.2

7.4

28.4 4.26

6.2

11.2

260.0 20.1

11.5

6.8

8.6 5.0 327.0 193.0 23.3 17.4 33.2 23.6 4.81 3.70 1.12 0.79 2.42 1.90 0.43 0.23 6.08 3.53 1.01 0.50 7.4 4.9

a

NOTE: For Mexico City production Ν = 22; for Puebla production, Ν = 51; for M o d e r n Puebla production, Ν = 9. N a , K , C a , F e and Sr results are given i n percents; all others are i n parts per million. N = 16.

14.8

12.3

fl

1.83

Yb

β

13.9

0.94

Eu

13.1

4.13

Sm

15.4

35.5

Ce

e

18.5

22.4

10.3

474.0

Ba

La

22.2

3.9

Cs


2 3 δ'

Π

I"

a. ο

$ ο* a

> Ζ

Ω

>

Γ"*) LP r S

UT


100


Figure 5. Logarithmic plot of the ratios of chromium to iron for the samples from sherds in group A and group Β of the cluster dendrogram shown in Figure 4. Key: ·, archaeological samples attributed to Mexico City production; A, archaeological samples attributed to Puebla production; +, modern ma jolica produced in Puebla.

T h e c e r a m i c types a t t r i b u t e d to the p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n are M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e , M e x i c o C i t y copies of C o l u m b i a P l a i n , a n d F i g S p r i n g s / San J u a n P o l y c h r o m e . T a b l e I I I presents the p r o p o s e d location of p r o d u c t i o n o n the basis of the c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n for the majolica types analyzed a n d the attributions made b y G o g g i n (J) a n d L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2). A l l M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e a n d M e x i c o C i t y copies of C o l u m b i a P l a i n b e l o n g to the p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n as j u s t discussed. A l l the San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e sherds r e p o r t e d h e r e are f r o m the excavations at Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e . W i t h the exception of the three S p a n i s h c o m p o s i t i o n sherds discussed earlier, the r e m a i n i n g 17 sherds can be c h e m i c a l l y classified as h a v i n g b e e n p r o d u c e d i n P u e b l a . B o t h G o g g i n a n d the L i s t e r s propose a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n for San L u i s B l u e o n - W h i t e . Goggin's a t t r i b u t i o n to M e x i c o C i t y is restricted to the r e d d i s h paste variant. W e have no c h e m i c a l confirmation of a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n for San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e . F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e is an i n t e r e s t i n g contrast to the San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e type. F i g S p r i n g s / S a n Juan P o l y c h r o m e p r o d u c t i o n has b e e n a t t r i b u t e d to P u e b l a b y G o g g i n a n d to M e x i c o C i t y b y L i s t e r a n d


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101

Mexican Majolica Ceramics Table III. Production Attributions


Majolica Type

Chemical Attribution

Goggin" Attribution

Lister and Lister Attribution h

Mexico City White

Mexico City

—

Mexico City

San Juan Polychrome

Puebla & Mexico City

Puebla

Mexico City

San Luis Blue-on-White

Puebla

Puebla & Mexico City

Mexico City

Aucilla Polychrome

Puebla

unknown Mexican

—

M t . Royal Polychrome

Puebla

unknown Spanish

—

Puebla

Puebla

Puebla

—

Ref. 1 ^Ref. 2 fl

L i s t e r . T h e samples from Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e that can b e a t t r i b u t e d to a p r o d u c t i o n site a l l appear to c o m e f r o m P u e b l a . T h e sherds from the M e x i c o C i t y excavations are split b e t w e e n the p r o p o s e d P u e b l a a n d M e x i c o C i t y productions. T w o samples, S C 37 a n d S C 38, assigned to the p r o p o s e d P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n group, i n fact c o m e from the sealed context at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l . T h e significance of these two sherds is that they p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e of P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n of majolica ceramics before 1573. T w o of the F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e sherds, S C 46 a n d S C 52, excavated at the Sagrario, have the p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y c o m p o s i t i o n . O n this basis, w e propose that there may b e two varieties of F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e , one from P u e b l a a n d one f r o m M e x i c o C i t y . T h e later 17th-century types ( A u c i l l a , M t . R o y a l , a n d P u e b l a P o l y chrome) from Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e all group w i t h the P u e b l a c o m p o s i t i o n . G o g g i n a t t r i b u t e d A u c i l l a to an u n k n o w n M e x i c a n source a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e to an u n k n o w n S p a n i s h p r o d u c t i o n center. T h e r e is no e v i d e n c e to date for sherds of the M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e t y p e h a v i n g b e e n p r o d u c e d i n S p a i n , a n d w e propose that b o t h types are f r o m a P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n . C l o s e i n s p e c t i o n of the c h e m i c a l data for the p r o p o s e d P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n g r o u p shows that this group can be s u b d i v i d e d c h e m i c a l l y into two typologically consistent subgroups. F i g u r e 6 presents the means a n d standard deviations for selected alkali a n d rare earth elements i n the t w o subgroups. T y p o l o g i c a l l y , the t w o subgroups are A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e a n d San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e . San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e is i n c l u d e d w i t h the 1 6 t h c e n t u r y types (identified b y the L i s t e r s ) ; A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e are not. G o g g i n , o n the o t h e r h a n d , assigned San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e to


102



100

Τ

Rb (ppm)

La (ppm)

Ce (ppm)

Sm (ppm)

Κ (%)

