Bhartiya Saanketik Bhasha, Volume 38, Part 1 (Hindi) - Bharatiya Bhasha Lok Sarvekshan [1 ed.] 9780301068961

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd losZ{k.k

Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk [kaM 38] Hkkx 1

01 Preliminary pages (hindi).indd 1

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7/4/2017 11:56:44 AM


Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk [kaM 38] Hkkx 1

eq[; laiknd

x.ks'k nsoh laiknd

rUe; HkV~Vkpk;Z fu'kk xzksoj lqfjanj ih-osQ- ja/kok vuqokn

lqfjanj ih-osQ- ja/kok usgk dqyJs"B

¥ôçÚUØ¢ÅU ŽÜñ·¤SßæòÙ


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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be modified, reproduced or utilised in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, in any form of binding or cover other than in which it is published, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk % [kaM 38] Hkkx 1 vksfj;aV CySdLokWu izkbosV fyfeVsM eq[; dk;kZy; 3&6&752 fgek;r uxj] gSnjkckn 500 029 (rsyaxkuk)] Hkkjr bZ&esy % [email protected] 'kk[kk,¡ caXyq:] psUubZ] xqokgkVh] gSnjkckn] dksydkrk] eqacbZ] ubZ fnYyh] uks,Mk] iVuk © Hkk"kk fjlpZ ,oa ifCyosQ'ku lsaVj] cM+kSnk loZizFke izdkf'kr vksfj;aV CySdLokWu izkbosV fyfeVsM 2017 Digital Edition ISBN: 978 0 30106 896 1

ys”kjVkbilsVj dey yst+j xzkfiQDl] ubZ fnYyh }kjk okWdeSu pk.kD; 905 12-5@15 ikbaV esa Vad.kaafdr eqnzd Xyksfj;l fizaVlZ] fnYyh izdk'kd vksfj;aV CySdLokWu izkbosV fyfeVsM 3&6&752 fgek;r uxj] gSnjkckn 500 029 (rsyaxkuk)] Hkkjr bZ&esy % [email protected] ;g Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd&losZ{k.k] lj te'ksn th VkVk VªLV] eqacbZ }kjk iznÙk vkaf'kd vkfFkZd lg;ksx ls] ^Hkk"kk fjlpZ ,oa ifCyosQ'ku lsaVj* cM+kSnk }kjk laiUu fd;k x;kA iqLrd esa lfEefyr jpukvksa dks iqLrd esa 'kkfey djus osQ fy, vuqefr fuosnu&i=k lEcfU/r ys[kdksa ,oa izdk'kdksa dks Hksts tk pqosQ gSaA vf/dka'k ls LohÑfr i=k izkIr gks pqosQ gSaA fdlh dkj.ko'k iqLrd esa 'kkfey jpukvksa osQ ftu ys[kdksa ,oa izdk'kdksa rd fuosnu&i=k u ig¡qp losQ gksa] os Ñi;k izdk'kd ls lEioZQ djsaA /U;oknA izdk'kd us bl iqLrd esa iz;ksx fd, x, ,DlVjuy osclkbVksa osQ ;wvkj,y osQ (URL) osQ laca/ esa lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd iqLrd osQ izdk'ku osQ le; ;g ;wvkj,y (URL) lgh vkSj lfØ; FksA ;|fi izdk'kd bldh dksbZ ftEesnkjh ugha ysrs fd ;s osclkbV vHkh Hkh lfØ; gSa vkSj mudh lkexzh mi;ksxhA


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fo"k;kuqØe

vkÑfr@rkfydk@fp=k ix Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd losZ{k.k D;k gS xi jk"Vªh; laiknd eaMy xiii xzaFkekyk xv vkHkkj xix Hkwfedk & Mh ih iV~Vuk;d xxi ,d ns'k ftls viuh Hkk"kk;h fofo/rk ij xoZ gS & eq[; laikndh; & x.ks'k nsoh xxv izLrkouk & rUe; HkV~Vkpk;Z xxxv vuqokndksa dh rjiQ ls xxxvii lg;ksxh ys[kdksa dh lwph xxxix ikBdksa ls fourh xliii

Hkkx I: Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk,a 1. Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd enu ,e- of'k"V 2. fons'kh lkaosQfrd myfjosQ t+h'kku 3. Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd fgne xkSj';ke flag 4. if'peh {ks=k fu'kk xzksoj


Hkk"kk dh leh{kk o vkjafHkd bfrgkl 3 Hkk"kk dh rqyuk esa Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ fof'k"V y{k.k

7

Hkk"kk esa Lisl] bdkb;k¡ vkSj Øe 29

osQ LFkkuh; çfrfuf/ laosQr 43

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Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk

vi

5. gLr o.kZekyk 46 jkts'k osQrdj 6. laosQr ys•u 50 fgne xkSj';ke flag

Hkkx II: f'k{kk vkSj uhfr 7. laosQr f}Hkk"kkokn 65 lqfjanj ih- osQ- ja/kok 8. vyhiqj]

Hkkjr esa vuqokaf'kd cf/jrk dk ,d xk¡o% 77 lkekftd&Hkk"kk;h ,oa lkekftd&'kS{kf.kd o.kZu flckth ikaMk

9. lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk ,oa lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk rUe; HkV~Vkpk;Z ,oa lqfjanj ih-osQ- ja/kok

vf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r dkuwu o uhfr;ka 87

Hkkx III: orZeku fLFkfr 10. Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd enu ,e- of'k"V 11. lkbcj Lisl usgk oqQyJs"B

Hkk"kk osQ ,sfrgkfld fodkl dk ,d futh fooj.k 101

esa Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vkSj gkL; 106

12. cf/j yksxksa osQ laxBu 110 ladyu & vfr;k gkth 13. cf/jksa dh vkokT+k 118 ladyu &lqfjanj Ikh-osQ- ja/kok 14. Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dk ladyu & lqfjanj ih-osQ- ja/kok

Hkfo"; 121

Hkkx IV: lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk,¡ ,oa vU; Kku iz.kkfy;k¡ 15. Hkkjrh; ijaijk x.ks'k nsoh


esa laosQrµfpÉ 'kkL=k 125

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fo"k;kuqØe

vii

16. lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk rhLrk ckxph

vkSj Hkkjr esa dyk çn'kZu ijaijk esa laosQru 128

17. laosQr le:irk rUe; HkV~Vkpk;Z

vkSj u, Kku'kkL=k 138 Hkkx V: ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V 1 % fiQYeksa dh ,d lwph 150 (ladyu & lqfjanj ih-osQ-ja/kok)

ifjf'k"V 2 % if'peh Hkkjr (latho HkV~V }kjk fpf=kr)

(xqtjkr) dh laosQr 'kCnkoyh 157

Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk ,oa MsiQ LVMht laca/h lanHkZ&xzaFk lwph 201 (ladyu & lej flUgk)

vuqØef.kdk 209


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vkÑfr@rkfydk@fp=k

vkÑfr 2-1 % {ks=kh; laaosQr Ng] lkr rFkk ukS vkÑfr 2-2a % gtkj] yk• vkSj djksM+ osQ fHkUu laosQr] foLr`r maxfy;ksa osQ lkFk vkÑfr 2-2b % yk• vkSj djksM+ osQ fHkUu laosQr] o.kZ vkdkj osQ lkFk vkÑfr 2-3 % L=khfyax$cws vkeaf=kr djrk gS*) fp=k 16-1 % nk,¡ gkFk }kjk lwph gLr eqæk dk çn'kZu fp=k 16-2 % mÙkjh dukZVd esa cknkeh esa fofHkUu vlE;qDr gLr eqækvksa dks n'kkZrh gqbZ f'ko (uVjkt) dh ewfrZ vkÑfr 17-1 % lkSLlqfj;u ç.kkyh esa laosQr


32 34 34 40 47 47 48 48 49 52 53 55 55 56 57 57 58 59 59 60 61 61 80 84 130 132 134 139

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Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd loZs{k.k D;k gS\ ^Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd loZs{k.k* Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ loZs{k.k dk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu gSA fo'ks"k rkSj ij [kkukcnks'kksa] rVh; ,oa igkM+h] }hiksa] taxyksa esa jgus okys leqnk;ksa vkSj gkf'k, ij osQ leqnk;ksa dh Hkk"kk dks le>uk vkSj mudk nLrkos”khdj.k djuk bldk [kkl edln gSA ^Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd&losZ{k.k* fo}kuksa] ys[kdksa o dk;ZdrkZvksa dk fofHkUu cksyh leqnk;ksa osQ lnL;ksa osQ lkFk lk>snkjh esa pyk;k x;k ,d vfHk;ku gSA

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd loZs{k.k osQ eq[; mís'; yy 2011 rd fodflr Hkkjr dh Hkk"kkvksa dk ftl :i esa os gSa] flagkoyksdu iznku djuk_ yy fcuk fofHkUu lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd HksnHkko osQ] lnL;ksa dk ,d dkjZokbZ usVooZQ cukuk] tks lrr fodkl osQ fy, izfrc¼ gks vkSj Kku iz.kkfy;ksa osQ thou dks cs vusd txgksa ij [kkeks'k fn[kkbZ fn;kA chloha 'krkCnh osQ izkjaHk esa fxz;lZu osQ losZ{k.k ls ;g ckr lkeus vkbZ fd mUgksaus ftu 179 Hkk"kkvksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k Fkk] muesa ls yxHkx 165 Hkk"kk,¡ /hjs&/hjs lekfIr dh vksj cs bl ckr dh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha fey


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,d ns'k ftls viuh Hkk"kk;h fofo/rk ij xoZ gS

xxvii

ldh fd fxz;lZu osQ losZ{k.k rFkk muosQ iwoZorhZ fo}ku lj fofy;e tksUl osQ blh izdkj osQ losZ{k.k dk dgha dksbZ rqyukRed vè;;u gqvk gSA lj fofy;e tksUl bl ckr ls dk-iQh mRlkfgr Fks fd Hkkjr esa fofHkUu rjg dh Hkk"kk,¡ gSaA gkyk¡fd muosQ ikl ,slk dksbZ rjhdk ugha Fkk ftlls os ;g irk yxk ldrs fd muosQ le; esa muesa ls fdruh Hkk"kk,¡ ekStwn FkhaA blosQ foijhr] fxz;lZu osQ fooj.k esa bl rjg dh dksbZ ubZ [kkst ugha FkhA tc dksbZ fxz;lZu osQ losZ{k.k esa >k¡drk gS rks og bl izHkko osQ lkFk okil ykSV vkrk gS fd muosQ losZ{k.k esa] cpdkuh rFkk ekuo&foKku dk xq.kxku djus okys yksd xk;dksa osQ fy, vuqowQy fofoèkrk,¡ gSaA ,d vksj os nks lkS Hkk"kkvksa dk ftØ djrs gSa rks nwljh vksj Ikk¡p lkS cksfy;ksa dk o.kZu djrs gSaA ;g lwfpr djrk gS fd bl egku dk;Z dk lehdj.k gh iwokZxzg xzflr gSA 'kk;n] bldh 'kq:vkr fofy;e tksUl osQ dk;Z osQ lkFk gh tqM+h gqbZ Fkh] ctk, muosQ bl mRlkg osQ fd tSls mUgksaus Hkkjr dks lH;rk osQ ^vKkr }hi* osQ :i esa [kkst fy;k gSA

