Archaeological Chemistry

5 Biblical Studies through Activation Analysis of Ancient Pottery

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D. BROOKS Religious Studies Department, Canisius College, Buffalo, N.Y. 14208 A. M. BIEBER, JR. Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. 06268 G. HARBOTTLE and Ε. V. SAYRE Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y. 11973

Activation analysis was applied to a group of Persian period ceramics from Tell el-Hesi, Israel. Their elemental compo sitional patterns, compared with those of clays and pottery from nearby sites, showed that a large fraction of the collec tion fits the characteristiclocalpattern. A few of the Hesi sherds matched the clay elemental pattern near Jerusalem. Some of the Hesi materials showed patterns suggesting im portation from the Aegean and Cypriote areas. One group of bowl fragments appeared to be imported, possibly from Mesopotamia. Detailed analysis of the results demonstrated the importance of considering correlations between pairs of elements in establishing groups of materials. Tests on mod ern potters' clays and pottery showed close similarities between the clays and fired pottery.

/

" p h e t e c h n i q u e of n e u t r o n a c t i v a t i o n w a s a p p l i e d to c e r a m i c m a t e r i a l s A

f r o m b i b l i c a l p e r i o d sites i n I s r a e l to a i d o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e

e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s s u r r o u n d i n g events m e n t i o n e d i n t h e B i b l e . T h r o u g h trace e l e m e n t analysis, o n e c a n often e s t a b l i s h t h e c l a y origins a n d h e n c e the p r o b a b l e source of c e r a m i c s .

A s t u d y of the c e r a m i c s f r o m a specific

site s h o u l d i n d i c a t e w h i c h w e r e l o c a l l y m a d e a n d w h i c h w e r e i m p o r t e d f r o m n e i g h b o r i n g a n d d i s t a n t sites.

T r a d e relationships so e s t a b l i s h e d

48 Beck; Archaeological Chemistry Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1974.

5.

BROOKS E T A L .

Activation

Analysis

of

c o u l d reflect p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n b i b l i c a l times. f r o m T e l l e l - H e s i a n d its n e i g h b o r h o o d

49

Pottery

C e r a m i c s a n d clays

a n d f r o m sites t h r o u g h o u t

the

M e d i t e r r a n e a n area w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e p r i m a r y c o l l e c t i o n of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l , f r o m T e l l e l - H e s i , was a g r o u p of 225 sherds of the P e r s i a n p e r i o d ( sixth to f o u r t h c e n t u r y B.C.).

A s e c o n d c o l l e c t i o n c a m e f r o m T e l l G e z e r . B o t h sites are o n the

coastal p l a i n at t h e e d g e of the S h e p h e l a h , the l o w r o l l i n g l a n d b o r d e r i n g the c e n t r a l h i l l c o u n t r y (see

Figure 7).

T h i s r e g i o n i n b i b l i c a l times w a s

the b o r d e r b e t w e e n J u d a h ( i n the h i l l c o u n t r y )

and Philistia (on

the


coastal p l a i n ) a n d l a y o n t h e major coastal t r a d e route l i n k i n g E g y p t w i t h A s i a M i n o r . G e z e r ' s l o c a t i o n gave i t c o n t r o l over the m a j o r w e s t e r n a p p r o a c h to J e r u s a l e m . B o t h sites w e r e i n h a b i t e d f r o m C h a l c o l i t h i c times ( f o u r t h m i l l e n i u m B . C . ) d o w n to the R o m a n p e r i o d .

T e l l G e z e r is the

b i b l i c a l c i t y of " G e z e r , " g i v e n as a d o w r y of a n E g y p t i a n princess to K i n g Solomon (I Kings 9:6).

T h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of T e l l e l - H e s i is not as c e r t a i n ;

most scholars i d e n t i f y it w i t h " E g l o n " ( 1 ). T h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l p e r i o d chosen for i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s the P e r s i a n p e r i o d , w h i c h has r e c e i v e d o n l y scant a t t e n t i o n . T h i s is p a r t l y b e c a u s e of the r e l a t i v e s c a r c i t y of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e m a i n s , p e r h a p s a c o n s e q u e n c e of the A s s y r i a n a n d B a b y l o n i a n conquests

of the l a n d a n d d e p o r t a t i o n

of i m p o r t a n t segments of the p o p u l a t i o n . W h e r e P e r s i a n r e m a i n s exist, t h e y h a v e often b e e n p a r t l y d e s t r o y e d b y the d e e p f o u n d a t i o n s for m a s sive stone a r c h i t e c t u r e erected i n the f o l l o w i n g H e l l e n i s t i c p e r i o d ( t h i r d to first c e n t u r y B . C . ) . F r o m the s t a n d p o i n t of b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p , the P e r s i a n p e r i o d was i m p o r t a n t i n s h a p i n g a n d d e v e l o p i n g the J u d e a n c o m m u n i t y f r o m a d e feated n a t i o n to a r e l i g i o u s e n t i t y .

H o w e v e r , b i b l i c a l sources

for this

p e r i o d are l i m i t e d to the b r i e f books of E z r a a n d N e h e m i a h , some of the m i n o r p r o p h e t i c books, a n d a n o c c a s i o n a l reference or i n d i r e c t inference i n some later w o r k . B i b l i c a l sources i m p l y that J u d a h w i t h its r e l i g i o u s concerns i n J e r u s a l e m h a d f a v o r a b l e s u p p o r t f r o m the P e r s i a n r u l e r s . A l l the s u r r o u n d i n g p o l i t i c a l units w h i c h are n a m e d — A s h d o d , S a m a r i a , A m m o n , a n d A r a b i a — are d e p i c t e d as hostile to J u d a h a n d its r e l i g i o u s interests, a n d t h e i r attempts to u n d e r m i n e J u d a h , either b y d i r e c t attacks or b y its r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e P e r s i a n s , are r e p o r t e d E z r a 4:4-5).

T h e c o m m u n i t y also f a c e d

sabotaging

( N e h e m i a h 4:7,

6:1-9;

an inside enemy—i.e.,

those

m e m b e r s w h o s e contact w i t h the G e n t i l e s c a u s e d t h e m to w i t h d r a w f r o m the f a i t h of t h e i r fathers. Specific reference is m a d e to i n t e r m a r r i a g e a n d c h i l d r e n w h o speak the l a n g u a g e of A s h d o d b u t not of J u d a h ( N e h e m i a h 13:23-27; E z r a 9:1-3, 1 0 : 1 - 5 ) .

T h e s o l u t i o n to i n t e r n a l p r o b l e m s t h a t the

c o m m u n i t y a d o p t e d , at least as a t e m p o r a r y expedient, w a s one of i s o l a t i o n f r o m its G e n t i l e n e i g h b o r s . S i n c e the b i b l i c a l sources, p r i m a r i l y E z r a

Beck; Archaeological Chemistry Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1974.

50

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

a n d N e h e m i a h , are w r i t t e n f r o m the isolationist p e r s p e c t i v e , a n y i n d e pendent data concerning the relationships (trade included)

of J u d a h

w i t h its n e i g h b o r s w o u l d b e u s e f u l i n e v a l u a t i n g the v i e w s p r e s e n t e d i n the B i b l e . H i s t o r i c a l sources t e l l us t h a t P a l e s t i n e was a p a r t of the w e s t e r n h a l f of the P e r s i a n E m p i r e . It b e l o n g e d to the s a t r a p y " B e y o n d t h e R i v e r " w h i c h i n c l u d e d S y r i a as w e l l (2).

T h e satrapy w a s d i v i d e d i n t o p r o v i n c e s

w h i c h , i n t h e r e g i o n of c o n c e r n to this project, i n c l u d e d A s h d o d o n t h e coast ( t h e o l d state of P h i l i s t i a ) a n d S a m a r i a ( f o r m e r l y

the state of


I s r a e l ) to the n o r t h of J e r u s a l e m . J u d a h , w i t h its c a p i t a l at J e r u s a l e m , was also a p r o v i n c e . G a z a a n d the area to the east a n d s o u t h of that c i t y are l i s t e d as b e i n g i n the p r o v i n c e of A r a b i a , b u t there is c o n f l i c t i n g e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e a b o u t the status of A r a b i a ; i t m a y w e l l h a v e b e e n often s e m i - i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e P e r s i a n E m p i r e . O n l y the centers of the p r o v i n c e s are n a m e d , a n d the b o u n d a r i e s b e t w e e n t h e m are, for the most p a r t , not d e l i n e a t e d .

H e s i is i n the b o r d e r area of the J u d a h of p r e -

P e r s i a n times, a n d it is a b o u t e q u i d i s t a n t f r o m A s h d o d a n d G a z a .

These

facts, p l u s t o p o g r a p h i c a l considerations, i n d i c a t e t h a t H e s i w a s p r o b a b l y at a j u n c t i o n of these three p o l i t i c a l units i n P e r s i a n times.

F r o m the

s t a n d p o i n t of the h i s t o r i a n , e s t a b l i s h i n g p r e f e r e n t i a l t r a d e patterns w o u l d h e l p c l a r i f y e c o n o m i c relations i n this area a n d p e r h a p s reflect the p o l i t i c a l situation. O n e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m w h i c h w e h o p e d c o u l d be a t t a c k e d b y c e r a m i c analysis studies c o n c e r n e d the m e a n i n g of the s u n k e n g r a i n silos at H e s i a n d other sites i n t h e s o u t h e r n coastal p l a i n ( 3 ) .

