Feb., 1915
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
plications. I n connection with the first hearings, the Comptroller-General of Patents gave, as has already been recorded, some indication as to what was likely t o be the view taken by those in control [ J . Gas Lighting, 128 (1914), 4061. After remarking t h a t it would not be fair to deprive a German patentee of his property, he said that, generally speaking, the recommendation the Court would make would probably be that some kind of license should be given; and this license would in all likelihood be subject to a royalty. Now a n official notice has been issued for the information of the public, which will be useful to intending applicants, as it sets forth the broad principles on which the Board of Trade will act in dealing with requests for the avoidance or suspension of patents and trade-marks under the “Temporary Rules” of this year. With regard to patents, licenses will, it is stated, as a general practice be granted when the applicants fulfil the conditions laid down in the Act: ( I ) where there is no manufacture in this country under the
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patent, and also ( 2 ) where what manufacture there may be is carried on by a company or firm on behalf of alien enemies resident abroad, and there is any reason to doubt t h a t the manufacture will continue to be carried on, or where it is in the interests of the country t h a t some othermanufacture should be started in the British interests. As a rule, suspension of trademarks will be granted only: ( I ) where the trade-mark is the name of a patented article, and a license is granted under the patent protecting i t ; ( 2 ) where it is the only name, or only practicable name, of an article manufactured under an expired patent; or (3) where i t is the name, or only practicable name, of an article manufactured in accordance with a known process or a formula which has been published or is well known in trade. Generally speaking, suspension will not be granted in the case of pictorial devices. It is pointed out that, while these principles may be taken as broadly applicable, special cases must, of course, necessarily receive exceptional treatment.
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF VEGETABLE IVORY-PRELIMINARY NOTES The nut of the vegetable ivory palm (Phytele$has macrocarpa) is imported by the United States in large quantities t o be used in the manufacture of buttons. Statistics show that the annual consumption is about 10,000 tons and is valued a t $ I , j O O , O O O . In the process of manufacture there is considerable waste which occurs in the form of chips and sawdust. The latter is frequently finely ground and constitutes the so-called vegetable ivory meal. At the suggestion of Dr. J. B. Lindsey, a study has been made, incidentally on the chemistry of this product, and more particularly of its digestibility and feeding value, especially for dairy animals. I n addition to the ordinary fodder analysis, traces of invert sugar were found and some z 14 per cent of pentosans. Galactan was not found. The larger part of the vegetable ivory waste is known t o consist of mannan which upon hydrolysis yields mannose. Phenylhydrazine yielded the usual buff colored precipitate, a mixture of mannose- and other phenylhydrazones, with a melting point of 183 ’. Of the small amount of nitrogen present, about one-third was found to bein the amino form. A digestion experiment carried out with sheep indicated t h a t these animals were capable of digesting about 87 per cent of dry matter. A feeding experiment was conducted with six cows using a basal ration of bran, cottonseed meal, and hay, and in addition either three pounds of corn meal or three pounds of vegetable ivory meal. The cows did well on both rations and produced within three per cent as much milk on the vegetable ivory ration as on the corn meal ration. The digestion experiment, together with the feeding experiment indicates that this material, in spite of its tough, horny nature, possesses considerable nutritive value and confirms the feeding experiments carried out in Germany. It is proposed to continue the investigation of this product and to publish the full results at a somewhat later date. C. L. BEAU MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, January 11, 1915
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ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY- I 9 I 5 The 191s Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society will be held in Seattle, August 31st t o September grd, inclusive. Following the meeting in Seattle, the Society will adjourn to San Francisco for a social function with the San Francisco Chemists, probably on Monday evening, September 6th. Arrangements will be made for special trains via Seattle.
NITROGEN-PROTEIN TABLE Editor of the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: The accompanying table may be of service t o chemists performing a large number of feed analyses, etc. Column I gives cc. of N / z o acid used. Column z gives the corresponding amount of nitrogen in centigrams or as per cent on a I gram sample. Columns 3 and 4 give protein in centigrams (or per cent on a I gram sample) for the factor heading the column. I
Cc.
2
N
N/20 Acid 25.0 1.7513 25.5 1.7863 26.0 1.8213 26.5 1.8563 27.0 1.8914 27.5 1.9264 28.0 1.9614 28.5 1.9964 29.0 2.0315 29.5 2 0665 30.0 2.1015 30.5 2.1365 31.0 2.1716 31.5 2.2066 32.0 2.2416 32.5 2.2766 33.0 2.3117 33.5 2.4367 34.0 2.3817 34.5 2.4167 35.0 2.4518 35.5 2.4868 36 0 2.5218 36.5 2.5568 37.0 2.5919 37.5 2.6269 38.0 2.6619 38.5 2.6969 39.0 2.7320 39.5 2.7670 40.0 2.8020 40.5 2.8370 41.0 2.8721 41.5 2.9071 42.0 2.9421
.