[kkeks'k vkok”k lj fofy;e tksUl osQ le; ls gh yxkrkj ;g iz;kl fd, tk jgs Fks fd Hkkjr dh Kku ijaijkvksa rFkk tSo&lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk dks ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, mUgsa KkukRed Jsf.k;ksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk,A blosQ lkFk&lkFk mifuos'kokn dks lekIr djus dh izfØ;k esa if'peh vk/qfudrk osQ ifjizs{; esa ns'k osQ ijaijkxr Kku dks mifuosf'kd Kku ls tksM+us dh Hkh dksf'k'k dh xb± gekjh ekSf[kd ijEijk esa fufgr Kku rFkk ik'pkR; fopkj/kjk osQ chp leUo; rFkk la?k"kZ osQ pyrs gekjh ekSf[kd ijEijk us bl dkYifud ifjorZu dks Lohdkjuk izkjaHk dj fn;kA gekjh ikjaifjd laLFkkvksa tSlsµLowQy] dkWyst] fo'ofo|ky;] vLirky] U;k;ky; bR;kfn us ,slk :i /kj.k dj fy;k ftlls Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa vusd tfVyrk,¡ mRiUu gks xb±A bl ckSf¼d pqukSrh ls bDdhloha lnh osQ fopkjdksa dks eqdkcyk djuk iM+sxkA Hkk"kk osQ ”kfj, l`tukRed vfHkO;fDr osQ {ks=k esa ;g ifjorZu ,d cM+h pqukSrh iSnk djsxkA vr,o ledkyhu Hkkjrh; cqf¼thfo;ksa dks Hkkjrh; lkSUn;Z'kkL=k rFkk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk&foKku dks vkSifuosf'kd izHkko ls ckgj fudkyus dk pqukSrhiw.kZ dke djuk iM+sxkA gky osQ le; esa bl ckr dks le>us dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gS fd Hkk"kk ,oa cksyh osQ lanHkZ esa o.kZukRed oxhZdj.k fdruk dkjxj gksxkA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd losZ{k.k dk ;g osQanzh; fcanq jgk gSA vius mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd losZ{k.k us Hkk"kk&fooj.k dh i¼fr dks viuk;k gSA blhfy, Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd losZ{k.k us tkucw>dj ml Hkk"kk&oSKkfud lksp ls nwj jgus dk iz;Ru fd;k gS] ftlesa fdlh Hkk"kk dh mRifÙk rFkk mlosQ ifjokj dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr blesa ,sfrgkfld rjhdk viuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa bDdhloha lnh osQ vkjaHk esa ekStwn Hkk"kkvksa dh okLrfod rLohj is'k djus dh dksf'k'k gSA fdlh Hkk"kk dh mlosQ Hkk"kk ifjokj osQ vk/kj ij igpku fuf'pr djus osQ fy, lj fofy;e tksUl rFkk fxz;lZu osQ LFkkfir fl¼karksa rFkk mlls Hkh vkxs cus dh vko';drk gSA ;g ,d LFkkfir lR; gS fd Hkk"kk ls ijs laLÑfr dk vfLrRo ugha gks ldrk vFkok ;s nksuksa ,d gh flDosQ osQ nks igyw gSaA ;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkk"kk osQ fcuk Kku dk cks/ laHko ugha gSA ^vFkZ* osQ laca/ esa Hkh ;gh ekU;rk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgk tk, rks Hkk"kk dks euq"; dh cqf¼&O;ogkj {kerk dk i;kZ;okph 'kCn ekuk x;k gSA ;gka rd fd LoIu Hkh Hkk"kk;h lajpuk ij vk/kfjr ugha gksrs gSaA fiQj Hkh mudh vo/kj.kk dks Hkk"kk lajpuk osQ leku gh ekuk x;k gSA liuksa dh mRifÙk] Le`fr esa ;kn djus dh {kerk ij fuHkZj gSA gesa ;g Hkh fo'okl fnyk;k tkrk gS fd Hkk"kk dh vuqifLFkfr esa Le`fr dk vfLrRo ugha gks ldrk gSA blh rjg geus ;g Hkh eku fy;k gS fd ekuoh; cqf¼&O;ogkj {kerk,¡ tSls izsj.kk] dYiuk vkSj foosd vkfn Hkk"kk osQ vHkko esa laHko ugha gksrhaA