Figure 6. Log means and standard deviations for Rb, La, Ce, and Κ for San Luis Blue and White (A) and Aucilla and Mt. Royal Polychrome (·) sherds from excavations at Santa Catalina de Guale. the early 17th c e n t u r y a n d A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e to the m i d to-late 17th c e n t u r y . T h e concentration data for l a n t h a n u m a n d s a m a r i u m , p l o t t e d i n F i g u r e 7, show d i s t i n c t l y different ratios w i t h no overlap at the 9 5 % confidence i n t e r v a l . M o r e o v e r , the m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica falls w i t h i n the 9 5 % c o n fidence ellipse for the A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e subgroup. T h e s e c h e m i c a l differences strongly suggest a spatial or t e m p o r a l d i s t i n c t i o n i n clay resource use for the majolica p r o d u c t i o n at P u e b l a . T h e association of the m i d to late 17th-century majolica types w i t h the m o d e r n P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n argues for a t e m p o r a l c o n t i n u i t y i n resource p r o c u r e m e n t from the 17th c e n t u r y to the present. T h e sources of the m o d e r n clays u s e d i n majolica p r o d u c t i o n at P u e b l a are d e s c r i b e d i n M a g g e t t i et a l . (4).

Conclusions T h e M e x i c a n majolica p r o d u c t i o n of the 16th a n d 17th centuries can b e c h e m i c a l l y classified into two v e r y distinct groups based o n c h r o m i u m , i r o n , a n d s c a n d i u m concentrations. O n e of these groups matches the c o m p o s i t i o n of m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica a n d can be assigned to a P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n . T h i s


5.

OLIN & BLACKMAN ~T

5.68

Mexican Majolica r

ι

ι

103

Ceramics 1

r— Ί

1

Γ

5.20

1*

4.76

I

4.35


ε α

3.98

3.64

3.33

h

16.2

18.5

21.2 Lanthanum

24.4

27.9

(ppm)

Figure 7. Logarithmic plot of the ratios of samarium to lanthanum for the samples from San Luis Blue-on-White (A) and Aucilla and Mt. Royal Poly chrome (·) with the modern Puebla samples included in the 95% confidence ellipse of the Aucilla and Mt. Royal Polychrome group. P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n appears to have b e g u n s o m e t i m e before 1573, as e v i d e n c e d b y the presence of sherds of this c h e m i c a l type b e n e a t h the floor of the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l . T h e P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n group can b e f u r t h e r s u b d i v i d e d c h e m i c a l l y into two subgroups that m a y arise f r o m spatial or t e m p o r a l shifts i n resource p r o c u r e m e n t . T h e correspondence of the later p r o d u c t i o n types w i t h the m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica opens the possibilities for further investigations u s i n g ethnographic data. T h e a t t r i b u t i o n of the second major c h e m i c a l group to a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n is based, at present, o n c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e . A d d i t i o n a l r e search u s i n g 16th-century majolica from the 1 9 6 8 - 6 9 a n d 1 9 7 5 - 7 6 excava tions i n M e x i c o C i t y (20) w i l l b e n e e d e d to strengthen the a t t r i b u t i o n a n d to d e t e r m i n e the range of types b e i n g manufactured. O n the basis of the e v i d e n c e f r o m the a n a l y z e d sherds f r o m Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e , w e find that o n l y S p a n i s h a n d P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n ceramics are present. N o M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n sherds are a m o n g those analyzed. T h e presence of P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n sherds from this 16th- a n d 17th-century site r e q u i r e d transport from M e x i c o . To our k n o w l e d g e , no specific M e x i c a n sea route such as that for the S p a n i s h flota (21), has b e e n p r o p o s e d for s u p p l y


104


to the mission's sites i n S p a n i s h F l o r i d a . H o w e v e r , a flow of supplies from M e x i c o C i t y t h r o u g h St. A u g u s t i n e to St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d has b e e n p r o p o s e d (22). A n a l y s i s of majolica sherds f r o m carefully excavated s h i p w r e c k s i n the C a r i b b e a n w i l l be valuable e v i d e n c e for establishing the routes taken b y the s u p p l y ships.


Acknowledgments W e acknowledge the c o n t i n u e d interest a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n of F l o r e n c e a n d R o b e r t L i s t e r ( U n i v e r s i t y of Arizona) w h o p r o v i d e d the sherds from the excavations at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l i n M e x i c o C i t y that have b e e n so i m p o r t a n t to o u r study. T h e y d e v e l o p e d the typology a n d selected the sherds that w e have analyzed. W e also acknowledge D e b r a P e t e r a n d D a v i d H u r s t T h o m a s for t h e i r h e l p i n p r o v i d i n g sherds from the excavations b e i n g c o n d u c t e d b y the A m e r ican M u s e u m of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y at the m i s s i o n site of Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e o n St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d , G A . T h e s e excavations are s u p p o r t e d b y the E d w a r d J o h n N o b l e a n d St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d F o u n d a t i o n s . D e b r a P e t e r also assisted us b y p r o v i d i n g the typological classification of the ceramics from that site a n d b y c a r r y i n g out the s a m p l i n g of the sherds that w e r e selected a n d m a k i n g arrangements for the photographic d o c u m e n t a t i o n . W e are most pleased to be able to use the m o d e r n majolica sherds collected by M a r i n o Maggetti i n Puebla, M e x i c o w h e n he traveled there i n 1981. T h e s e sherds have b e e n of enormous value to us as a reference for the c o m p o s i t i o n of majolica manufactured i n P u e b l a . T h r o u g h o u t this investigation w e have b e e n greatly a i d e d i n m a n y ways b y the efforts of E m l e n M y e r s . W e acknowledge the i m p o r t a n t support p r o v i d e d b y the p e r s o n n e l of the Reactor Operations D i v i s i o n a n d the N u clear M e t h o d s G r o u p (Inorganic A n a l y t i c a l R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n ) of the N a t i o n a l B u r e a u of Standards, w h o have made t h e i r facilities available to us b o t h for this project a n d the n u m e r o u s other projects that the C o n s e r v a t i o n A n a l y t i c a l L a b o r a t o r y is c a r r y i n g out w i t h n e u t r o n activation analysis. T h i s research was s u p p o r t e d b y the C o n s e r v a t i o n A n a l y t i c a l L a b o r a t o r y as a part of an o n g o i n g project o n the c h e m i c a l classification of S p a n i s h C o l o n i a l majolica.