O n e t h e o r y is

that t h e y w e r e s u p p l y depots n e e d e d for the P e r s i a n a r m y i n a n y p o l i c e a c t i o n against E g y p t ( 4 ) .

A t L a k h i s h these g r a i n silos a n d r e m a i n s of a

l a r g e official b r i c k residence

are also f o u n d .

L a k h i s h may have

a r e g i o n a l center w i t h outposts at s m a l l sites s u c h as H e s i ( 5 ) .

been I f this

a r r a n g e m e n t s t i l l existed i n the P e r s i a n p e r i o d , d i d the p o l i t i c a l ties of the L a k h i s h c o m p l e x e x t e n d to A s h d o d , A r a b i a , o r J u d a h ?

The Bible

lists L a k h i s h a m o n g t h e t o w n s of J u d a h ( N e h e m i a h 1 1 : 2 6 ) , b u t there are questions a b o u t t h e h i s t o r i c a l a c c u r a c y of this statement. I n the t h i r d m i l l e n i u m T e l l H e s i c o v e r e d 37 acres; later, o n l y a b o u t 8 acres w e r e o c c u p i e d .

I n the P e r s i a n p e r i o d , the ceramics i n d i c a t e c o n

t i n u o u s o c c u p a t i o n , b u t there is l i t t l e s t r u c t u r a l e v i d e n c e as to its n a t u r e . F r o m the s i x t h c e n t u r y B . C . , w e find o n l y o c c u p a t i o n a l surfaces. fifth

I n the

c e n t u r y , a s u n k e n s q u a r e s t r u c t u r e w a s b u i l t ; b y the f o u r t h c e n t u r y

w h e n the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c silos w e r e b u i l t , i t was p a r t l y filled i n to b e u s e d as a d w e l l i n g

(6).

If H e s i w e r e o n l y a g r a i n d e p o t , it m a y h a v e i m p o r t e d a l l its p o t t e r y ; c e r a m i c a n a l y t i c a l studies m i g h t t h e n t e l l us b y t h e sites f r o m w h i c h t h e p o t t e r y was i m p o r t e d , to w h i c h p r o v i n c e i t was l i n k e d . T h e studies c o u l d


5.

BROOKS

E T

AL.

Activation

Analysis

of

Pottery

51

also s h o w i f H e s i h a d close ties to L a k h i s h or its n e i g h b o r i n g silo sites. I f these sites w e r e p a r t of a P e r s i a n a r m y s u p p l y n e t w o r k , one m i g h t expect to find a h i g h i n c i d e n c e of f o r e i g n c e r a m i c s w h o s e origins c o u l d be i n d i c a t e d b y analysis.


Experimental

Procedures

Sherds from the Persian Period Stratum of T e l l el-Hesi. T h e c e r a m i c materials c a m e f r o m field I, areas 1, 2, 3, 11, 2 1 , 31, i n phases A , B , C of s t r a t u m V ( P e r s i a n p e r i o d ) . F i e l d p r o c e d u r e s c a l l e d f o r the e x c a v a t e d sherds to b e k e p t i n b u c k e t s b y l o c i . T h e b u c k e t s w e r e filled w i t h w e l l w a t e r , a n d the sherds w e r e a l l o w e d to soak o v e r n i g h t . A n y r e m a i n i n g d i r t o n the sherds w a s s c r u b b e d off w i t h n y l o n brushes a n d c l e a n w e l l w a t e r . W a s h e d sherds w e r e d r i e d i n t h e s u n , a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e types w e r e selected to b e r e g i s t e r e d , l a b e l l e d , a n d d r a w n . T h e process of p r o d u c i n g a c o m p l e t e set of scale l i n e d r a w i n g s , typing, dating, a n d conducting comparative research into temporal a n d t y p o l o g i c a l p a r a l l e l s of the selected m a t e r i a l is b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t b y the field I d i r e c t o r , W . J . B e n n e t t , J r . ( A s s o c i a t e Professor of R e l i g i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a ) . F r o m his f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the e n t i r e g r o u p of sherds, D r . B e n n e t t selected the 225 sherds t h a t f o r m t h e basis of this a c t i v a t i o n s t u d y . T h e selection was m a d e t o represent e a c h c l a s s i fication, t y p o l o g i c a l l y a n d t e m p o r a l l y , of the m a t e r i a l f o u n d i n t h e d e s i g n a t e d locations. T h e a c t i v a t i o n materials w e r e i d e n t i f i e d b y t w o letters ( P , i n d i c a t i n g the s t r a t u m a n d A , B , C , E , F , or G i n d i c a t i n g the areas 1, 2, 3, 11, 21, 31, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) a n d t w o d i g i t s . Materials from Sites near T e l l el-Hesi. D u r i n g the s u m m e r of 1972, over 20 sites near H e s i w e r e s u r v e y e d for c e r a m i c m a t e r i a l s a n d c l a y (see F i g u r e 7 ) . A t e a c h site sherds w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m as m a n y t i m e p e r i o d s as possible. W h e r e a v a i l a b l e , m u d b r i c k samples w e r e also a c q u i r e d . C l a y samples for e a c h site w e r e t a k e n f r o m w a d i b e d s ; specific mines or deposits i n fields a n d l i m e s t o n e c l a y pockets w e r e also sought. T h e sites i n the p l a i n n o r t h of H e s i i n c l u d e d M u q a n n a , Safit, Z i p p o r , a n d G a t . C o l l e c t i o n s w e r e m a d e at the t w o s m a l l tells, Q e s h e t a n d Sheqef, w h i c h are w i t h i n 2 k m of H e s i . T h e p l a i n sites s o u t h of H e s i w e r e N a g i l a , M i l h a , G a r o r , Serai, a n d F a r a h . T h e S h e p h e l a h sites i n c l u d e d A z e k a , Goded, Burna, Maresha, Lakhish, Beit Mirsim, and Halif. Activation analysis results h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n p u b l i s h e d for A s h d o d ( 7 ) . M a t e r i a l was o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e G a m m a excavations a n d f r o m the N a g i l a e x c a v a t i o n c o l l e c t i o n . ( T h e a b o v e site names are l i s t e d as t h e y o c c u r o n t h e I s r a e l ( E n g l i s h ) 1:250,000 m a p , a n d the r e a d e r s h o u l d b e a w a r e t h a t there are several v a r i a t i o n s o n the names of different sites. ) A t t e m p t s w e r e m a d e to c o l l e c t samples of the limestone-associated clays i n t h e h i l l c o u n t r y . S a m p l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e e l - J i b a r e a , f r o m n e a r Q a s t e l , at B e i t U m m a r , a n d at A r u b . M a t e r i a l f r o m the G e z e r excavations h a d a l r e a d y b e e n o b t a i n e d . T h e geologist p r o v i d e d a s a m p l e of l i m e s t o n e c l a y l o c a l to G e z e r , w h i c h h o w ever w a s f r o m a d e p o s i t that h a d not b e e n e x p o s e d i n a n t i q u i t y . P r e v i o u s studies (8) h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e p o t t e r y at G e z e r was m a d e f r o m the t w o m a i n types of c l a y sources.