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xxix

;g Hkh lgh gS fd ,sls dbZ vuqHko gSa] tks ekuo vU; i'kqvksa osQ lkFk leku :i ls vuqHko djrk gS] ftuesa Hkk"kk iwjh rjg ls ux.; gSA tSls Å¡pkbZ ls fxjus dk Hk;] izse vFkok okluk blosQ oqQN eq[; mnkgj.k gSaA fiQukWfeukWykWth (?kVukfØ;k foKku) tks ekuoh; cks/xE;rk dk gh ,d foKku gS] blosQ rgr ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd euq"; dh oSf'od vuqHkwfr fujarj fodflr gksrh jgrh gS ftlosQ pyrs mldh KkukRed {kerk rFkk Hkk"kk fodflr gksrh gSA blosQ fo#¼ ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd euq"; dh vuqHkwfr fujarj fodflr gksrh Hkk"kk {kerk osQ vuqikr esa c Hkh bl laHkkouk dks O;Dr djrh gS fd gekjs fodkl osQ orZeku Lrj ij Kkr Hkk"kk Hkh gesa miyC/ iw.kZ fodflr Hkk"kk dk va'k ek=k gh gSA blfy, oqQN ek;uksa esa vuqHko dh lexzrk esa Hkk"kk dks Hkh cksyh osQ :i esa gh ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A bruk gh ugha] 'kCnksa rFkk fyfi;ksa osQ ekè;e ls fLFkj euq"; dh Hkk"kk dks Hkh ^vuqHko* dh lexzrk esa] ^vFkZ* dh lexzrk esa ,oa ^èofu* dh lexzrk esa ,d bdkbZ osQ rkSj ij ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A vr%] og cksyh gS] blfy, mls ihNs ugha NksM+k tk jgk gS cfYd og vkxs&vkxs iFk&izn'kZd cu dj pysA cksyh dh okLrfod izÑfr dks le>us osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ge mls Hkk"kk osQ ,d eq[; ?kVd osQ :i esa ekusa] u fd ,d ttZj vo'ks"k] ftldh fu;fr eqf'dy ?kM+h ls xq”kjuk gSA cksyh dks gh ^vFkZ* dh viz;qDr lhekvksa dks ikus osQ fy, vkxs vkuk gksxkA Hkk"kkvksa osQ bfrgkl ls irk pyrk gS fd cksfy;ksa osQ lkFk pyuk gh muosQ HkkX; dk fgLlk gSA cksfy;ksa dh fu;fr ^vFkZ* dh fujarj laHkkoukvksa dks [kkstus esa fufgr gSA ;g dke mUgsa ekud Hkk"kkvksa osQ lkFk laca/ [kks, fcuk djuk gksxk D;ksafd os jktuhfrd rFkk ,sfrgkfld gkykrksa ls c¡èkh gSaA izpyu esa jguk cksyh dh fu;fr gS ijarq nqHkkZX;o'k cukoVh ewY; osQ lkFkA vxj bls ,d ewrZ:i esa le>us dk iz;Ru djsa rks ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd cksyh ml vewrZ inkFkZ dh rjg gS] tks ,d u, tUes xzg osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwe jgk gSA ;g xzg vHkh Hkh viuh pje xfr dks [kkst jgk gSA Hkk"kk :ih xzg dk okrkoj.k Hkh cksfy;ksa ls ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA cksfy;ksa osQ ekè;e ls Hkk"kk czãkaM osQ lkFk o cká txr ls yxkrkj laioZQ cuk, j[krh gSA blhfy, og blosQ lkFk lacaf/r gks tkrh gSA vc rd ;g ekuk x;k gS fd fdlh Hkk"kk dh fofHkUu cksfy;ksa esa ls izeq[k oxks± dh cksyh dks gh ekud Hkk"kk dk ntkZ izkIr gksrk gSA tcfd vke turk dh Hkk"kk dks cksyh osQ :i esa gh ns[kk tkrk gSA bl fopkj osQ ik'oZ esa baXySaM esa cksyh tkus okyh ekud vaxs”z kh dk ,sfrgkfld vuqHko gSA blh fygk”k ls Hkkjr osQ izeq[k jktuSfrd oxZ dh fganh dks gh fganh dh izeq[k cksyh osQ :i esa igpkuk tkuk pkfg, Fkk ;k fiQj egkjk"Vª osQ jkT;drkZ ejkBkvksa dh cksyh dks gh izeq[k ejkBh dk ntkZ gkfly gksuk pkfg, Fkk] tcfd ,slk ugha gSA Hkkjrh; vuqHko osQ vk/kj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd baXySaM osQ vaxs”z kh Hkk"kk osQ bfrgkl osQ vk/kj ij ekud Hkk"kk rFkk cksyh osQ laca/ esa fdlh fu"d"kZ ij ugha igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA


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xxx


blosQ vykok ftu laLÑfr;ksa esa tgka izeq[k jktuhfrd oxZ vDlj ,d xSj ns'kh Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa rFkk tgka lekt dk izeq[k oxZ cgqHkk"kh gS] ogka dh cksfy;ksa rFkk Hkk"kk osQ ckjs esa Bhd ls fopkj djuk gksxkA ;fn ge bl lehdj.k rFkk /kj.kk dks ,d rj-iQ j[k nsa vkSj ;g eku ysa fd Hkk"kk ,d ekè;e gS] tks vuqHko osQ fujarj foLrkfjr fo'o dks ekuo xzg.k osQ vuqowQy cukrh gS] rc cksfy;ka ekud Hkk"kk osQ fy, bl cksèk&izfØ;k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ miØe gksaxhA bl izfØ;k esa ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd fur u, vuqHko] ubZ laons uk,¡ rFkk izkphu ;knksa dks ,d lkFk ykus dh dksf'k'k dh tk,A gkyk¡fd bl ,dhdj.k dks izkIr djus osQ fy, cksfy;ksa dks vius vfLrRo rFkk igpku dks nk¡o ij yxkuk iM+rk gS o Hkk"kk dks le`¼ laons u'khyrk rFkk vfHkO;fDr dh {kerk iznku djuh iM+rh gSA cksfy;ksa osQ fcuk Hkk"kk ,d vFkZghu yacs le; rd osQoy rHkh >sysxk tc og viuh Hkk"kk ls tqM+dj xoZ eglwl djsxkA lfn;ksa ls ;wjksfi;u Hkk"kkfonksa us Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh osQ :i esa fdlh ewy Hkk"kk dk irk yxkus osQ vusd iz;kl fd, gSaA bu iz;klksa osQ ihNs ^Vkoj vkWiQ ckcsy* (Tower of Babel) dh ¯donarh FkhA ekuk tkrk gS fd ^Vkoj vkWiQ ckcsy* fo?kfVr gksus ij vla[; cksfy;ka vfLrRo esa vkbZ FkhaA dkykarj esa bu fiNM+h Hkk"kkvksa dks ekud Hkk"kk osQ vifjiDo :i esa ns[kk tkus yxkA oLrqr% ;s cksfy;ka vius vki esa vfLrRo rFkk fodkl dh fu'kkfu;ka gSaA cksfy;ka] Hkk"kk fofo/rk rFkk fiNM+h cksfy;ka gh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ izokg dks ÅtkZ iznku djrh gSaA izokg osQ gh feFkd osQ vkèkkj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd rFkkdfFkr eq[; Hkk"kk,¡ bl izokg osQ fdukjs gSa rFkk cksfy;ka gh eq[; izokg gSaA gesa de&ls&de bruk rks iz;Ru djuk pkfg, fd ;g izokg cgrk jgsA

lhekar vkok”ksa iwoZ&vkSifuosf'kd dky esa Hkk"kk ls lEcfU/r Kku&ehekalkvksa esa êkud Hkk"kk* rFkk ^cksyh* osQ laca/ esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh mPp&uhprk (inkuqØe) ugha FkhA Hkk"kk fofo/rk thou dk ,d LohÑr rF; FkkA lkfgR;dkj ,d gh Ñfr esa dbZ Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k djrs Fks rFkk n'kZd vFkok vkLoknd bls vklkuh ls Lohdkj fd;k djrs FksA egkHkkjr tSlk egkdkO; chloha 'krkCnh osQ vkjaHk rd dbZ Hkk"kkvksa rFkk laLdj.kksa esa miyCèk FkkA lkfgR; leh{kd tc bl laca/ esa fopkj djrs gSa rc os dbZ Hkk"kkvksa osQ lkfgR; dks lfEefyr djrs gSaA eè;dkyhu eqfu erax dk 'kSyh fl¼kar c`gn&ns'kh bl ckr dk ,d lVhd izek.k gS fd Hkk"kk;h fofo/rk dk fl¼kar lkekU; gSA vkSifuosf'kd dky esa Hkkjr dh dbZ Hkk"kkvksa dks eqfnzr Lo:i feykA blls iwoZ Hkh ys[ku dyk vfLrRo esa Fkh rFkk dbZ fyfi;ka ys[ku osQ fy, mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh FkhaA dkx”k Hkh fyf[kr lkexzh osQ iqueqZnz.k osQ lkèku osQ :i esa mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk FkkA blosQ ckotwn Hkh lkexzh eq[;r% ekSf[kd :i esa gh izpyu esa FkhA eqnz.k dh rduhd us ekSf[kd ijaijk dks {kh.k dj fn;kA ekSf[kd lkexzh osQ eqdkcys fyf[kr lkexzh dks vfèkd egÙo nsus tSls u, lkfgfR;d ekunaM r; fd, x,A lkfgR; osQ fy, mldk ,d Hkk"kk esa gksuk vfuok;Z ekuk x;kA bu fopkjksa rFkk vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk osQ pyrs Hkkjr esa Hkk"kkvksa dh fuf/ izHkkfor gksrh xb± ml Hkk"kk dks fuEu dksfV dk ekuk tkus yxk tks eqfnzr Lo:i esa miyC/ ugha FkhA