1.49 1.35 1.51 1.76 1.39 1.02 1.40 2.40 1.05 1.16 1.53 1.02 1.61 1.68 0.96 1.31 1.16 1.14 1.13 1.47 0.95

0.88 1.07

1.07 1.07 1.00 1.02 0.94 1.08 0.99 1.03

SC 16 SC32

SA 66 SA 67 SC 37 SC 38 SC 40 SC42 SC43 SC44

Na

SC 11 SC 12 SC 13 SC 14 SC 15 SC 17 SC 18 SC20 SC 21 SC 22 SC23 SC24 SC25 SC 28 SC 29 SC30 SC 31 SC 33 SC 35 SC56 SC 57

Sample

0.80 1.36 0.93 1.45 1.32 1.12 n.d. n.d.

1.01 1.25

1.32 1.31 1.03 1.65 0.59 0.92 1.63 1.43 1.03 1.53 1.32 1.40 n.d. 1.63 0.78 1.33 1.29 1.12 1.32 1.34 1.50

Κ

14.2 n.d. 14.1 13.3 13.2 14.7 14.2 14.9

17.8 15.2

n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 14.3 n.d. n.d. n.d. 15.5 11.9 16.4 13.2 11.6 15.0 12.3 20.4 11.3 20.5 11.4 15.1

Ca

12.2 9.6 11.6 12.3 12.7 11.9 12.5 10.8

9.25 9.77

10.5 8.9 6.6 10.0 9.3 8.91 9.2 7.0 7.1 9.31 9.14 6.21 9.91 10.0 8.87 10.1 8.39 9.04 8.26 9.51 10.2

Sc

73.1 n.d. 80.2 88.9 82.6 78.3 81.5 116.0

3.40 2.5 3.17 3.27 3.50 3.14 3.38 3.33

10.2 29.4 11.5 10.5 15.8 10.1 9.6 16.3

89.5 58.0 86.9 85.9 87.5 71.4 90.2 82.4

71.4 69.2

8.75 9.59

2.70 2.90

53.1 63.2


Zn

7.1 9.7 6.0 10.0 10.0 9.89 10.9 7.5 11.1 9.82 9.31 5.73 11.2 10.5 8.91 10.7 8.81 8.53 9.23 11.1 10.6

Co

Rb

Sr

Cs

63.0 52.0 47.0 85.0 53.0 46.0 77.0 66.0 71.0 67.0 61.2 41.5 55.3 64.4 57.4 63.4 48.0 39.4 42.6 56.2 50.7


3.8 5.0 1.9 5.2 3.9 3.27 6.1 2.8 4.7 4.76 3.60 1.56 3.38 4.11 3.29 3.97 4.13 2.64 3.79 4.29 2.28

Mexico City White 480.0 520.0 410.0 520.0 400.0 515.0 510.0 520.0 520.0 500.0 495.0 560.0 495.0 525.0 482.0 561.0 446.0 465.0 499.0 427.0 369.0

Ba

7.53 n.d. 7.19 7.10 19.0 10.4 7.13 8.36

6.31 5.18

849.0 817.0

3.46 3.96

58.1 80.0 73.1 68.4 62.7 59.2 60.1 46.9

885.0 n.d. 918.0 731.0 351.0 425.0 340.0 851.0

4.00 3.7 7.21 3.82 4.81 3.44 3.66 4.50

San Juan Polychrome

39.9 56.9

441.0 470.0 446.0 427.0 413.0 398.0 383.0 413.0

399.0 465.0

Mexico City Copies of Columbia Plain


M E X I C A N PRODUCTIONS

As

16.2 17.0 18.6 19.7 18.6 18.7 19.7 15.0

18.3 19.1

34.0 25.0 17.0 27.0 22.0 18.3 26.0 21.0 23.0 21.9 20.8 12.0 22.4 22.0 18.3 22.9 20.5 17.0 20.5 23.0 16.4

La

18.8 20.0 24.7 25.2 27.7 29.5 28.5 23.3

33.0 34.6

45.0 33.0 21.0 35.0 29.0 33.0 34.0 27.0 31.0 39.3 36.6 21.3 38.2 39.5 31.8 40.6 35.6 28.1 35.6 39.6 22.6

Ce

Appendix A . Majolica from Excavations i n Mexico City

2.2 2.6 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.82 2.6 2.2 2.9 3.03 2.81 2.08 2.91 2.87 2.75 2.84 2.55 3.10 2.42 2.88 2.77

Fe

55.0 48.0 42.0 52.0 59.0 57.8 52.0 40.0 49.0 54.6 52.2 39.0 58.7 51.6 54.1 55.3 44.1 53.8 42.7 58.9 69.5

Cr

3.52 n.d. 3.79 4.01 3.86 3.82 3.79 3.05

3.66 3.88


Sm


0.857 0.76 0.916 0.923 0.948 0.910 0.908 0.752

0.839 0.910

1.20 0.83 0.68 0.90 0.86 0.859 0.95 0.79 0.77 0.979 0.951 0.565 1.050 0.964 0.815 1.009 0.877 0.759 0.855 1.059 0.824