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A p p r o x i m a t e l y six sherds p e r site w e r e selected f o r the i n i t i a l analysis. W h e r e necessary to e s t a b l i s h a g r o u p , a d d i t i o n a l sherds w e r e a n a l y z e d . O n e to three c l a y samples p e r site w e r e r u n . T h e p o t t e r y w a s t r e a t e d i n the s t a n d a r d m a n n e r . T h e c l a y was d r i e d f o r 24 h o u r s at 65 ° C , g r o u n d i n a n agate m o r t a r , a n d t h e n t r e a t e d i n the s a m e m a n n e r as the p o t t e r y . Materials from Distant Areas. A t t e m p t s w e r e m a d e to o b t a i n ce r a m i c m a t e r i a l s f r o m m a j o r areas w h e r e trade to H e s i c o u l d h a v e o r i g i n a t e d . M u c h of the m a t e r i a l for this p u r p o s e w a s b o r r o w e d f r o m m u s e u m collections. F r o m the M e s o p o t a m i a n area 39 samples w e r e a n a l y z e d . T h e m a t e r i a l w a s m o s t l y sherds, b u t there w e r e also t w o b r i c k s a n d six c u n e i f o r m c l a y tablets. T h e m a t e r i a l r a n g e d f r o m t h i r d m i l l e n i u m B . C . to I s l a m i c . F r o m I r a n , n i n e samples w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m sherds f r o m several different areas. T h e s a m p l i n g f r o m S y r i a a n d T u r k e y was l i m i t e d to 12 sherds f r o m the M e r s i n - T a r s u s area a n d 15 f r o m S y r i a f r o m the t w o regions of A l e p p o a n d H a m a . T h e C y p r i o t e m a t e r i a l was extensive b e c a u s e a p r o j e c t s i m i l a r to that of H e s i was b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n at I d a l i o n . A t o t a l of 72 sherds, r a n g i n g f r o m L a t e C y p r i o t e (fifteenth to t e n t h c e n t u r y B . C . ) to R o m a n t i m e s , a n d 10 clays w e r e a n a l y z e d . F o r t y - f i v e samples f r o m sherds f r o m C r e t e , M y c e n a e , a n d L a c o n i a , a n d some m a t e r i a l s f r o m L e s b o s , R h o d e s , a n d A e g i n a w e r e also a n a l y z e d . T h e n e e d e d E g y p t i a n d a t a w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m as yet u n p u b l i s h e d w o r k o n E g y p t i a n clays, N i l e m u d s , a n d ceramics c a r r i e d out at B r o o k h a v e n b y S a m i T o b i a . S i n c e the results c o m p a r e d f a v o r a b l y w i t h p u b l i s h e d m a t e r i a l ( 9 ) , f u r t h e r E g y p t i a n studies w e r e not c a r r i e d out. W i t h a l l this m a t e r i a l , a s t a n d a r d p o t t e r y p r o c e d u r e w a s f o l l o w e d . C l a y samples w e r e g r o u n d a n d t h e n t r e a t e d l i k e t h e p o t t e r y samples. Comparison of Modern Pottery with Its Clay Source. M a t e r i a l a n d i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g present p o t t e r y t e c h n i q u e s w e r e o b t a i n e d i n I s r a e l f r o m a potter, R a j a b a l - F a k h o r y , w o r k i n g i n H e b r o n . T h e p o t t e r u s e d t w o c l a y sources, one associated w i t h a l i m e s t o n e o u t c r o p p i n g , w h i c h h e c a l l e d y e l l o w c l a y a n d t r a v e l e d s o m e distance to o b t a i n , a n d the other w h i c h he c a l l e d r e d c l a y a n d took f r o m the field next to his shop. H e m a d e s o m e s m a l l s o u v e n i r vessels f r o m the y e l l o w c l a y alone, b u t he u s u a l l y m i x e d e q u a l parts of b o t h types of c l a y . T h e clays w e r e a d d e d to a t a n k of w a t e r , l e t t i n g the rocks a n d l a r g e r p a r t i c l e s settle to the b o t t o m , a n d t h e n the finer s u s p e n d e d m a t e r i a l was r e m o v e d to another tank. S a n d t e m p e r (ca. 1 0 - 2 0 % b y v o l u m e ) a n d D e a d Sea salt ( 1 % b y v o l u m e ; the salt gave a w h i t e surface to the fired vessel) w e r e a d d e d , a n d the m a t e r i a l w a s a l l o w e d to d r y to the p r o p e r consistency f o r throwing. S a m p l e s of t h e different d r y clays w e r e t a k e n , as w e l l as those of the p r e p a r e d m i x , the s a n d tempers, the salt, a n d the fired p o t t e r y . S a m ples w e r e also o b t a i n e d f r o m a n e i g h b o r i n g p o t t e r w h o f o l l o w e d t h e same p r o c e d u r e b u t o b t a i n e d his clays f r o m a different l o c a t i o n . Similar material a n d information was obtained from a potter i n G a z a . T h e G a z a p o t t e r d i d not m i x clays b u t u s e d o n l y the r e d field c l a y . T h e G a z a c l a y w a s p r e p a r e d b y s i e v i n g the field d i r t o b t a i n e d f r o m the o r c h a r d next to the shop, m i x i n g i t w i t h w a t e r , a n d a l l o w i n g i t to d r y to the r i g h t consistency. S o m e s a n d t e m p e r ( a b o u t 5 % ) w a s a d d e d . T h e p o t t e r n o t e d t h a t less s a n d w a s u s e d i n G a z a t h a n e l s e w h e r e because



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Analysis

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53

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the s o i l i n coastal G a z a contains m o r e s a n d . T h e G a z a t r a d i t i o n d i d not e m p h a s i z e the w h i t e p o t t e r y f a v o r e d i n H e b r o n , b u t r a t h e r b l a c k p o t t e r y o b t a i n e d b y c r e a t i n g r e d u c i n g c o n d i t i o n s i n the k i l n d u r i n g t h e firing b y i n t r o d u c i n g o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l . F i g u r e 1 shows the v a r i o u s c e r a m i c colors p r o d u c e d b y t h e G a z a a n d H e b r o n potters w i t h the clays u s e d there. I n a n a l y z i n g the m a t e r i a l , t h e p o t t e r y w a s t r e a t e d b y the s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l b y A b a s c a l et al. (10). T h e c l a y was d r i e d for 24 hours at 65 ° C , a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 grams w e r e g r o u n d i n a n agate m o r t a r a n d t h e n t r e a t e d i n the s a m e m a n n e r as the g r o u n d p o t t e r y . S o m e of the p r e p a r e d c l a y w a s u s e d to m a k e s m a l l b r i c k s as t h i c k as the a v e r a g e p o t s h e r d (>—0.5 c m ) . T h e b r i c k s first w e r e a l l o w e d to d r y i n a i r f o r a week. S o m e of the d r i e d , b u t not fired, b r i c k s w e r e d r i l l e d a n d p r o c e s s e d b y t h e p o t t e r y p r o c e d u r e . T h e others w e r e fired at specific t e m p e r a t u r e s ( 6 0 0 ° , 8 0 0 ° , 1 0 0 0 ° C ) either i n a short t i m e (20 m i n ) or b y a p r o c e d u r e i n w h i c h the k i l n w a s b r o u g h t u p to t h e specific t e m p e r a t u r e over a 4-hour p e r i o d , m a i n t a i n e d for 2 h o u r s , a n d a l l o w e d to c o o l g r a d u a l l y . T h e fired b r i c k s w e r e t h e n t r e a t e d b y the c e r a m i c p r o c e d u r e .

Figure 1. Palestinian clay types, in lower row, reading right to left, Kaolin (Negev), red field clay, yellow limestone clay. Upper row, four pieces from Gaza, all made from red field clay. Pottery fragment in lower row: Hebron, made from mix of red and yellow clays with salt added to give a white surface to the red paste. Results Comparison of Modern Pottery with Its K n o w n C l a y Source.

The

tests o n t h e m o d e r n p o t t e r y a n d c l a y sources f r o m H e b r o n a n d G a z a y i e l d e d e n c o u r a g i n g results; t h e y s h o w e d l i t t l e difference

between

the

clays a n d the p o t t e r y i n terms of e l e m e n t a l c o m p o s i t i o n e x c e p t for a s i g nificant increase i n s o d i u m c o n t e n t r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e a d d i t i o n of D e a d


54

ARCHAEOLOGICAL

CHEMISTRY

Sea salt to the p o t t e r y . M o r e i m p o r t a n t l y , there w e r e no significant d i f ferences b e t w e e n the s a m p l e s fired at different t e m p e r a t u r e s or for differ ent times.

R a w c l a y , the w a t e r - p r e p a r e d potter's c l a y , a n d the

fired

p o t t e r y s h o w e d no m e a n i n g f u l differences. T h u s , w e s i m p l y g r o u n d d r i e d c l a y samples a n d t r e a t e d t h e m a c c o r d i n g to the p o t t e r y p r o c e d u r e . ο ·


• .

POT STAT OF POTSTAT OF MIX OF THE POTPLOT OF POTPLOT OF

RED a YELLOW CLAYS POTTERY MADE FROM 2 C L A Y S + SAND + SALT YELLOW LIMESTONE CLAY RED FIELD CLAY

log

CONCENTRATION

Figure 2. Elemental composition pattern of the red and yellow clays com pared with calculated mix of the red and yellow patterns and with pattern of pottery sample made from an actual mix of the two clays plus added sand and Dead Sea salt W h e n the results of the y e l l o w limestone c l a y a n d the r e d field c l a y analyses w e r e p r o c e s s e d b y the

POTSTAT

r o u t i n e (10),

a n average of d a t a

f r o m the t w o clays y i e l d e d a p a t t e r n that m a t c h e d ( e x c e p t for s o d i u m ) t h e a n a l y t i c a l p a t t e r n of p o t t e r y m a d e of a m i x of the t w o clays. I n the first case, the t w o r a w clays w e r e s i m p l y g r o u n d a n d a n a l y z e d separately; i n the s e c o n d case, the t w o clays w e r e m i x e d i n a w a t e r b a t h , s a n d a n d D e a d Sea salt w e r e a d d e d , a vessel was f o r m e d , d r i e d , a n d fired, a n d this finished

p r o d u c t was a n a l y z e d . T h e s a n d t e m p e r d i d not c o n t r i b u t e s i g

n i f i c a n t l y to the r e l a t i v e test element concentrations, b u t the salt a d d i t i o n d i d , of course, raise the s o d i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n .

T h e s e results are

g r a p h e d i n F i g u r e 2. A separate analysis of three different sands f r o m G a z a , H e s i , a n d the H e b r o n area, p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I, s h o w e d that the r e l e v a n t element


5.