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xxxi

Lora=krk osQ i'pkr] Hkk"kkvksa osQ vk/kj ij Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;k rFkk mUgsa Hkk"kk;h jkT; dh igpku nh xb± ftl Hkk"kk dh viuh fyfi Fkh rFkk ftldk viuk eqfnzr lkfgR; Fkk] mls Hkkjr osQ la?kh; s Hkkjr dh ;FkkFkZ rLohj fn[kkbZ] ftls eSaus igys dHkh ugha ns[kk FkkA yksxksa us viuh Hkk"kk osQ ckjs esa fy[kus osQ esjs vkokg~u dks mRlkgiwoZd Lohdkj fd;kA bu ys[kdksa esa ,d vksj fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ oqQyifr gSa rks ,d lkekU; cl pkyd gSa] fo}kuksa osQ lkFk&lkFk jkLrksa ij HkVdrs xk;d gSa] dkuwu osQ j[kokys gSa rks dkuwu dks rksM+us okys Hkh gSa] iq#"k gSa rks efgyk,¡ Hkh gSa] cPps rFkk cwydrh gS] ftUgksaus vius fglkc ls gh r; dj fy;k osQ cf/j cPpksa osQ Ldwy oSQls pyk, tk,aA blh euksn`f"V dk izek.k gS fd Hkkjrh; iquokZl ifj"kn }kjk ekU;rk izkIr ch-,M- (fo'ks"k f'k{kk Jo.k ckè;rk) osQ ikB~;Øe esa yxHkx u osQ cjkcj (3 izfr'kr ls Hkh de) le; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ vè;;u osQ fy, lefiZr fd;k tkrk gSA blh rjg cf/j cPpksa osQ fo'ks"k fo|ky;ksa esa Hkh lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dks ih Hkk"kk vkSj lkaLÑfrd ewY; osQ lgHkkxh gksrs gSa] tks fd lquus okys yksxksa ls fHkUUk gksrs gSaA tc dh MsWiQ Ikhiy (vaxzsth dh NksVh Mh ls fy[ks tkus okyk deaf) esa Åij fy[ks cf/j lnL; rFkk os cf/j Hkh 'kkfey gSa tks lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dk izokgh iz;ksx u djrs gksa] ijarq fiQj Hkh lkaLÑfrd vkSj Hkk"kk;h :i esa muosQ vuqHko vyx gksrs gSaA bl vkys[k esa cf/j 'kCn esa ;s nksuksa rjg osQ ^MsiQ* 'kkfey gSaA


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xxxvi


izpfyr n`f"Vdks.k osQ pyrs ge Lo;a gh fodykax O;fDRk;ksa dh rjiQ ls ckr djus yxrs gSa] vkSj bl rjg mUgsa vkSj fu%'kDr o vleFkZ cuk nsrs gSaA bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g iQSlyk gqvk fd Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ ckjs esa cf/j yksxksa dh viuh vkok”k dks Hkh fdlh :i esa bl [kaM esa lfEefyr fd;k tk,A bl vfHkizk; ls ,d NksVh iz'ukoyh cuk dj] losZ{k.k dj bl fo"k; ij cf/jksa osQ fopkj ,d=k fd, x,A losZ{k.k esa cf/jksa dh ^vkokt* dks l'kDr izfrfuf/Ro nsus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr 6 iz'uksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k% 1- vkiosQ fopkj esa Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dk D;k Hkfo"; gS\ 2- Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk us vkiosQ thou dks oSQls cnyk\ 3- Hkkjrh; lkaoQs frd Hkk"kk osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk o lapkj rduhdksa (vkbZ-Vh-lh-)us vkiosQ thou dks oSQls csgrj fd;k gS\ 4- vkiosQ fopkj esa D;k lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk fopkjksa dks izdV djus osQ fy, vf/d laiw.kZ gS\ 5- ,sls dkSu&dkSu ls rÙo o dkjd gSa tks Hkkjrh; lkaoQs frd Hkk"kk osQ vkSj vf/d fodkl esa lgk;rk dj ldrs gS\a 6- Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk ls lacaf/r dksbZ vU; eqn~ns o fopkj ftl osQ ckjs esa vki ckr djuk pkgrs gSa\ fdlh vU; ladyu dh rjg ;g [kaM Hkh laiw.kZ ugha gS_ dbZ rjg osQ dkj.kksa ls bl [kaM esa Hkh osQoy lhfer bykdksa] fdLeksa] laLFkkvksa o fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa dks gh lfEefyr fd;k tk ldk gSA ge bl rF; osQ izfr Hkh lrdZ gSa fd ;gka nh tk jgh ekudhÑr Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] ftls baMks&ikfdLrkuh lkbu ySaXost (IPSL) Hkh dgk tkrk gS] osQ vfrfjDr Hkh Hkkjr esa vU; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk,¡ mifLFkr gksa vkSj ;gka nh tk jgh Hkk"kk ls fHkUu gksa] ijarq Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa dh lkaosQfrd Hkk"kkvksa dh lqcks/rk o nks n'kdksa ls py jgs Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ ekudhdj.k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd ;gka nh tk jgh Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa fofHkUu Hkkxksa osQ laosQrksa dks lfEefyr djus esa le>kSrk ugha fd;k x;k gSA ekudhdj.k vius vki esa cgqr yksdrkaf=kd izfØ;k ugha gS] ijarq blls cpk Hkh ugha tk ldrkA fdlh Hkk"kk fo'ks"k dks ekudhÑr cukus esa 'kq¼ Hkk"kk;h igyqvksa osQ vfrfjDr vkSj dkjd Hkh dk;Zjr gksrs gSAa mnkgj.k osQ fy, ekudhdj.k izfØ;k dk igyk pj.k&p;u vius vki esa lokZf/d fooknkLin vkSj jktuhfrd izfØ;k gS vkSj bldk izHkko vxys pj.kksa tSls fd lafgrkdj.k(dksfMfiQosQ'ku)] dk;ks± osQ foLrkj o fdlh fdLe fo'ks"k dh LohÑfr ij Hkh iM+rk gSA dqN gn rd i{kikriw.kZ ijarq bl vfuok;Z izfØ;k dks ns[krs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd cgqr laHkkouk gS fd bl [kaM esa izLrqr izdkj gh Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa ekudhÑr izdkj osQ rkSj ij mHkjsA ge vk'kk djrs gSa Hkfo"; esa gksus okys Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ dk;ks± esa fofHkUu izdkjksa dks bl ckj ls vf/d lko/kuhiwoZd lfEefyr fd;k tk,xk] og dk;Z blh [kaM dk la'kks/u gks ;k vU; Lora=k dk;±A vk'kk gS fd Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ ekStwnk fofHkUu eqn~nksa ij jks'kuh Mkyrh bu izfof"V;ksa ij fd;k x;k bZekunkj iz;kl csdkj ugha tk,xk o orZeku o Hkfo"; osQ fuekZrk fo}ku] dk;ZdrkZ] laLFkk,a o uhfrK vius&vius dk;Z esa fopkj&foe'kZ dj bl vkanksyu dks vkSj vf/d etcwrh iznku djsaxsA ;g rks Li"V gS fd ,sls [kaM dh vko';drk gS] ijarq ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd ,slk ladfyr dk;Z cgqr&lh lhekvksa dk lkeuk djrk gSA blfy, dqN dfe;ka Hkh jgh gksxha] ijarq gekjk ;g ekuuk gS fd bu lc osQ ckotwn ,d mÙke ifj.kke vkiosQ gkFk esa gSA tqykbZ 2013] ubZ fnYyh