Eu

1.69 n.d. 1.91 1.92 1.90 1.83 1.77 1.40

1.71 1.71


Yb

3.51 4.06

4.4 4.2 3.5 4.3 4.0 3.75 4.4 4.0 4.4 4.04 3.85 2.54 4.18 4.18 3.52 4.18 3.45 3.92 3.51 4.21 3.61

Hf

0.254 4.48 4.8 n.d. 0.295 4.03 0.281 4.25 0.266 4.21 0.254 4.24 0.279 4.33 0.211 3.57 Continued

0.238 0.251


Lu

4.38 4.66

7.3 5.4 4.3 5.6 4.6 4.22 5.6 5.3 5.8 5.48 5.12 3.23 5.15 5.51 4.37 5.58 5.06 4.56 4.86 5.40 4.15

Th

0.313 4.27 4.4 n.d. 0.538 5.05 0.519 4.97 0.494 4.84 0.473 4.91 0.593 5.05 0.499 4.52 on next page.

0.455 0.519


Ta

ο

a.

δ

>

Ω

r

Ο


0.69 0.72 0.51 0.54

0.61 0.55 0.59 0.73 0.56

SC 10 SC 19 SC 26 SC27

SC SC SC SC SC

1.87 0.83 0.95 1.48 1.82

2.10 2.75 2.35 2.25

n.d. n.d. 1.40 1.21 1.15 1.29

Κ

18.2 19.7 19.3 14.7 15.4

n.d. n.d. 13.6 13.6

9.5 14.5 16.7 14.1 10.9 8.2

Ca

11.7 10.0 7.71 10.3 10.4

10.5 10.7 11.7 11.3

10.9 12.7 12.4 11.7 13.4 10.8

Sc

73.1 67.6 33.0 71.3 62.8

46.0 48.0 50.4 47.0

55.7 89.9 74.3 78.0 90.8 54.8

Cr

3.23 2.82 1.79 3.01 3.00

2.8 2.9 3.43 3.28

2.24 3.59 3.17 3.06 3.54 2.15

Fe

16.5 10.4 10.7 10.0 10.4

11.0 10.4 14.7 13.0

6.8 10.0 14.9 9.2 11.6 6.7

Co

88.1 74.8 67.9 78.2 76.2

Rb Sr

Cs Ba

Α-Continued

11.9 11.6 11.2 11.9 9.64

693.0 760.0 690.0 471.0 432.0 573.0

3.30 5.46 6.08 6.53 4.82 3.14

n.d. n.d. 351.0 288.0

10.4 10.8 10.1 10.6

Sevilla White

103.0 74.5 87.7 88.5 79.3

634.0 545.0 412.0 450.0 543.0

5.30 4.51 4.41 5.21 5.11

Columbia Gun Metal

155.0 178.0 167.0 151.0

499.0 459.0 535.0 366.0 340.0 427.0

444.0 325.0 421.0 389.0 334.0

430.0 620.0 511.0 461.0

SPANISH PRODUCTIONS

56.8 48.0 84.9 53.2 49.8 58.6

San Juan Polychrome-- Continued

.

Appendix

12.1 4.16 19.7 29.0 17.9 5.98

As

n.d. n.d. 16.7 18.7

75.2 85.9 87.7 78.5 87.5 78.7

n.d. n.d. 83.2 80.4

Zn

NOTE: Na, K, Ca, and Fe results are given in percents; all others are in parts per million.

86 87 88 89 91

1.48 1.19 0.88 0.84 0.96 1.40

Na

SC46 SC 47 SC 48 SC50 SC 51 SC 52

Sample

34.6 32.1 33.0 33.9 32.9

54.0 49.0 42.0 47.1

28.4 20.0 22.1 17.5 19.0 26.5

La

58.9 55.7 29.8 59.3 54.8

82.0 124.0 77.1 88.1

44.6 26.1 28.5 27.6 29.4 43.1

Ce

5.42 4.99 5.27 5.38 5.16

n.d. n.d. 7.14 8.07

5.19 4.19 4.27 3.66 3.96 4.99

Sm


1.04 0.998 1.01 1.05 1.03

1.02 1.01 1.07 1.12

1.19 1.04 0.946 0.847 0.944 1.17

Eu

2.36 2.49 2.51 2.28 2.15

n.d. n.d. 3.23 3.53

2.00 1.79 2.13 1.77 2.02 1.92

Yb

0.398 0.356 0.381 0.339 0.362

n.d. n.d. 0.457 0.532

0.307 0.325 0.348 0.265 0.299 0.282

Lu

4.58 5.26 3.72 5.64 5.47

8.2 6.8 6.03 7.89

4.29 4.42 4.06 3.65 4.06 4.15

Hf

1.57 0.964 0.733 0.929 1.09

n.d. n.d. 1.51 1.58

0.538 0.511 0.508 0.491 0.553 0.497

Ta

9.48 9.06 4.27 9.40 9.14

19.5 16.8 15.6 18.0

6.32 5.00 5.52 4.75 4.93 6.34

Th


1.89 1.72 1.36 1.06 1.79 1.27 1.29 1.33

1.08 1.65 1.67 1.68 1.63 1.75 1.40 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.17 1.67 1.67 1.96 1.42 1.67 1.71