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Analysis

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55

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c o n c e n t r a t i o n s are v e r y l o w ; this result l e d to the c o n c l u s i o n that a n y t h i n g less t h a n a b o u t 2 5 % t e m p e r s h o u l d h a v e n e g l i g i b l e effect o n the r e l a t i v e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of elements i n the c e r a m i c p a t t e r n . Correlational Analysis of Ancient Ceramics. A s w e b e g a n to a p p l y the c e r a m i c t a x o n o m i c t e c h n i q u e s (10)

to g r o u p the m o r e t h a n 600 s a m

ples f r o m the A e g e a n , C y p r u s , M e s o p o t a m i a , a n d P a l e s t i n e , w e n o t i c e d i m m e d i a t e l y that a l t h o u g h there w e r e r e c o g n i z a b l e s u b g r o u p i n g s c o r r e s p o n d i n g to l o c a l i t i e s , there w e r e also d i s t i n c t patterns o v e r l a r g e areas. F o r e x a m p l e , the entire A e g e a n area e x h i b i t e d to a first a p p r o x i m a t i o n Downloaded by UNIV OF TEXAS AT DALLAS on July 11, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 1, 1974 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1974-0138.ch005

one p a r t i c u l a r p a t t e r n , t h e P a l e s t i n i a n m a t e r i a l s h a d t w o patterns

(one

for the r e d field clays a n d a n o t h e r for the l i m e s t o n e c l a y s ) , a n d the M e s o p o t a m i a n m a t e r i a l s s h o w e d s t i l l another. T h e r e w e r e of course ex ceptions w h e r e s o m e c l a y sources s h o w e d r a d i c a l l y different

composi

t i o n a l patterns f r o m the r e g i o n a l n o r m ; nevertheless, w e r e g a r d it as one of the most i m p o r t a n t c o n c l u s i o n s of this study—i.e., i n some instances clays f r o m a g i v e n large g e o g r a p h i c a l u n i t c a n b e g r o u p e d a n d i d e n t i f i e d w i t h that u n i t t h r o u g h t h e i r c o m p o s i t i o n a l patterns. A r e l a t i v e fit m a t c h i n g t e c h n i q u e l e d us d i r e c t l y to a h i g h l y s i g nificant result w h e n it w a s a p p l i e d to the P a l e s t i n i a n clays a n d p o t t e r y . T h e c e r a m i c g r o u p for this area varies a great d e a l i n the p u r i t y of t h e paste a n d the a m o u n t of t e m p e r .

T h e clays a n d m u d b r i c k t h a t w e r e

b e i n g c o m p a r e d w i t h the p o t t e r y also v a r i e d i n p u r i t y . W e a s s u m e d t h a t the e l e m e n t a l concentrations w o u l d be d i l u t e d b y v a r y i n g degrees b y t e m p e r or n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g i m p u r i t i e s s u c h as o r g a n i c m a t t e r , b u t that this c o u l d b e c o m p e n s a t e d b y u s i n g the feature of the

P O T P L O T

procedure

w h e r e b y t w o plots are s l i d r e l a t i v e to one another o v e r a l i g h t table

(10)

a l o n g the l o g ( c o n c e n t r a t i o n )

axis. I n m a k i n g these shifts i n the plots

of the r e d field c l a y m a t e r i a l s , i t was n o t e d that the i r o n a n d s c a n d i u m points o n different plots u s u a l l y c o u l d be m a t c h e d e x a c t l y , m e a n i n g that the l o g concentrations of these elements w e r e i n a constant l i n e a r differ ence r e l a t i v e to one another—i.e., the i r o n a n d s c a n d i u m h a d a constant ratio. S u c h a n i r o n : s c a n d i u m c o r r e l a t i o n has often b e e n o b s e r v e d i n m i n erals.

S o o n the p r a c t i c e d e v e l o p e d

that w h e n one p l o t w a s

compared

b y s h i f t i n g i n r e l a t i o n to another, the first m o v e was to m a t c h the s c a n d i u m a n d i r o n points. E x a m i n a t i o n of the E g y p t i a n m a t e r i a l l e d to a f u r t h e r d i s c o v e r y . T h e g e n e r a l N i l e p a t t e r n , p r o d u c e d b y N i l e m u d s a n d the ceramics m a d e f r o m i t , is o n first g l a n c e v e r y close to that of the P a l e s t i n i a n r e d

field

c l a y . W h e n the plots of three clays a n d six sherds w e r e m a t c h e d b y the s c a n d i u m - i r o n p o i n t s , cobalt, c h r o m i u m , a n d e u r o p i u m also exactly.

matched

T h u s i n the N i l e samples, concentrations of the five elements

are h i g h l y m u t u a l l y c o r r e l a t e d . T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n t h e n a l l o w e d d e t e c t i o n of s u b t l e differences b e t w e e n P a l e s t i n i a n a n d E g y p t i a n m a t e r i a l s .


The

56


Table I.

SPECIMEN Zif (Hebron Area) Sand Gaza Sand Heel Sand

2Γ71 GA71 HS71

K2C FE233 PERCENT .21 .40 .46

.70 ,19 ,5β

Some Sands

NA2C RB20

CS2C

200 3430 6670

% t2

9,8 8,6 8,3

n

,14 ,22

S c / F e ratios of t h e t w o areas m a t c h e d closely, b u t ratios t a k e n p a i r w i s e Downloaded by UNIV OF TEXAS AT DALLAS on July 11, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 1, 1974 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1974-0138.ch005

a m o n g t h e other three elements ( E u , C r , a n d C o ) o r w i t h i r o n o r s c a n d i u m w e r e different f o r t h e t w o areas. T h e r e m a r k a b l e c o r r e l a t i o n of i r o n a n d s c a n d i u m o b s e r v e d i n a n u m b e r of potsherds a n d clays i n t h e N e a r E a s t has l e d us to d e t e r m i n e this r a t i o r o u t i n e l y i n a l l o u r m a t e r i a l s a n d to s t u d y its statistical properties. T w o examples s h o w t h e d r a m a t i c i m p r o v e m e n t i n the r e d u c t i o n of the s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n (expressed as p e r c e n t ) w h e n o n e considers t h e S c / F e r a t i o vs. t h e values of t h e i n d i v i d u a l elements. A g r o u p of 29 M e s o p o t a m i a n sherds, b r i c k s , a n d c l a y tablets r a n g i n g f r o m the f o u r t h m i l l e n i u m B . C . to t h e I s l a m i c e r a , f r o m U r i n t h e s o u t h to N i n e v a h i n t h e n o r t h ( e i g h t sites ) h a d i r o n r a n g i n g f r o m 4.83 to 8 . 2 8 % ( m e a n 6.48 ± ±: 1 4 . 6 % ) .

1 4 . 4 % ) a n d s c a n d i u m f r o m 20.9 to 38.5 p p m ( m e a n 27.42

I f there w e r e n o c o r r e l a t i o n , one w o u l d c a l c u l a t e a S c / F e

r a t i o of 4.23 w i t h a c o m p o u n d e d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of ± 2 0 . 5 % .

If how

ever t h e S c / F e ratios of t h e i n d i v i d u a l samples are c a l c u l a t e d a n d t h e m e a n s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of these n u m b e r s is t a k e n , the r a t i o is 4.23 ± 3.3%. A s e c o n d e x a m p l e w o u l d b e a g r o u p of 26 sherds a s s u m e d to b e of local H e s i manufacture. 7.34%

T h e corresponding

figures

w e r e i r o n 4.17 t o

m e a n 5.55 ± : 1 6 . 5 % , s c a n d i u m 15.6 to 27.5 p p m m e a n 20.52

±

1 6 . 3 % . T h e c a l c u l a t e d r a t i o w o u l d b e 3.697 ± 2 3 % . T h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of 26 c a l c u l a t e d S c / F e ratios w a s h o w e v e r o n l y 2 . 1 % . T h e s m a l l s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s (3.3 a n d 2 . 1 % i n t h e S c / F e r a t i o ) r e m a i n i n g are close to that p r e d i c t e d f o r c o m p o u n d i n g errors c a u s e d b y a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n i q u e . T h e t w o a b o v e examples i l l u s t r a t e t h a t n o t o n l y is t h e S c / F e r a t i o r e m a r k a b l y consistent w i t h i n a g r o u p r e p r e s e n t i n g a g i v e n area b u t that i t varies s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m area to area a n d f r o m c l a y t y p e to c l a y type. F o r e x a m p l e , o u r d a t a o n t h e P a l e s t i n i a n r e d a n d y e l l o w clays s h o w that t h e f o r m e r h a v e S c / F e — 3.74 ±

0.09 w h i l e t h e latter h a v e S c / F e

=

5.46 dt 0.29. O f course, i n cases w h e r e clays of different types w e r e m i x e d ( e i t h e r b y t h e potter o r b y n a t u r a l f o r c e s ) , i n t e r m e d i a t e S c / F e ratios w o u l d be obtained. A f e w analyses w e r e r u n o n k a o l i n s f r o m E g y p t a n d one k a o l i n f r o m the N e g e v i n Israel. T h e k a o l i n s d o n o t seem t o e x h i b i t the S c / F e corre-


5.

BROOKS

E T

Activation

AL.