..... .
3 4 PROTEIN
X 5.7 X 6.25
9.982 10.182 10.381 10.581 10.781 10.980 11.180 11.380 11.579 11.779 11.979 12.178 12.378 12.577 12.777 12.977 13.176 13.376 13.576 13.775 13.975 14.175 14.374 14.574 14.774 14.973 15.173 15.372 15.572 15.772 15.971 16.171 16.371 16.570 16.770
10.945 11.164 11.383 11.602 11.821 12.398 12.259 12.478 12.697 12.915 13.134 13.353 13.572 13 791 14.010 14.229 14.448 14.667 14.886 15.105 15.323 15.542 15.761 15 980 16.199 16.418 16.637 16 856 17.075 17.294 17.513 17.731 17.950 18.169 18.388
. . .... ......
1 Cc. N/20 Acid 42.5 43.0 43.5 44.0 44.5 45.0 45.5 46.0 46.5 47.0 47.5 48.0 48.5 49.0 49.5 50.0 50.5 51.0 51.5 52.0 52.5 53.0 53.5 54.0 54.5 55.0 55.5 56.0 56.5 57.0 57.5 58.0 58.5 59.0 59.5 60.0
2 N
2.9771 3.0122 3.0472 3.0822 3.1172 3.1523 3.1873 3.2223 3.2573 3.2924 3.3274 3.3624 3.3974 3.4325 3.4675 3.5025 3.5375 3.5726 3.6076 3.6426 3.6776 3.7127 3.7477 3.7827 3.8177 3.8528 3.8878 3.9228 3.9578 3.9929 4.0279 4.0629 4.0979 4.1330 4.1680 4.2030
3
4
PROTEIN
X 5.7 X 6.25 16.970 17.169 17.369 17.569 17.768 17.968 18.167 18.367 18.567 18.766 18.966 19.166 19.365 19.565 19.765 19.964 20.164 20.364 20.563 20.763 20.962 21.162 21.362 21.561 21.761 21.961 22.160 22.360 22.560 22.759 22.959 23.159 23.358 23.558 23.757 23.957
18.607 18.826 19.045 19.264 19.483 19.702 19.920 20.139 20.358 20.577 20.796 21.015 21.234 21.453 21.672 21.891 22.110 22.328 22.547 22.766 22.985 23.204 23.423 23.642 23.861 24.080 24.299 24.518 24.736 24.955 25.174 25.393 25.612 25.831 26.050 26.269
TENTHS
Cc.
N
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 05 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.0070 0.0140 0.0210 0.0280 0.0350 0.0420 0.0490 0.0560 0.0630
PROTEIN
x
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
5.7 0.040 0.080 0.120 0 160 0.200 0.240 0.279 0.359 0.319
X 6.25
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.044 0.088 0.131 0.175 0.219 0.263 0.306 0.350 0.394
The last column is for interpolating values corresponding t o tenths of a cubic centimeter. R. S. CALLAWAY MILL COMPANY WIS.. November 30, 1914
LISTMAN LACROSSE,
.