1.36 1.37 1.39 1.64 1.41 1.58

SCI010 SCI027 SCI029 SCI039 SCI041 SCI048 SCI053 SCI059 SCI060 SCI063 SCI064 SCI069 SCI073 SCI076 SCI079 SCI082 SCI083

SCI008 SCI038 SCI044 SCI045 SCI050 SCI055

Να

SCI009 SCI017 SCI018 SCI024 SCI031 SCI036 SCI037 SCI047

Sample

Rb

Sr

Cs

4.85 5.98 3.24 2.40 3.81 2.82

52.2 53.3 69.8 63.7 65.2 60.5

7.41 8.17 8.75 8.13 8.24 7.35

2.99 3.06 3.26 3.67 3.09 3.69

101.0 103.0 96.8 100.0 103.0 119.0

11.7 11.7 11.9 13.2 12.0 13.1

5.2 3.7 11.7 8.7 5.4 6.6

0.679 0.682 0.555 0.511 0.608 0.460

Polychrome 634.0 4.83 548.0 5.51 581.0 6.22 615.0 3.93 698.0 5.90 673.0 8.77 417.0 5.35 378.0 4.68

356.0 522.0 530.0 530.0 644.0 531.0 871.0 627.0 521.0 713.0 518.0 565.0 619.0 500.0 697.0 528.0 564.0

5.42 3.69 4.17 4.62 3.74 4.17 9.27 4.40 4.48 4.09 4.14 4.06 4.26 5.02 9.04 3.95 4.01

45.0 52.2 44.1 44.0 45.9 50.5

461.0 537.0 445.0 700.0 573.0 547.0

3.08 3.24 2.88 3.19 3.71 3.45

Aucilla Polychrome

68.5 46.7 47.2 53.2 45.5 49.0 49.3 58.1 50.9 45.0 61.0 50.4 61.0 52.0 50.7 47.2 44.5

San Luis Blue-on-White 9.10 3.00 3.70 16.3 6.04 26.5 6.65 12.5 7.14 6.64 22.1 2.56 23.4 7.73 4.94 2.49 2.61

79.3 62.7 75.9 64.6 64.4 57.3 58.7 65.8 76.2 65.3 77.4 72.8 66.8 69.5 73.3 68.9 66.1

13.4 9.66 9.27 13.1 9.10 11.1 9.68 10.4 10.9 9.35 10.9 9.04 9.89 13.6 11.0 9.53 9.12

3.62 3.73 3.64 3.94 3.49 3.70 4.01 3.61 3.72 3.73 4.01 3.52 3.81 4.06 4.15 3.72 3.62

91.2 82.4 88.5 100.0 87.7 89.1 128.0 92.5 85.9 97.7 97.1 82.2 112.0 81.8 132.0 88.7 86.1

13.2 12.9 12.5 13.1 12.0 12.9 13.8 12.6 12.7 12.8 14.4 12.2 13.0 12.0 14.0 12.5 12.5

10.8 6.8 10.5 10.8 9.5 6.8 9.0 7.2 7.5 8.8 8.5 9.1 7.1 8.3 7.5 9.8 7.8

San Juan 44.2 47.8 56.8 56.6 45.1 53.6 68.2 62.1

1.02 0.807 0.863 0.802 0.836 0.785 0.684 1.04 0.957 0.902 1.01 0.798 0.828 1.099 0.556 0.687 0.789

6.14 4.95 3.80 8.65 4.76 5.69 12.6 28.1

M E X I C A N PRODUCTIONS

As

66.5 75.2 70.6 74.1 70.0 64.3 71.4 80.2

Zn

15.0 12.7 10.1 8.26 14.3 9.91 11.8 12.6

Co

3.92 3.85 4.05 3.56 3.96 3.73 4.20 4.06

Fe

83.8 109.0 126.0 91.6 115.0 102.0 122.0 105.0

Cr

11.6 13.3 13.8 12.6 13.7 12.6 15.1 15.0

Se

8.4 4.5 4.5 15.1 4.5 12.2 6.7 5.0

Co

0.964 0.690 0.614 0.851 0.745 0.558 0.920 1.07

Κ

973.0 1040.0 314.0 374.0 869.0 471.0

495.0 545.0 406.0 436.0 506.0 475.0 336.0 632.0 574.0 478.0 n.d. 533.0 252.0 501.0 255.0 537.0 385.0

385.0 423.0 311.0 421.0 313.0 219.0 337.0 358.0

Ba

19.7 18.5 20.4 20.4 19.6 19.8

21.9 26.0 23.9 24.1 23.7 24.4 19.9 25.1 24.8 24.8 35.0 24.0 22.4 23.2 17.9 24.5 24.6

22.0 17.7 18.1 18.7 19.1 17.5 20.8 21.6

La

25.2 25.2 22.5 20.5 25.0 20.2

36.0 32.1 29.2 37.8 30.1 30.4 27.0 34.4 35.1 31.8 27.2 29.6 30.7 35.6 27.2 29.6 29.6

34.8 32.5 29.9 22.1 34.8 26.4 32.0 32.7

Ce

4.24 4.04 4.25 4.53 4.27 4.31

4.29 4.83 4.70 4.79 4.54 4.82 4.26 5.01 4.95 4.98 7.93 4.68 4.44 4.58 3.85 4.82 4.74

4.31 3.97 3.81 3.85 4.16 3.97 4.24 4.49

Sm


1.14 1.08 1.12 1.17 1.15 1.13

1.02 1.25 1.19 1.18 1.15 1.25 1.08 1.17 1.22 1.22 1.83 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.07 1.20 1.17

1.08 1.12 1.02 0.964 1.13 1.00 1.07 1.12

Eu

1.55 1.50 1.85 1.79 1.75 1.85

1.98 2.05 1.86 2.28 1.79 2.03 1.75 2.11 2.14 2.18 2.74 1.97 1.90 1.98 1.60 1.99 1.82