Analysis

of

57

Pottery

Used for Temper CONCENTRATIONS OF QXlDfS BAO

SC203 UA203

CE02 EU203 LU2^3 PARTS

36 189 155

2.8 ,8 2.3

8,65 0 0 9,«4 |U

λ

10,1 8,4 2,7

MILLION

PER

,14 9 ,32

.oOo o.OOo ,oOo 0

f 2

0

HFC2 2,41 .83 1|28

THC2 TA205 CR203 1,99 1,03 1,14

,22 0.00 ,i9

UNO

15 7 17

CCO

13 10? 107

l.C .6 2,4

l a t i o n of the other clays. M o r e w o r k a n d m a n y samples c a r e f u l l y chosen Downloaded by UNIV OF TEXAS AT DALLAS on July 11, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 1, 1974 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1974-0138.ch005

i n r e g a r d to g e o g r a p h i c

and geological

considerations are n e e d e d

to

c l a r i f y this p o i n t . T e m p e r m a y affect the S c / F e ratios i f the m a t e r i a l u s e d contains these elements i n h i g h concentrations a n d i n a r a t i o m u c h different f r o m the c l a y . T h e three sands tested h o w e v e r s h o w e d n e a r l y the same S c / F e c o r r e l a t i o n as the r e d field clays i n the r e g i o n w h e r e t h e y w e r e o b t a i n e d . F i g u r e 3 shows some t y p i c a l examples of S c / F e c o r r e l a t i o n a n d lists values of the c o r r e s p o n d i n g ratios a n d s t a n d a r d deviations. Near Eastern Ceramics.

The Aegean material from Laconia, M y

cenae, a n d C r e t e f o r m e d an e x t r e m e l y t i g h t c o m p o s i t i o n a l p a t t e r n ; h o w ever, i n f u r t h e r w o r k w e convincing manner ( I I ) .

have

s u b d i v i d e d these

s h e r d groups

in a

T h e L e s b o s m a t e r i a l , w h i c h consisted of t h i c k ,

h e a v i l y t e m p e r e d a m p h o r a sherds, h a d a p a t t e r n s i m i l a r to that of the other A e g e a n m a t e r i a l s a l t h o u g h specific differences

w e r e also n o t e d .

M u c h of the C y p r i o t e a n d T a r s u s , T u r k e y m a t e r i a l s also h a d patterns s i m i l a r to the other A e g e a n groups.

O n e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the A e g e a n

sherds was a h i g h t h o r i u m / h a f n i u m ratio. T h i s r a t i o , w h i c h is v e r y d i s t i n c t f r o m that of the P a l e s t i n i a n field c l a y , has a l r e a d y b e e n r e p o r t e d (7).

S o m e of the ceramics o n C y p r u s s h o w e d a v e r y different p a t t e r n

f r o m the g e n e r a l A e g e a n one. T h e s e i n c l u d e d some of the e a r l i e r w a r e s , s u c h as t h e L a t e C y p r i o t e W h i t e S l i p I I ( m i l k b o w l s ) , w h e r e the S c / F e ratios are also v e r y different (see

Figures 3 and 4).

T h e M e s o p o t a m i a n m a t e r i a l s , despite t h e i r extreme v a r i e t y of types a n d t i m e p e r i o d s , s h o w e d a r e m a r k a b l y consistent p a t t e r n . D i s t i n c t i o n s b e t w e e n the u p p e r a n d l o w e r T i g r i s m a t e r i a l s d o not seem possible, g i v e n the elements

o b t a i n e d i n the analysis.

The

ceramics

from

the

one

E u p h r a t e s site, B a b y l o n , also fit the T i g r i s p a t t e r n . M a t e r i a l s f r o m sites higher

a l o n g the

E u p h r a t e s are n e e d e d

to

complete

the

profile

of

Mesopotamia. T h e S y r i a n m a t e r i a l s fit m o s t l y i n t o t h e P a l e s t i n i a n coastal p l a i n p a t t e r n , b u t some w e r e m o r e l i k e the M e s o p o t a m i a n one.

The

small

s a m p l i n g does not p e r m i t m o r e definite conclusions at this t i m e . Clays and Ceramics from Sites near Hesi. A n a l y s e s of the m a t e r i a l s f r o m sites n e i g h b o r i n g H e s i h a v e b e e n d i s a p p o i n t i n g l y u n i f o r m .


The

58

ARCHAEOLOGICAL

CHEMISTRY


CORRELATION PLOTS

Ο

*V.»

11.Κ

16.44

24.53

36.60

54.60

81.45

SC

m

L-J m

U A Δ

+ X

EGYPTIAN LIMESTONE CLAYS SC/FE RATIO 4.94 ± 0.68

V

MYCENAE SC/FE RATIO 4.52 ± 0.13

EGYPTIAN & NEGEV KAOLIN SC/FE RATIO 20.23 ± 3.34

HESI BLACK GLAZE SC/FE RATIO 4.52 ± 0.05

PALESTINE LIME CLAY & POT SC/FE RATIO 5.46 ± 0.29

PALESTINE RED FIELD CLAYS SC/FE RATIO 3.74 ± 0.09

NILE MUD & POTS SC/FE RATIO 3.78 ± 0.15

^ V

MESOPOTAMIA POTS, BRICKS SC/FE RATIO 4.28 ± 0.07

CYPRUS MILK BOWL SC/FE RATIO 7.29 ± 0.20

Figure

3.

Scandium-iron

correlation

for various Near Eastern pottery and clay


5.

BROOKS

E T A L .

Activation

Analysis

of

59

Pottery

CORRELATION PLOTS

ο


•

« %

++

Δ

i

+

* +

+

*

X x

χ

n.a>

5.»

MF

16.44

«.96

24.53

•

EGYPTIAN LIMESTONE CLAYS TH/HF RATIO 3.19 ± 1.28

Ο

EGYPTIAN & NEGEV KAOLIN TH/HF RATIO 1.13 ± 0.13

HESI BLACK GLAZE TH/HF RATIO 3.34 ± 0.33

Δ

PALESTINE LIME CLAY & POTS TH/HF RATIO 2.23 ± 0.29

PALESTINE RED FIELD CLAYS TH/HF RATIO 0.74 ± 0.31

+

NILE MUD & POTS TH/HF RATIO 1.13 ± 0.26

MESOPOTAMIA POTS, BRICKS TH/HF RATIO 2.30 ± 0.28

Χ

CYPRUS MILK BOWL TH/HF RATIO 1.38 ± 0.31

Figure

4.

Thorium-hafnium

Ο

MYCENAE TH/HF RATIO 3.31 ± 0.47

correlation for various Near Eastern pottery and clay



Table II.

SPECIMEN


Shephelah and Hebron Area Beit Mirsim

Yatta Hebron

Lakhish

Azeka

Mareeha

Goded P l a i n Sites North of Hesi Muqanna

Safit

Zippor

K2C

F

Pottery and Clay

E293

NA2C

RB20

PERCENT 6160 6320 8260 7640 6290 6700 12100 10700 8240 7460 5640

2'i0 38.β

3M

43.0 53,6 40(2 51.5 52.8 46.1 37.6 40.9

4980 5550

48,1 52,5

9520 7610 8270 5290 6520 3180 7580 7460 5580 6860 7480 6080 6690 6900 8210 8340 6050 3790 5120 4060 4940

56.3 53.7 37,5 65,5 68.4 2«,5 52,4 37,9 9,9 56.8 59,0 57,0 76,3 37.9 49,0 51,8 45,3 35,3 62,7 66,7 «5,6

7670 9450 8840 7890 6310 7140 9270 8560 6500 7150 6400 7220 7650 8090 7950 6670 7570 6780 7170 5480

49,8 57,5 57,8 56,0 44.0 45,5 48,8 45.3 51.5 36.4 48.1 58.3 46,8 38.4 42,7 30,7 30.6 31.2


3

28.5

48.6

5.

BROOKS

E T

A L .

Activation

61

Analysis of Pottery

Samples from Sites Local to Hesi

CONCENTRATIONS

CS2C

BAO

SC203

LA2U3

(JEQ2


P

1,04 1,24 1,50 1.84 1.84 1,38 1,79 i.7e ,75 i.3e 1.30

1560 2310 2400 2100 440 478 740 727 1910 1100 464

OF

A

RTS

o8, 3 1 7 , 5 3 6 , 70 76, 7 2 1 . 1 4 0 , 60 2 4 . 6 4 6 , 70 «3, 4 78, 9 2 2 . 3 4 6 , 50 1 9 . 7 3 8 , 20 80, 6 75, 4 1 6 . 7 3 5 , 00 2 4 . 7 4 2 , 80 0, 0 2 5 . 4 4 2 , 70 1 2 6 , 0 2 0 . 4 4 8 , 30 o, 0 1 9 . 3 4 1 , 70 Οι 0 48, 9 1 3 . 4 2 5 , 00

QXJOES

EU203

LU203

PER

PILLION

1.58 1.85 1.95 2.86 1.79 1.46 1.87 2.04 1.70 1.67 1.18

HFC2

.49 ,545 .610 .625 .514 .537 .566 .662 .54 • 623 .479 2

2

8,86 8,54 9,65 7.62 10,70 16,60 13,10 U.50 8,91 8,15 11.40

THC2 T A 2 0 5 7,76 8,23 8,78 8,65 9.76 11.30 9,31 9,29 8,33 7,64 6,09

1.52 1.75 2.05 1.68 1,89 1,36 2,42 2,13 2,15 1,57

CR203 125

MNO

CCO

8()4 9 7 854 773 942 851 1230 1190 826 583 636

18.7 23.1 27,C 20.5 20,4 17.2 27,« 30,2 31,2 20.6 14.1

1.06

1 167 280 144 142 1*6 191 148 140 120

£4,40 9,91 2.17 £ 4 , 1 0 12,70 2.07

161 157

1030 2 3 , 0 984 2 1 , 8

1 4

0

2.56 2,4

478 487

21.6 21.4

56 . 3 0 52 , 2 0

o5 |0 91 , 6

1.86 1,91

i,i8 l.QlO

1,7* 1.71 1.29 2,9? 2,26 .'0 1,70 1.17 1.46 1.84 2,01 2.35 2.«7 1.22 1,90 2,25 2,03 1.36 2.86 2,93 1.75

