PRODUCTION
Solve your EMULSIFICATION ...SEPARATION ...SEDIMENT REMOVAL problems
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ELECTRICALLY! PETRECO ELECTRIC PRECIPI T A T I O N E Q U I P M E N T h a s been
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resolving 4 oil industry emulsions for over half a c e n t u r y . I t h a s been used successfully for: ^ " The separation of mixtures of insoluble liquid phases. T* The purification of crude charge to refinery distilla» tion units. ^ " The removal of sediment or fines from liquid hydrocarbons. ^ r I n refining, for contact treatment of hydrocarbons with acid or caustic solutions. " ^ I n production, for resolving petroleum emulsions, and for purifying power oil ior sub-surface hydraulic production pumps. ^ " Also, for sulfonation product separation and for separation of aluminum chloride catalyst complexes from raffinâtes, and for similar prn^ssmg.
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F e t r e c o Electric Precipitation E q u i p m e n t functions automatically. Demulsification, separation o r sediment removal is fast and a c c u r a t e — b e c a u s e intensity, contact time, a n d other process factors can b e precisely controlled.
PETRECO TECHNICAL
SERVICE
is available, without obligation, for consultation on any possible installation of Petreco Equipment. Just write or call · . .
PETRECO A DIVISION OF PETROLITE CORPORATION
Specialized Petroleum Treating Processes and Equipment DESALTING · DEHYDRATION · DISTILLATE T R E A T I N G S W E E T E N I N G · LUBE OIL TREATING * S E D I M E N T REMOVAL
PP-58-3
64
C&EN
SEPT. 2 2,
1958
These are consumed with a relative re action rate for A to Β t o C of 2.5 t o 1.6 to 1.0. Tins reaction tends to d e crease the amounts of both nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide present. W i t h doses of mure than 1 0 u \ kinetic radiation equilibrium is apj^roached. Kinetic radiation equilibrium and ther mal equilibrium, says Dondcs, don't d e p e n d on each other. At kinetic radiation equilibrium, the sum of re actions which tend to fix nitrogen must equal the sum of reactions which tend to decompose t h e fixed nitrogen. • Effect of W a t e r V a p o r . If water vapor is present in the nitrogen-oxygen mixture, t h e system behaves differ ently. With a few p e r cent of water vapor at room temperature, the disso ciation products of water vapor under irradiation are small and can b e dis regarded. W h a t happens, says Dondes, is that t h e nitrogen pentoxide formed in the initial stages of irradia tion will react with water vapor to form * nitric acid. W h e n sufficient nitric acid has been built u p , a sufficient amount of nitrogen dioxide is also present t o stop the ozone and nitrogen pentoxide formation and halt the further increase of nitric acid concentration. T o sup port this, Dondes points o u t that if nitrogen dioxide is present prior to irra diation, then no nitric acid results dur ing irradiation. At higher temperatures (50CT K . ) , and especially a t higher partial pres sures of water vapor, dissociation r^roducts of water interfere with t h e nitro gen fixation process. At 1000° K., nitric oxide reacts with molecular hydrogen to form molecular nitrogen a n d water. #/
Artificial Guano/ / First m a g n é s i e f e r t i l i z e r s a l t proposed from mineral acidulation study
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That magnesium is important
NATIONAL i n P l a n t nutrition MEETING h a s been known Fertilizer & for some time, Soil Chemistry b u t u p to now the fertilizer industry hasn't made a phosphate of magnesium to provide it. Now, Walter H- Maclntire, University of Tennessee (Continued on page 128)
( S i t u a t i o n * Wiiiilecl, C l o i t t i n n e d ) M O t ' U K M l S T : M.S. 9 yea.» «-imiral lalH>rattiiy exjteneit»*'. «le^ir*»»» prêter ahly buc»pHîtl |*ν·»ιtittfi \\ tlhlij: to rvlmatf. H«»x 323 I. ». t . A K. X.. Ka»nm. I V ΜΛΝ'ΛϋΚΚ SALES A N D ΜΛΚΚΚΤ 1>K\ ΚΊ.Οΐ'.ΜΚΝΐ· K\j>ei letireti m ni! j»ha.»e» of muiketmc leadm*; to growth at*«i c\j>ait»i*Mt. Km»vi national market» *»t elieitti*-:tl :tn»i allied tnd'cti :e». liaxe hant otjrrtmc. «;»»r>:i»tu«· ;ιη**Ti-i*ii« »t:«tt t»! hue }H.Miii.n. li.S. "39. H«.\ 324 1. 9. V. & E. X.. ΚΛΜ«ΙΙ. I»».