1.66 1.68 1.51 1.84 1.95 1.59 2.09 2.00

Yb

4.65 4.99 5.20 5.37 4.92 5.46 5.14 5.73 6.07 5.35 4.95 5.35 5.33 4.85 5.35 5.30 5.51

4.74 5.19 5.21 4.56 5.98 4.73 5.36 5.45

Hf

0.467 0.545 0.537 0.703 0.617 0.658 0.585 0.687 0.628 0.590 0.495 0.557 0.679 0.515 0.661 0.395 0.598

0.429 0.593 0.627 0.482 0.578 0.578 0.710 0.627

Ta

0.219 4.52 0.441 0.210 4.30 0.390 0.364 5.25 0.604 0.281 4.75 0.506 0.308 4.55 0.553 0.258 4.80 0.462 Continued on next

0.280 0.270 0.216 0.288 0.290 0.294 0.285 0.298 0.293 0.289 0.474 0.324 0.211 0.297 0.242 0.301 0.360

0.217 0.276 0.283 0.179 0.228 0.275 0.348 0.343

Lu

5.19 4.92 5.19 4.76 5.12 5.06 page.

5.38 6.41 5.96 6.27 6.10 6.27 5.60 6.98 6.79 6.21 5.18 6.14 6.19 5.65 5.57 6.14 5.75