540 489 2300 894 541 453 473 479 991 876 854 452 1240 1630 2670 1030 1120 484 690 696 396

22.7 19.6 21.7 27.6 23.6 8.5 17,2 17.2 15.9 21.3 21.7 21.1 30.2 19.6 21.9 24,2 22.4 12.2 25.0 25.6 15.2

45,,40 41, 38,,70 68,,20 4 7 , ,>o 2 1 ,. 1 0 38,,70 33 , 2 0 44, . 6 0 56 . 7 0 44 . 5 0 40 . 8 0 59 . 3 0 41,>0 43 . 8 0 55 . » 0 46 . 4 0 25,90 50 . 9 0 50 . 6 0 27 . 4 0

« « l ,9 77,,2 7 7 , |1 125, .0 * 5 ,.0 35,.9 72,,7 72,, 3 0,|0 1 2 5 , |0 123 ,0 89 |2 114 |0 78 , 5 67, 9 91 . 5 90 , 5 s i |0 1U3 |0 V6 , 5 i>7 6

1.88 1.83 1.87 2.51 2.22 .93 i.59 1.51 1.48 1,83 1.89 1,83 2.58 1,67 1,85 2,26 2,01 1.13 a,i5 a,12 1,36

,738 ,558 .558 .865 ,603 .357 .632 .523 .604 .589 .663 .615 .966 ,553 .602 ,636 ,6β3 ,394 .801 ,766 ,511

8.95 9,97 9.82 u.io 8,11 9,02 1 2,60 13,70 i l , 5 0 10,10 4.38 6,63 8,35 13,90 £2.60 10.20 6,41 6,40 9,32 10,00 8,56 10,10 9.96 £3,60 1 2,30 £4,00 U . 2 0 10,30 9,78 £1.50 9.39 10,30 10.10 10,20 9,43 6,23 £3,30 10,40 11.70 10,80 12.50 7.26

1.97 1.72 1.86 2,36 2.53 ,70 1,47 1,46 1,42 1,97 1.87 1.75 7,49 1.75 1,96 2,00 1,96 1,09 2,06 2.26 1,30

153 132 149 223 163 91 126 135 121 147 140 153 261 146 211 165 163 118 217 226 118

1 0 7 0 23 « 1040 2 1 , « 899 2 3 , 1 1840 3 6 , 9 1410 3 0 , 4 362 7,< 904 1 8 . 0 829 1 8 . 1 7o3 1 5 . 7 834 2 2 . « 1190 2 6 , 3 1040 2 2 . 0 1300 6 6 , 3 8 7 20,3 1000 2 4 , 3 1 2 6 0 28 7 861 2 3 , 3 529 44·, 0' 1360 3 1020 3 2 , 6 724 15.3

1.74 2,25 2,2* 2,07 1.40 2.54 2,01 1.34 1,73 1.07 1.63 1.84 1.61

851 1290 930 159 478 822 480 5Q6 520 440 674 842 582 1550 460 417 949 533 377 388

18.9 22.3 22.5 23.7 18.4 19.5 22.2 20.7 19.1 12.7 20.7 22.9 18,6 20,4 15.8 18,η 18.8 17.7 18.7 17.0

3 9 , ,30 4 6 , ,70 4 4 , ,90 5 2 , ,80 3 3 , ,90 5 1 ,,60 4 7 , ,80 38, ,40 42,,60 26,,50 47,.10 54,,00 36,,80 5 1 ,, 2 0 30,,70 40,,30 45,, 9 0 40,, 4 0 43,, 3 0 29 , 6 0

7 6 , ,6 0 ι ,0 8 9 , ,5 0||0 7 7 , ,3 8 7 , ,4 0, |0 9 8 , ,4 0i|0 >7, . 2 87, .6 95,,7 0,.0 0,,0 07,. 1 >7, I 1>7,.0 0,.0 0,.0 * 2 ,ι

1.64 1,94 1.87 2.04 1.54 1.84 a.00 1,87 1.73 1,22 1.90 a.i4 1,69 1.85 1,66 1.64 1,64 1.54 1,66 1,50

,605 ,967 .557 .724 ,65 ,500 ,64 ,634 .583 .446 ,87 .661 ,505 .598 ,605 ,608 .539 .405 .624 ,478

10,70 9,45 8,82 10,20 18,40

8,11 9,08 9,29 9,10 9.75 β,08 l 3 , 9 o 10.00 9.13 £2,00 9.43 9,07 6,56 11,80 7,9ο 8,80 11,10 10.30 7,71 8,99 9,36 l2,40 7,92 £6,80 8,14 9,66 8,13 11.30 8,71 9,62 9,69 8,55 7.37 11.80

1.86 2.07 2.12 2,18 2.28 1.77 2.17 2.08 1.76 1.12 1.78 1.92 1.77 1.94 1.42 1.60 1,84 1,67 1.70 1,34

138 151 158 168 167 137 173 160 144 65 140 196 128 153 137 139 139 136 136 126

844 1150 999 1150 1060 917 1310 7βι 1060 702 1010 8ι3 996 921 820 815 812 72* 95η 837

0

•? 1.43 1.X3 1.01 1.11 .7Ç 1.54 7

0

,

9

8

0

0

0

2


0

22.9 30.7 29,9 29.3 20,«

§υ 20.8 14,2 23.2 27.9 11.2 25,e 14.9 19.7 24,2 20,e 24,« 17.7

62


Table II.

SPECIE

FE203

NA20

R620

5480 7000 4190 5950 6270 7360 5150 5360 6390 2330 79io 7040 10700 9450 8940 12900 14300 8170 6880 6960 9970 6010 12400 12100 17100 6370

33.0 60,3 64.1 46,7 36.1 53,3 76.2 61,9 31.7 84.3 68.5 40.4 59.0 51.1 55.3 51.6 30,9 29.4 33.5 34,3 36.2 39,0 35.2 29.3 57.8 31.9

PERCENT

P l a i n Sites South of Hesi Nagila

Milha


K2C

Serai

Garor

Farah

Coastal Sites

KG 1 KG 2 I NG11 > Pottery NG13 J Κ 66 6 Clay PLlï^l HL16 I t i l ? p> Pottery HL20 PL21 KL22. Clay *L60 SR e > SR13 IΡ J Γ> Pottery SR15 J SR66 Clay GR 7 GR 4 GR 5 GR19 GR60 Clay FR Pottery FR 2 FR FR68 Clay

1}

GA

Ashqelon

G AHH GA21 21 GA66 66 AO 3 AO 4 AQ 9 AO10 A017 AQ6 0

S>- Potte Pottery

) ^

Clay

k Pottery Γ J Clay

Pottery Qeshet

Sheqef

Clay

Pottery Clay

Hesi

Clay

4.ie 5.21 6,30 7,08 3,80 6,26 6,68 6,36 3,31 5,23 5.95 3,62 5.71 5.77 6,11 5.95 3,70 3.96 5,02 5.47 4.82 2.83 6,32 4,80 7.31 2.61

1.97 1.45 .96 1.77 1.2* 1.46 2.10 2.0 1.33 3,36 1.86 1,57 1.59 1.50 1.52 1.60 1.52 1,62 1.51 1.86 1.82 1.15 2.49 2,07 2.21 1,05 7

1.46 1.40 1.50 1.54 2.13 1.25 1.33 2.06 3.0 1.0 4

9

7,05 6,36 6,55 6,97 8,71 6,45 6,35 6,2β 5.78 2,62

3.01 4,05 1.69 . 5 , 3 3 1,60 5.97 1.98 5,92 5,70 U4 4.81 1.2 1.75 6,04 1.80 5.55 2.01 7,02 .97 4.15 1.91 5.96 1.35 5.30 1.3-4 3.31 1,54 4,65 .82 1.87

Î

9

sherds f r o m e a c h site, w i t h f e w exceptions, f o r m e d

11000 63,1 10500 59,4 12600 5 4 , 5 9560 48,9 15500 1 θ , 0 13900 5 3 , 9 9170 5 3 , 2 13200 5 3 , 8 11500 135,0 7460 30,2 7

3620 7540 3880 9330 7030 9730 5330 5480 11400 5070 12000 7250 7290 10600 5830

t i g h t groups

55.4 56.8 52.5 51,0 49.4 49,7 41.6 4 7,6 55.9 43.7 48,2 45,6 30.5 47.6 20.7

that

m a t c h e d , except f o r a s l i g h t l y l o w e r h a f n i u m v a l u e , t h e l o c a l field c l a y a n d / o r m u d b r i c k . H o w e v e r , t h e m a t e r i a l s a n d clays f r o m t h e different sites c o u l d n o t b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y differentiated t h r o u g h c o m p o s i t i o n . T h e clays t a k e n f r o m t h e w a d i s n e a r t h e tells s h o w e d m u c h v a r i a t i o n t h a n t h e pottery.

more

T h i s m a y m e a n that t h e ancient potter, l i k e


5.

BROOKS

Continued

CS2C

ΘΑ0

E T

Activation

A L .