rUe; HkV~Vkpk;Z

fganh vuqokn % lqfjanj ih-osQ- ja/kok

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vuqokndksa dh rjiQ ls

Hk

k"kk laLFkk }kjk djok, x, Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd losZ{k.k (ihiYl fyafXofLVDl losZ vkWiQ bafM;k) osQ 38osa [kaM ^Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk* osQ fganh esa vuqokn djus dh ft+Eesnkjh dks eSaus lg"kZ Lohdkj fd;k Fkk] ijarq tYnh gh eq>s ;s ,glkl gqvk fd ;g dk;Z bruk vklku ugha Fkk vkSj eSaus usgk oqQyJs"B dks Hkh bl dk;Z esa lg;ksxh cuk fy;kA usgk dk dk;Z {ks=k fyafXofLVDl gS vkSj fganh mldh ekr` Hkk"kk gSA geus vè;k;ksa dks ckaV fy;k&cf/j f'k{kk laca/h vkys[kksa dk vuqokn eSaus fd;k vkSj fyafXofLVDl laca/h vkys[kksa dk vuqokn usgk us fd;kA tks vkys[k geus Lo;a fy[ks Fks mudk vuqokn djus esa rks vf/d le; ugha yxk] ijarq nwljs ys[kdksa }kjk fy[ks x, vkys[kksa] fo'ks"kdj fyafXofLVDl osQ xgu fo"k;ksa dh izfof"V;ksa dk vuqokn djus esa cM++k gh ifjJe djuk iM+kA Hkk"kk }kjk 2015 esa fnYyh esa vk;ksftr dk;Z'kkyk osQ lkFk bl [kaM osQ vuqokn dk dk;Z Hkh vkjaHk gqvk vkSj ckn esa bl [kaM ds izdk'kd vksfj;aV CySdLokWu us gekjs }kjk Hksts x, vuqokn osQ izkjafHkd izk:iksa esa cgqr ls lq/kj crk, ftlls ;s Hkh lki+Q gks x;k fd fliZQ vFkZ dk gh vuqokn ugha djuk] cfYd okD; nj okD; vuqokn djuk gSA Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dh Hkk"kk;h fo'ks"krkvksa ij fganh esa lkexzh fcyoqQy gh miyC/ ugha gS vkSj lPpkbZ rks ;s gS fd vaxzsth esa Nik ;s [kaM Hkh cgqr cM+h igy FkhA fyafXofLVDl fo"k; dk Kku gksrs gq, Hkh mldh 'kCnkoyh dk fganh vuqokn djuk cgqr gh dfBu FkkA fganh esa mfpr 'kCnksa dks esa vk;k fd vuqokn djuk ,d u;k vè;k; fy[kus osQ leku gh gS] fopkj Hkys gh gekjs u gksa] ysfdu nwljh Hkk"kk esa oks fopkj oSQls mfpr rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd, tk,¡ fd Hkko u"V u gks] ;s Hkh ,d dyk gSA Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ izfr vke turk esa gh] ugha cfYd is'ksojksa osQ eu esa Hkh vHkh rd dbZ rjg dh Hkzkafr;ka cuh gqbZ gSa] blfy, bl dk;Z dks bl vis{kk osQ lkFk laiUu fd;k x;k gS fd ;s fganh esa vuqokfnr [kaM vf/d yksxksa rd igqaps vkSj bl Hkk"kk osQ izfr mRlkg vkSj mRlqdrk ckSrk fØ;k* (agreement verb) ;k ^fn'kkRed fØ;k* dgrs gSaA ;s fØ;k,a cgqrk;r esa lHkh lkaosQfrd Hkk"kkvksa rFkk Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa Hkh ns•us dks feyrh gSaA ,d le>kSrk ;k fn'kkRed fØ;k lzksr ls y{; dh vksj cwB cksyus dk laosQr ukd ijA buesa dksbZ Hkh LFkku lacaf/r lapyu djuk laHko ugha gSA blfy, bu laosQrksa dks lgk;d fØ;kvksa osQ lkFk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks lzksr vkSj y{; dks lwfpr djrs gSaA AUX fliQZ O;kdjf.kd laca/ksa dks n'kkZrk gS (^mlls eq>s*] êq>ls rqedks*] vkfn vuqokfnr fd, tk ldrs gSa) vkSj blls T;knk okD; esa dksbZ Hkh vFkZ ugha tksM+rk gSA AUX esa rtZuh maxyh nks LFkkuksa osQ chp esa Lisl esa ,d js•k •haprh gSA vkSj og eq[; fØ;k dk vuqlj.k djrh gS tSlk mnkgj.k (xiv) esa fn•k;k x;k gS_ vkÑfr 2-13 esa igyh rLohj ns•Aas AUX fn'kkRed fØ;k osQ lkFk Hkh ç;ksx dh tk ldrh gS tSlk fd (xv) fn•k;k x;k gS] ftlesa O;kdjf.kd Hkwfedk osQ fy, nksgjk fpUgkadu fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ vykok AUX osQ nks gkFkksa osQ laosQr ls ikjLifjd laca/ vfHkO;Dr gksrs gSa] ftlls nksuksa gkFk ,d nwljs osQ vkj&ikj tkrs gSa (tSls xvi)_ ikjLifjd AUX laosQr vkÑfr 2-13 dh nwljh vkSj rhljh rLohj esa fn•k, x, gSaA (xiv) I;kj 3aAUX3b ysfdu I;kj 3bAUX3a ugha ôks mls I;kj djrk gS ysfdu oks mls I;kj ugha djrh gSA*