5.74 5.19 6.00 4.62 5.31 5.1 6.05 5.98

Th

Ο -α

2

η

a. ο

>

5

Ο r


0.371 0.624

1.08

1.05 1.47

1.74

0.995 1.03 1.13

0.891 0.543 0.614 0.796 0.755 0.622 0.809

SCI046 SCI084

SCI005

SCI042 SCI052 SCI075

SCI012 SCI013 SCI014 SCI015 SCI016 SCI019 SCI020

0.547 1.42 1.09 1.02 1.39 1.21 0.820

1.55 1.24 1.56

0.562 0.256 0.710 0.538

1.26 1.33 1.48 1.29

SCI028 SCI030 SCI074 SCI081

0.485 0.479 0.540 0.729 0.525 0.521 0.518

Κ

1.55 1.48 1.39 1.33 1.29 1.53 1.71

Να

SCI057 SCI058 SCI070 SCI072 SCI077 SCI078 SCI080

Sample

10.3 12.3 11.0 11.8 9.8 14.3 12.8

4.0 5.7 3.9

7.0

15.8 7.1

11.6

11.0

11.8

17.5

7.0 5.9 8.0 9.5 9.8 8.2 8.5

Ca

12.9 12.4 13.2 12.6 13.6 12.7 12.2

21.6 21.9 21.1

13.2

13.5 13.7

12.2 13.1 13.8 12.7

11.0 12.6 13.7

11.4

13.0 12.8 11.7

Sc

90.4 80.4 87.9 88.5 86.5 86.7 84.1

136.0 135.0 150.0

84.1

113.0 98.9

107.0 118.0 118.0 110.0

110.0 106.0 96.6 101.0 87.1 113.0 99.8

Cr

3.66 3.49 3.68 3.61 3.79 3.63 3.50

5.20 5.30 5.21

3.72

3.96 3.89

3.42 3.68 3.88 3.55

3.63 3.52 3.14 3.02 2.92 3.69 3.86

Fe

15.6 15.5 14.2 12.8 14.1 13.9 12.1

25.9 24.9 22.1

16.5

10.2 8.99

10.21 9.82 9.66 8.51

7.35 9.44 8.63 7.55 8.11 7.78 7.96

Co

Rb

Sr

Cs

Ba

593.0 362.0 426.0 574.0 394.0 490.0 492.0 3.25 2.64 3.70 3.36 3.74 3.39 3.08

411.0 442.0 479.0 426.0 2.76 3.37 3.33 2.96

611.0 403.0 6.15 3.37

62.2

488.0 5.15

Puebla Blue-on-White

32.9 38.4

Puebla Polychrome

40.4 48.9 50.4 51.6

Mt. Royal Polychirome

43.0 43.1 47.3 48.6 38.5 49.1 37.6

SPANISH PRODUCTIONS

9.40

6.01 5.13

5.46 6.82 7.35 7.28

2.25 2.88 3.47 2.99 3.29 2.58 4.48

441.0

436.0 363.0

195.0 248.0 427.0 262.0

408.0 433.0 426.0 975.0 149.0 482.0 299.0

Aucilla Polychrome—Continued

As

Appendix Β.-Continued

68.4 86.1 88.7 88.3 97.9 89.1 83.6

182.0 192.0 181.0

13.3 10.2 15.7 10.2 10.0 13.0 10.7

18.4 15.5 24.9 520.0 800.0 646.0 4.94 5.07 4.98

83.4 102.1 81.1 121.0 135.0 83.0 117.0

285.0 507.0 369.0 557.0 432.0 443.0 472.0

6.87 5.89 5.19 6.93 6.71 5.53 6.71

Columbia Plain

95.1 100.0 108.0

361.0 509.0 421.0 449.0 402.0 455.0 443.0

420.0 384.0 403.0

Spanish Variant of San Luis Blue-on-White

74.5

76.6 71.0

57.0 73.3 62.4 55.1

63.7 71.8 63.1 58.2 63.2 66.1 60.0

Zn

40.1 39.4 43.3 40.5 42.7 40.3 40.8

37.6 38.8 32.4

27.9

19.8 24.3

18.8 20.3 21.3 19.5

18.2 22.1 18.8 18.8 17.9 17.6 21.3

La

69.3 68.2 75.3 70.0 76.9 69.3 70.3

67.1 70.8 62.5

44.3

27.4 25.0

21.4 23.8 25.2 23.7

20.1 26.6 25.6 23.8 24.4 20.4 21.4

Ce

6.31 6.22 6.87 6.38 6.76 6.28 6.41

5.85 5.94 5.47

5.31

4.25 5.07

4.09 4.38 4.75 4.33

4.06 4.69 4.19 4.05 3.99 3.92 4.59

Sm


1.21 1.22 1.32 1.26 1.30 1.22 1.21

1.14 1.24 1.09

1.26

1.04 1.28

1.08 1.18 1.20 1.17

1.07 1.21 1.10 1.12 1.01 1.11 1.28

Eu

2.81 2.88 3.10 2.96 3.00 2.72 3.15

2.71 2.87 2.51

2.15

1.79 2.04

1.71 1.91 1.94 1.85

1.77 2.00 1.58 1.73 1.69 1.67 2.15

Yb

6.92 8.32 7.05

5.26

5.45 5.22

4.38 5.00 5.24 4.58

4.85 4.82 4.44 4.31 4.22 5.21 5.25

Hf

1.01

1.08 1.08

0.703

0.726 0.548

0.617 0.603 0.637 0.610

0.564 0.550 0.388 0.416 0.471 0.561 0.528

Ta

11.5 11.9 10.7

6.38

6.27 5.75

5.61 5.51 6.04 5.37

4.98 5.65 5.00 4.65 4.65 4.92 4.90

Th

0.433 7.05 1.04 11.3 11.0 0.457 6.89 1.09 0.492 7.21 1.17 11.8 0.470 7.35 1.08 11.2 0.447 6.79 1.06 11.9 0.449 6.67 1.09 11.0 0.383 6.53 0.995 11.6 Continued on next page.

0.450 0.505 0.330

0.337

0.223 0.313

0.247 0.304 0.272 0.229

0.303 0.299 0.234 0.262 0.251 0.236 0.274

Lu

*
ΙΟ 00 CO CÔ CD b~ CO CO CD

ςφ ^) Ν ·4 |ς ^4

Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο d es

0.421 0.286 0.386 0.362 0.284

CO CO 00 b-; TP b-» 1> Η Η Ο Η Ο Η CÎ

1.07 0.652 0.671 0.724 0.63


1.10 1.172 0.964 1.12 0.984 1.15 1.06 CO CO CO b- CO 00 ^f* © Η Ν Ο ΙΟ Η 00 c i co c i cô c i co ci

ci c i ci c i c i

00 10

co 10 co

co to co CO CO b^ 10 t> 00 b-

Ce

ΙΟ © Ο CO 00 ^ CO cô i-4 i> r-i in 1-4 oô co b- co b- b-

La

ιο © ^ co oo co c©

Ba

ο ο ο ο ο ο ο oé οό ι-5 c i t-4 ι-4 ^ ι—I C i 00 b~ CO CO ΙΟ τϊ* ^ CO

U

Sr

Ο

As Zn

m 4 fi

Rb

i

D

CO

ϋ

I

β CO

Ι^τΡ'Φ^ςοαο—tbgrH^cq-^cot^oo .Cl>COCDl>10lOt*4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uxj5cir^- © cô

©

SCI061

© i > od t> cô OS ΙΟ ÏO C i CO

23.2

• Ψ Ο Η Η Η

3.71

r-4 i—i

d *o ©

d

89.5

CO ΙΟ ÎO ©

?

© ÎO C i C i C i CO

13.4

i—t cô os ©

84.7 85.9 90.8

© C i C0 b " C i

12.4 12.3 13.6

i—t

3.40 3.44 3.78

i-4 r-4 C i H Ci Ci

© ^

99.8 91.6 106.0

© © © © © Tjî rH © © OS b - C i ΙΟ b -

38.8 39.0

ο ©

12.0 12.1 13.5

© © © Ci Ci b-* co oq oq o s © cô c i c i c i

88.1 87.7

00 © © © © oô d © ^» C i 00 CO CO CO

23.1 17.9

© ίο CO Ci

4.55 4.65

© ci —t Tf< Ci

429.0 105.0

Ci ©

Santo Domingo Blue-on-White 7.94 103.0 481 6.43 484 11.0 121.0 552 6.90 332

Eu

»o b rH rH

12.0

co © CO © oo © co © Ci © ο © ©

φ ς© r H CO "'T CO ci c i c i

SCI066

υ ci ci ci c i ci

SCI049 SCI067 SCI071

Ο CO ΙΟ CO CO CO t - ; IO b - 00 !> CO ^ Tt* Tt*

74.0 49.7 50.7 51.1 51.5

Ce

O H H l f t

16.6 16.9

& © c i co co e i

84.7 85.1

c i b~ b-> οό oo Tf4 C i C i C i C i

©

13.2 13.6

« CM 00 00 CO 00

3.40 3.52

CO

Yayal Blue-on-White © © d o ©

^

77.4 82.2

Appendix B.-Continued CO CO ""Φ ^ ^

11.9 12.1

Zn >-*

b - iO* ί> C§ CO Ο Φ (O b - CO r-ί © © © ©

"^f

12.9 11.4

Co

c i ccj in t > ©3 C i 00 00 00 © ι—1

SCI033 SCI065

f Ν 00 Ν CO Ο r - t r H r-4 C i C i 1—4 1—4 r—i ι—1

SCIOOl SCI002 SCI003 SCI004 SCI007

ϋ

Sample


110 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

ϋ

TO



1.18 1.20 1.08 1.06 1.19 1.15 1.15

SD29 SD30 SD31 SD32 SD33 SD34 SD35 SD36 SD37

n.d. 0.77 n.d. 0.59 0.72 n.d. 0.47 n.d. n.d.