Analysis


336 980 615 433 722 538 660 430 413 920 1030 541 783 395 4050 317 585 284

2.32 2.33 Ι,βι 1,91 5,36 1,4C 1,96 1,7θ 6,44 ,9é 3,52 1,36 2.10 1,62 2.00 1,85 1.8ο 2,11 1.86 1,25 1.36 2.5 1.10 1.55 .93 0

691 448 1950 1380 413 797 832

SC203

LA2U3

CE02

EU203

LU2O3

PER

MILLION

1 5 . 5 ο 4 , ,30 >3, . 3 1 9 . 5 3 6 , ,80 73, |4 2 3 , 5 47, ,30 93, .5 5 3 , 25.7 ,90 1 3 0 , |0 1 4 . 1 2 5 , ,50 ,8 55« 2 2 . 7 4 3 , ,00 77, ι 2 5 . 3 5 7 , , ϋΟ 1 2 5 , 1° 2 4 . 1 4 9 , ,90 *2, .2 1 2 . 4 26, ,40 49, .5 2 8 , 6 3 1 , ,00 71, ,ι 2 2 , 1 4 2 , ,70 82, 1 3 , 8 2 7 , ,70 >7, 2 1 . 4 3 7 , ,80 0.,ο 8 5 , |4 2 1 . 1 3 7 , ,40 2 2 . 9 4 0 , ,80 0,,ο 2 2 . 1 3 6 , ,20 0,,ο 2 6 , 13.β ,80 5 5 , ,2 1 5 . 8 2 8 , ,80 61.|1 1 8 . 5 4 3 , ,90 78, ,3 1 9 . 8 3 8 , ,40 8 7 , ,4 1 7 . 7 3 2 , ,70 5 8 , |0 1 0 . 6 2 0 , ,50 42, , 2 4 . 3 3 7 , ι 4Q 72, , 1 7 . 8 3 2 , ,10 67, , 2 7 , 4 4 0 , ,10 ο 8 , >< 9 . 4 1 4 , ,70 Ό , .»

1.38 1.77 1.93 2.52 1.40 1.95 2.45 2. Ο 1.0 1.52 1.90 1.21 1.86 1.88 1.90 1.93 1.26 1.29 1.81 1.56 1.43 1.12 2.15 1.46 2,48 .85

376 5χ7 443 426 248 499 454 620 429 265

26,3 23.4 24.0 26,2 31,4 24,4 23.7 22.9 25.4 9.8

45,50 149,0 45,80 0,0 39 9o «5,6 70,30 52.5 4|,3θ 93,9 38,20 «1,4 44,10 86.7 39,9ο 82,7 40,20 «7,6 17,60 36,9

2.09 .49 1.88 .634 1,93 .522 1.91 1.θ9θ 1.74 ,514 .57 2.06 2.20 .516 2.25 .517 1*63 .500 ,84 ,?7

611 843 385 610 485 354 1900 655 691 592 847 268 447 456 376

21.8 19.7 23,1 22.1 20.0 17.6 22,9 19,6 26,5 15.3 22.9 20.1 13.0 16.8 7.0

32,70 39,80 54,90 41,30 35,00 31,20 47,40 41.90 44,30 30,30 48,40 32,70 3β./0 32,60 15,40

1,37 j,77 2,19 ι,ββ 3.56 3 ι,95 j,92 3 , β 1,43 4 1,98 1,21 51 ,67

49Q

63

CONCENTRATIONS OF O X l D i S

PA«TS

,97 ,53 2, , 0 6 1( , 4 3 1, ,07 2.00 3 , ,92 2. , 0 1 ,99 ,35 δ\ 1, , 7 5 1. ,25 1, , 5 3 1. ,42 1. ,52 1. ,27 1. ,22 (, « 3 (, 8 5 1,94 (, 9 3 (, 9 3 1, ,84 1,99 2, , 4 3 ,62

of Pottery

8

9

8

9

4

8

0

7

2

Θ

ί

89.8

56,0 75.9 71,7 0,0 05.6 31,3

2

0

t

*6,1 75.7 95.2 78.5 75.3 «5,8 «9,4 76.8

.425 .577 .57 .80ο .468 .565 ,768 ,707 ,339 ,509 .518 .562 .434 ,512 ,466 ,474 ,43 ,434 .488 .4β ,477 .306 ,546 .411 .558 .35ι

ι

6

χ

l

7

i

t

t

9

,396 ,532 ,572 ,598 , 96 ,467 ,529 ,578 .577 ,416 ,574 ,419 ,422 ,53 52 4

0

( ?

HFC2

THC2

71 90 40 90 20 eo 50 30 65 60 50 60 66 60 50 50 50 39 10 89 54 26 60 79 93 eo

6 ,18 β .54 10,70 12 , 7 0 6.«7 8 ,5? 12 , 2 0 9 .52 5 ,66 β .08 9 ,38 7 .55 8 ,25 8 .05 9 .49 8 ,47 6 .57 6 ,36 7 ,75 9 ,57 7 ,19 5 .16 8 ,28 β .03 10 , 3 0 3 .56

11, 2 0 19

40, ,1 37, ,6

.93 .92

628 1920

20.6 19.0

39, ,60 33, ,40

26, ,ο 43, ι * 40, ,5 41, ,9

1.05 1,04 1.26 2,63

1150 359

14.7 Ιβ.9 17.7 21.2

37,40 39,60

9,.2 14, »3

.15 .4e

229 932

43, ,7 40 , 3

i.ee 1.62

2410 897

64,1

2,84

20 .5

178 ΐΐ7θ 2 2 . 6 u 8 l3.5 169 7J9 1*8 9 6 ΐ6.1 136 β 7 j.5 7 6

5

5

1020

106η 2 0 , 6 0

2

1

227 157

5

3

>

,47β ,416 ,506 ,529 , 5 4 ,513

272

TA205

6,57 6,61

^4J9 j 2 >7,7 1 55,7 2 >8,3 J.75 58,6 χ,56 59,4 53

1900 3300

37,5ο 37,50 33,4ο 36,70 38,9 34,10

·

6

HFC2

LU2Q3

PER P I L L I O N

3

3

ι93 ι67 1?6 2 3 211 169

7,15

,97

203

3,50

3,57

,65

96

ΐίβο

ΐ3,3

.269 .291 .308

3, ,66 3, ,88 4,,β3

4, ,46 4, 01 4, ,74

ι,81 ι,73 I,88

89

35β

9,0

83 94

296 490

8.3 9.C

2.00 1.79 2.27 1.63

.544 .489 .618 .47

9,,09 9,,14 .60 9 ,15

8,,58 8,,63 10 ,60 6 .44

1 .78 1 .73 2 .32 1 .49

180 155 0 157

1270 999 1380 931

30.7 35.7 25.e

82, ,9 65, ,9

1.79 1.84

.496 .447

β, ,70 β, ,86

β, ,00 7,,48

1 .55 1 .57

163

1250 948

40.5 35,6

41,00 46,40

56, ,2 82, ,2 65, , * >9, ,3

1.56 1.74 1.82 1.90

.545 .595 .560 .575

6, ,08 8, ,33 9,,29 12, ,βο

5, ,28 7, ,06 6.,83

24.5 22.4 29.4

9.1 10.7

17,40 17,50

27, ,9 ^9, ,1

.74 .72

.323 .322

ι,95 1,,06

17.2 15.3

38,90 31,60

54, ,5 46, , ο

1.69 1,40

.629 .535

, 5β

0

2 1 . 8 23,80

ΐ

Ι

Î

T

L

47,9

5

5

5

F

3

T

,

2

0

5

0

2

3

H

0

0

0

135

837 7ο5 7 Λ 6 l 686 β 3

β

ΐ,ο5 ι,ο7 ·00 ι , 7 ,96 ι,01

T

0

0

0

ΐ7,2 17,7 30,5 ΐ5,6 ΐ7,4 ΐ7,2

863 ΐβ,7

26,6

13.6

,85

193

9,,11

1 .46 1 .22 1 ,33

273 190 215

843 1170 1210 1100

2, ,29 2,,80

,33 .32

315 269

132 73

4.7 4.5

1,, β 5 1,,88

5 ,92 5 .01

.76 .53

271 193

348 344

*M Ιβ.5

3,33

6.50

124

326


15,5

66

ARCHAEOLOGICAL

Table I V .