r i l K M I C A L E X t i l X E H U : 5 ve-»r» dixet»ibcd experience in Pi>u»triprtK»u. iitmiitenani-e, pi.M-**.»» tietelojHiietit, tm«i prv»ce>s engineer UÎJÎ. I* -ire efialtengiitg responsible position. Will ·.-· .ate. Box 323 I. 9. t \ & K. X.. East on. P a . ~~COM PAX IKS IX ΑΧ Υ F I E L D « « b i n e t« start research, development t>r engineering* programs. liS Chemistry, M S Chemical EuKtrreenms, te«tsteren lone- **i short-tetm project xxork. Excellent technical library faillit «ess a\ailrk>v 323 L S. C. d K. X.. F.a>um. I»:» CHEMICAL E X U I X E E R : B.S. 1949 Engi neering superx ISMIH, 7 year'» proee»»» en&uieer&iu: and «lex eloptuent. economic p\ aloation. v\a»te treatment < phenolic*, acids» paper industry >, 2 years product .on Iteaxy chemical»*. Tau Ret a I*i, prwie»s««mal engineer, pulihcat ion.·», age 32, t'aiti'ly I>e»ire re»-p«"e»v» rajii· neer.nfE or pollution abatement field. Location «per». Βαχ 30» F 9. (' ά Κ Χ.. K»«tnn. Pa. CHKM.CAI. E X t i l X E E R : Nine \eir» oicanic production, dex elopiueni. process design, troiude*) mo ting, proct«ss improvement, economic ex al na tion, with l»oth smaller and major iri»c*foriVi< On
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PRODUCTION (Continued
/roui page B4)
( E m e r i t u s ) , and Ilousden L. Marshall oi Olin Mathiesoti, suggest magnesiuiii ammonium p h o s p h a t e as t h e first sueli product. Though its role h a s not always b e e n as clearly understood» magnesium h a s been added to soils in t h e U. S» for over a century. T h e proposed salt is a key component of Peruvian guano» the highly prized bird m a n u r e which has been imported since 1832. Later» beginning in 1920, dolomite w a s included in superphosphate fertilizers first as a conditioning material and later to carry nutrient magnesium. But mixed, high-analysis fertilizers have crowded o u t dolomite a s the supplier of the desired magnesium, a n d it must be provided by a material carrying a higher percentage of magnesium and n o calcium. Mucin tire told the Division of Fertilizer and Soil Chemistry he chose olivine ( M g S i Q 3 ) a n d rock p h o s p h a t e as a combination source that might recover all the magnesium and nearly all of the calcium as phosphates in t h e teachings from acidulated mixtures of the t w o minerals. T h e olivine used has an M g O content of 43 r /c—twice that of dolomite. Tennessee brown rock, containing 34v< P 2 O r> , was t h e other starting material. Either concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid can b e used. T h e process is simple. Finely g r o u n d mixtures of olivine a n d rock phosphate are leached with sulfuric acid to give a solution of phosphates of magnesium and calcium. T h e s e are recovered by injecting gaseous ammonia. T h e first precipitate is dicalcium phosphate. The filtrate from it carries magnesium, and further ammoniation brings this d o w n as magnesium ammonium phosphate* T h e calcium is recovered as a diphosphate in t w o grades, according to fluorine content. T h e magnesium is recovered almost entirely as the desired salt—magnesium a m m o n i u m phosphate. Its composition is 17.5'/t magnesium; 10r/c nitrogen; and 23.2r/c phosphorus (52.2% Ρ^Οδ). Niacin tire believes t h e proposed process a n d p r o d u c t justify pilot plant studies a n d cost evaluations and is con fident that commercial implementation is practical a n d economical. •