Κ

13.4 11.4 13.2 12.8 11.5 13.3 12.4 13.4 n.d.

Ca

11.8 10.7 11.7 11.7 10.9 11.4 12.9 13.5 13.0

Sc

92.0 79.8 93.1 91.2 83.0 87.9 109.0 108.0 107.0

Cr

3.33 3.01 3.37 3.32 3.08 3.30 3.80 3.95 3.84

Fe 25.4 7.74 8.36 10.7 8.69 10.9 15.0 16.9 12.7

Co 73.1 68.9 71.3 76.9 73.5 77.6 81.5 85.3 80.9

Zn 3.53 3.99 3.71 4.16 3.17 4.58 4.38 n.d. n.d.

As 65.0 61.2 47.6 50.4 51.1 54.3 58.5 73.1 61.9

Rb 244.0 282.0 265.0 294.0 274.0 304.0 292.0 312.0 251.0

Sr 6.34 6.34 6.04 6.58 6.44 6.10 7.78 7.82 7.93

Cs 236.0 252.0 258.0 228.0 250.0 236.0 272.0 294.0 316.0

Ba 20.6 18.7 20.3 20.7 18.6 20.4 21.1 22.5 n.d.

La

Sm 4.30 3.95 4.22 4.30 3.94 4.25 4.46 4.65 n.d.

Ce 27.8 25.8 27.3 28.6 26.1 27.3 31.2 31.5 30.1

Appendix C . M o d e r n Majolica Ceramics from Puebla, Mexico

NOTE: Na, K, Ca, and Fe results are given in percents; all others are in parts per million.

n.d.

1.16

Na

Sample


Eu 0.957 0.822 0.975 0.944 0.879 0.973 1.01 1.06 0.995

Yb 2.12 2.11 2.28 2.15 2.03 2.04 2.30 2.28 n.d.

Lu 0.340 0.365 0.311 0.324 0.248 0.331 0.343 0.385 n.d.

Hf 4.67 4.26 4.62 4.53 4.18 4.46 5.35 5.62 5.55

Ta 0.794 0.766 0.673 0.617 0.762 0.587 0.867 0.863 0.889

Th 6.00 5.60 5.92 5.96 5.81 5.77 6.64 7.10 6.90

112



References 1. Goggin, J . S. Spanish Majolica in the New World, Types of the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries; Yale Univ. Publications in Anthropology No. 72, Yale University Press: New Haven, C T , 1968. 2. Lister, F. C.; Lister, R. H. Sixteenth Century Majolica Pottery in the Valley of Mexico; Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 39: University of Arizona Press: Tucson, A Z , 1982. 3. Olin, J . S.; Harbottle, G . ; Sayre, Ε. V. In Archaeological Chemistry II; Carter, G. F., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series No. 171; American Chemical Society: Washington, D C , 1978; pp 200-229. 4. Maggetti, M.; Westley, H.; Olin, J. S. In Archaeological Chemistry III; Lambert, J. B . , Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series No. 205; American Chemical Society Washington, D C , 1984; pp 151-191. 5. Jornet, Α.; Blackman, M. J.; Olin, J . S. In Ceramics and Civilization; Kingery, D., E d . ; American Ceramic Society: Columbus, O H , 1985; pp 235-255. 6. Hughes, M. J.; Vince, A.G. In Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeo metry Symposium; Olin, J . S.; Blackman, M. J., Eds.; Smithsonian Institution: Washington, DC 1986; pp 353-367. 7. Jornet, Α.; Blackman, M. J.; Westley, H.; Olin, J . S. In Abstracts of the 1984 Symposium on Archaeometry; Olin, J . S.; Blackman, M. J., Organizers; Smith sonian Institution: Washington, D C , 1984; p 73. 8. op. cit. Lister, F. C.; Lister, R. H., 1982, pp 90-91. 9. Cervantes, E . Loza Blanca y Azulejo de Puebla, 2 vols. Mexico, 1939. 10. Leicht, H. Las Calles de Puebla, Estudio Historico, Mijares, Puebla, 1934. 11. op. cit. Goggin, J., p 53-56. 12. Lister, F. C.; Lister, R. H.; Historical Archaeology 1984, 18, 87-102. 13. op. cit. Goggin, J . p 214. 14. Thomas, D . H . Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 1987, 63, Part 2, p 57. 15. South, S. Research Manuscript Series 184 Institute of Archaeology and Anthro pology, University of South Carolina: Columbia, S C , 1985; pp 45-46. 16. Blackman, M. J. In Archaeological Chemistry III; Lambert, J. B . , E d . ; Advances in Chemistry Series No. 205; American Chemical Society: Washington, D C , 1984; pp 19-50. 17. Blackman, M. J., Olin, J . S., Jornet, A. In Abstracts of the 1984 Symposium on Archaeometry; Olin, J. S.; Blackman, M. J., Organizers; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D C , 1984, p 12. 18. op. cit Lister, F. C.; Lister, R. H., 1982, p 18. 19. Bieber, A . W. J r . ; Brooks, D . W.; Harbottle, G . ; Sayre, Ε. V. Archaeometry 1976, 18(1), 59-74. 20. Vega Sosa, C. El Recinto Sagrado de Mexico-Tenochtitlan: Excavaciones 196869 y 1975-76; I N A H , 1979. 21. Martin, C. J . M. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Un derwater Exploration 1978, 8(4), 279-302. 22. Deagan, K . personal communication, Dec. 2, 1987. RECEIVED for review July 22, 1987. ACCEPTED revised manuscript February 11, 1988.


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