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BENZOL PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES Editor of the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: With reference to numerous inquiries concerning the history and present condition of our company we beg to submit the following information : The Benzol Products Company was organized in 1910 for the manufacture of aniline oil and other benzol derivatives, but of
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T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
the many derivatives t h a t might have been manufactured from benzol it has confined its attention to the production of aniline oil, aniline salt and nitrobenzol. I n each of these three instances it has been in competition with Europe only and has produced exclusively from American benzol these three products of a quality equal, if not actually superior, t o the European product. The progress of the company has been seriously retarded through inability to get sufficient crude benzol and by the state of the existing anti-trust laws in the United States whiqh, while regulating American industries, permit the European manufacturer and importer to conduct his business without regard to the same restrictions, and to pursue unfair methods of competition and systematic underselling. Benzol, a by-product of coke, is the raw material for aniline and aniline is the raw material for a vast number of dyes and the base of many medicinal products. The Benzol Products Co. was inaugurated therefore for the purpose of supplying what might be called the raw materials for the coal-tar dye and chemical industries, with no intention of entering directly into the dye color or medicinal industry. America imports aniline oil and salt to the value of about $I,OOO,OOO per annum, and i t is anticipated that the consumption would increase greatly were the color manufacturer and consumer to be furnished with aniline a t a low price and of satisfactory quality. The lack of crude benzoI is not likely to be permanent. This country distils twice as much coal for the purpose of making coke as Germany produces, and a n assured demand for benzol will result in the recovery of a n ample supply of benzol. It should, therefore, be clearly understood by the consumer of dyes and colors t h a t his insistence upon an American supply of dyestuffs bears on the steel industry because this is the industry which, by substituting by-product coke ovens for beehive ovens, is able t o enlarge the supply of so valuable a byproduct as benzol. This company demonstrated its ability t o succeed at the prices prevailing prior to 1910,but no sooner had i t started than the foreign cartel lowered the price of aniline here to a point much below the European price. The unfair methods referred t o are those which tend to permit European producers to compete through the agency of cartels and combinations in restraint of trade, for the purpose of destroying or preventing the establishment of an industry in the United States. The legislation of our Government has failed to recognize the international nature of competition and its laws apparently do not apply to a foreign trust in the sense that they do to the American manufacturer, so that the foreign manufacturer or importer, through trust, cartel or convention, has been led to pursue tactics which have made the development of our industry impracticable and profitless. The war has changed all of this for the moment and the consumer is now willing to pay remunerative prices, since the supply is inadequate to satisfy the demand. To relieve this situation the Benzol Products Company has acquired a tract of land a t Marcus Hook, Pa., in order to build a new works, and it hopes within the next six months to.be in a position to furnish an import a n t part of the country’s needs. It is risking its capital in this way, notwithstanding its previous bitter experience from unfair competition, in the confidence that before the war ends the law will have been amended so as t o give the same protection against the unfair practices of the foreign manufacturer as against those of the domestic competitor. It is our belief that the permanent establishment of this industry will depend absolutely on such change in the law.
Vol. 7 , No.
2
The development of this industry will also depend on the consuming public’s support and cooperation and insistence upon American-made aniline oil and aniline dyes. The establishment of a real aniline dye color industry in this country is a n herculean task a t best. BENZOLPRODUCTS COMPANY Per HENRYWIGGLESWORTH, Vice-president 25 BROADSTREET, NEWYORK January 20. 1915
SEARLES LAKE POTASH-A
CORRECTION
Editor of the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: Mr. Edward E . Free, of Baltimore, Md., in a letter dated January 18, 1915,calls my attention t o an error which I made in my remarks about the Searles Lake potash in an address on “The Effects of the European War on the Agricultural Industries of the United States,” a t a meeting of the American Chemical Society held recently in Boston. [See THIS JOURNAL, 7 ( I ~ I S )591. , Mr. Free writes: “The original Government estimate of the amount of potash in this deposit was made in March, 1912,by Mr. H.S. Gale of the U. S. Geological Survey and myself. On March 21, 1912, the Geological Survey and the U. S. Bureau of Soils issued identical press bulletins announcing the essential facts of the estimates made by Mr. Gale and myself. I quote from these bulletins: * * * ‘ the total amount of potassium oxide is estimated a t over 4,000,000 short tons. This estimate is believed to be conservative, and the available tonnage may well be expected to exceed IO,OOO,OOO tons, which would supply the country, a t the present rate of consumption of potash, for thirty years.’ So far as I am aware this estimate has never been publicly questioned by any Government official and, indeed, all information which I have since obtained concerning the property inclines me t o the belief that even the estimate of ten million tons is conservative. “These estimates are on the basis of potassium oxide (Kz0). They correspond, therefore, to over six million tons of potassium chloride or about seven million tons of the usual commercial salts of the best grade. Your estimate in the article above cited is over ten times too small.” I am glad to call attention to this correction. W. H. BOWKER AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL Co. BOSTON, January 20, 1915
SODIUM ALIZARINSULFONATE AS AN INDICATOR I N AMMONIA TITRATIONS IN NITROGEN DETERMINATIONS Editor of the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: I should like to call the attention of Agricultural and Food Chemists t o the advantages of Sodium Alizarinsulfonate as an indicator in the titration of Ammonia in nitrogen estimation. A full discussion of its advantages will be found in Technologic Paper No. 34 of the Bureau of Standards, entitled “Determination of Ammonia in Illuminating Gas,” and as this is somewhat out of the line of Food Chemists’ work, I feel it is well worth while to call their attention to the use of this indicator. It is easily and quickly prepared, sensitive and economical. An abstract of. the above-mentioned publication appeared in THISJOURNAL, 6 (1914), 468. R. S.CALLAWAY LISTMANMILL Co. LA CROSS%WIS., January 12, 1915