SPECIMEN PE29 PF 3 PF10 ΡΠ4 PF21 PF24 PF28 PF31 PF32 PF36 PF39 PG 7 PG 6 PG 9 PG16 PQ28 PG3e PF41 PF37 PF34 PF20 PFi8 PFl3 PE15 ΡΘ34 PA31 PC 8 PE 9 PEU PE20 PE23 PE25 PA40 PB 4 PB 6 PB19 PB21 ΡΒ2β ΡΒ33 ΡΒ36 PC 3 PC 5 ΡΑ 8 PA12 PA15 PAlé PA19 PA25 PA27 PA34 PA38 PA39

K2C

FE2B3

PERCENT 4.46 1.54 5,87 1.38 2.14 5,70 4,73 1.91 1.69 4,80 1.82 5,51 7.34 2. 5 1.36 6,20 6,60 2.21 1.50 5,21 5,55 1.51 1.73 5,14 5,57 1.61 1.74 6,07 5,35 1.45 6,44 1.77 4,54 1.62 5.85 1.61 1.46 5,44 5.22 1.51 1.65 7,02 4,38 2.00 2.08 4,17 5.47 1.50 5,99 1.76 1.77 7.29 1.45 5,3e 1.39 5.53 4,34 1.38 1.62 5.37 1.56 5,16 1.75 6,06 1.55 5>4 1.87 5.62 1.56 4.87 1.72 5,42 1.98 6,36 1.41 4,10 5,67 1.82 5,76 1.40 5.74 2.00 4,80 1.61 1.53 5.06 1.83 5,63 4.96 1.46 1.87 δ,Οβ 5,54 1.52 2.05 6,17 4,89 2.37 6,15 2. 08 1.45 4,07 6,69 1.89 0

CHEMISTRY

Samples Belonging to

NA2C RB20

CS2C

BAO

4 9 3 1 0 9 6 7 1 4 1 1 5 9 5 4 2 9 0 2 8 3 8 5 5 4 4 0 7 8 8 3 4 9 0 2 9 2 .0 9 2 3

1.16 1,62 .86 1,06 1.35 1.52 2,02 1.87 1,72 1.45 1.34 1.33 .95 1.67 1.88 1.85 .91 0.00 1.34 1.37 1.61 .86 1.31 .81 1.65 2.23 i.5e

883 550 1190 933 941 518 627 520 802 7Q5 3370 1110 1360 796 673 811 973 828 820 699 566 963 7Q0 603 524 651 720 585 386 535 1330 1040 775 1120 1020 1300 740 944 2770 849 2820 540 1400 1080 1110 741 13Q0 585 1240 716 1270 1780

7020 9450 9330 6800 8080 8790 14100 10200 9700 6710 7390 7980 9330 9130 8230 9840 8070 10200 7570 8340 12300 8950 10100 7750 7910 12200 9450 7840 5470 8430 7960 10000 9560 8050 8010 9030 10400 8190 11500 9530 11400 7180 8660 8600 7160 9230 8190 9740 9970 8840 7730 11400

40 50 36 40 50 50 58 50 41 47 50 47 40 54 42 51 32 32 44 39 63 33 41 33 47 60 50 47 38 50 43 74 56 34 43 36 55 36 45 48 41 38 37 41 39 49 43 55 46 57 35 56

2

3 ,5 2 9 ,7 0 ,9 ,5 ,3

1.6c

1.31 0,00 1.07 1.66 1.79 1.20 1.15 .96 1.80 1.22 1.55 1.82 1.17 .80 1.16 1.1s .71 1.29 1,06 1.66 1,6e 1.67 1,49 1.41

SC203 16.4 20.7 20.2 18.5 18.1 20.2 27.5 23.0 24.2 19.1 20.2 19.1 20.4 21.9 19.9 24.7 16.9 21.9 20.3 19.4 25,8 16.1 15.6 20.1 22.2 27.0 19.9 20.4 15.7 19.5 19.0 22.5 21.7 Ê0.5 ίβ.7 21.0 24.5 15.6 22.6 21.7 20.9 17.9 18.0 20.6 18.1 18.2 20.1 22.8 17.6 22.5 15.9 24.4

a n d are d a t e d a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y to t h e l a t e I r o n I I ( seventh c e n t u r y B . C . ) or t h e P e r s i a n p e r i o d w i t h a f e w pieces

b e l o n g i n g to other

periods.

W h e t h e r or n o t t h e s u b d i v i s i o n of this g r o u p w i l l b e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y m e a n i n g f u l w i l l p r o b a b l y d e p e n d o n t h e results o f r e s e a r c h a i m e d at t h e s u b d i v i s i o n of t h e coastal field clays into s m a l l e r g e o g r a p h i c units. T h e next largest g r o u p w a s that of t h e B l a c k G l a z e ( a c t u a l l y a s h i n y s l i p ) w a r e , also k n o w n as A t t i c w a r e ( F i g u r e 5 ) . T h e p a t t e r n f o r this


5.

Activation

BROOKS E T A L .

Analysis

67

of Pottery

the Local Hesi Elemental Pattern CONCENTRATIONS

LA203

CE02 Εγ203 HJ 0Z


HFC2

2

P RTS

PER

3 do, 2 78 9 69, 3 08, 5 «1 0 82, 7 03, 4 79i 6 71, 5 «3, 0 73, 4 78, 6 80, 3 75, 2

1,36 1,95 1,74 1.47 1,44 1,51 1,94 1,95

A

27,80 36,10 37,30 30,50 30,80 37,30 44,20 44,Q0 38, go 35,70 39,50 33,80 34,60 39,60 35,10 37,30 31,50 36,70 34,70 32,00 38,1*0 28,20 26,60 34,40 34,10 39,70 32,70 36,20 26,90 34,20 30,80 38,10 36,90 35,80 34,10 35,30 38,U0 29,60 35,20 41,30 35,70 29,90 32,90 33,40 29,80 31,20 33,30 38,40 33,60 39,50 27,10 37,20

QXIDES

0^

OOI

«1,

3

oi.

8

75, 73,

6 8

Ίι 1 ,1 63, ,2 63, ,6 71, |6 ' 4 , ,6 08, ,1 > , 1° 73!! 54, |3 / 3 , |7 67, ,2 83, ,3 77|1° 81,,5 72,.3 ' I l ,1 04, 3 >8 76 ,1 81 , 6 01 ,0 04 ,5 73 ,3 77 ,3 0 5 ,2 70 , 6 74 , 5 «1 , 9

08,

2

3

08 , 5 02 , 9

58 ,3 a i ,0

THC2 TA205 CR203

UNO CCO

KILLION

1,98

1,70 1,65 1,72 3,00 1,87 1,72 2.11 1,42 1.70 1.74 1.61 2.04 l,l8 1,33 1,72 1,77 2,08 1,58 1,71 1,35 1,65 1,51 1,95 1,73 1,61 1,50 1,68 1,86 1,36 1,84 1,84 1,98 1,58

1,68 1,86 1,64 1,41 1,79 1,98 1,52 3.00 1,40 1.65

.342 .628 .53o ,474

.44! ,562 ,556 .528 .625 .468

.606 .481 .585 .532 .506 .562 .397 .622 ,498

.433 .657 .463

.495 ,52o .514 .618 .423 ,447

.346 .497 .404 .601 .448 .64

0

.439 .480 ,546 ,426 ,485 .49! .609 .408 .568 .501 .463

.446 .546 .546 ,498 .551 .393 .4βι

6,44 8, 33 6,82 10, 10 8,67 10, 60 8, 43 7,11 7,84 10, 20 8,74 10, 80 8,83 U . 50 9,23 10, 10 8,51 10. 10 85 7,66 8, 8,45 21 9, 8,05 10, 50 8,43 10, 20 11. 10 10.10 8,34 8, 73 9,23 11, 40 6,50 8, ,50 i l , 30 10,30 .49 9, 62 7.76 9, 04 8,96 9,,45 6,83 8, ,65 6,94 9,,09 8,04 10, ,40 7.91 8,,60 8,80 10, ,40 8,15 9,,70 7.82 ,00 10, 6 , ,e3 6,17 8,76 9,,24 8,55 7,61 9,13 12,40 8 ,58 8,11 9 ,00 8,65 8.77 10 ,70 9 ,30 8,55 9,60 13 ,10 8 ,59 7,10 8,26 10 ,50 9,22 11 ,10 9,44 H ,10 8 ,36 7,46 9 .04 8,53 8,17 9 .56 7 .17 6,65 7.75 8 .64 8,02 9 ,60 9 ,45 9,39 9 ,53 8,20 9,18 .20 11 8 .50 7,54 9 ,88 8,38

1. 56 1. 99 1. 87 1. 49 1. 75 1. 77 2. 12 2, 06 1. 87 1. 80 1. 54 1. 41 1. 75 2. 00 1. 86 1. 75 1. 80 0. 00 1. 80 1. 72 2, i l ? 1, ,59 11 ,56 1,,25 1,,88 2,,25 1,,98 1,,75 1,,35 0,,00 11,57 .71 1 ,97 11,50 11,69 1 ,79 2.08 1 ,51 1 ,88 2 ,03 1 ,71 1 .59 1 .45 1 ,88 1 .56 1 .76 1 .91 1 ,83 1 .57 1 .96 1 .46 2 .06

121 147 145 118 142 140 184 176 163 132 161 136 158 144 150 179 127 157 141 128 193 118 119 136 142 178 161 150 119 137 146 164 165 145 127 157 178 117 153 151 154 143 139 163 132 136 147 167 144 165 117 168

741 l . l 981 27.4 86P 21.5 713 l 5 , 3 9in i e . 881 21.2 U 5 p 28.2 1060 3 0 , Θ7π 23,C 1010 2 i , 121P 22,1 94η 2 1 , f 833 21.3 987 23,7 8 i 5 22,3 95? 25,5 614 l 7 . < U 2 P 25.C 997 25.5 921 22,6 1140 26.5 853 20,1 733 15.C 886 20.5 1070 24,C 1160 30,6 924 20,2 900 22.6 860 l 6 . 5 89? 28,6 72* 20,C l2on 22,7 824 22,6 8 3 15.7 877 l 5 , 5 893 26,5 1030 27,C 683 15,5 760 2 0 , 973 23,1 84? 15.3 79P 16.t 7l

Archaeological Chemistry

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