02 Text pages (Hindi).indd 25

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26

(xv) ________________gk¡@uk 2enn1 2AUX1 lgh ^rqe esjh enn djksxs] gSa uk\* (xvi) tyu AUX-recip ykHk ugha gS ^,d nwljs ls tyus dk dksbZ ykHk ugha gSA*

vkÑfr 2-13%

AUX3b

3a

(igyh rLohj) vkSj

AUX-recip

(nwljh vkSj rhljh rLohj)

Hkk"kk osQ bfrgkl esa] Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa AUX rtZuh maxyh ls fodflr gqvk gSA eryc igys ,d LFkku dh rjiQ b'kkjk fiQj nwljs dh rjiQA ;|fi laosQr osQ dbZ çdkj vc O;kdj.k laxr gks x, gSa] vkSj mudk O;ogkj vc dgha T;knk tfVy gks x;k gSA fliQZ rtZuh dk b'kkjk Hkj ugha jgk gSA lgk;d fØ;kvksa dks O;kdj.k laxr cukus dh çfØ;k dk dbZ lkaosQfrd Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, o.kZu fd;k x;k gS (LVkbuckd vkSj iQkÅ 2007)] vkSj rtZuh maxyh osQ b'kkjs ls lgk;d fØ;kvksa dh lajpuk dk fodkl nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh ns•k x;k gSA

milagkj bl •aM esa nh xbZ lajpuk,a dbZ egÙoiw.kZ phtsa n'kkZrh gSA lcls igys] blesa dksbZ Hkh lansg ugha gS fd Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk iw.kZ :i ls] tfVy LokHkkfod ekuoh; Hkk"kk gS vkSj bldk Hkkjr esa lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ vkf/dkfjd ntsZ ij egÙoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk ,d vosQyh ,slh Lons'kh Hkk"kk gS tks laiw.kZ Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk gSA blfy,] mls laoS/kfud ekU;rk fnykus osQ fy, xgu ç;Ru fd, tkus pkfg, vkSj ;s ç;Ru bl •aM esa fn, x, Hkk"kk;h çys•u ij vk/kfjr gSaA ;s Hkh fcYoqQy Li"V gS fd Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dh lajpuk Hkkjr esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ls fHkUu gSA bldk Hkh Hkk"kk uhfr vkSj ;kstuk ij egÙoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA cf/j yksxksa }kjk lk{kjrk dkS'ky vftZr djuk] pkgs og vaxzsth esa gks] ;k fganh esa ;k fdlh Hkh vkSj Hkk"kk esa gks] dkiQh T+;knk eqf'dy gSA vxj Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ vk/kj ij lk{kjrk vè;;u osQ fy, ,d rqyukRed O;kdj.k uhfr viukbZ tk, rks lk{kjrk esa vPNs ifj.kke lkeus vk,axs D;ksafd f'k{k.k osQ nkSjku Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vkSj vU; Hkk"kk osQ chp O;kdj.k laca/h fHkUurk ij è;ku fn;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vkSj i deZ (O) > fØ;k (V)A gj Hkk"kk esa okD; osQ oqQN ewy çdkj gksrs gSa] tSls udkjkRed vkSj ldkjkRed okD;] ljy okD; vkSj ç'ulwpd okD;] gk¡@uk ç'u vkSj wh&ç'u okD;] vkfnA (a) ldkjkRed okD;ksa dk Øe% vkbZ,l,y esa lk/kj.k ldkjkRed okD;ksa dk Øe drkZ&deZ&fØ;k gSA tSls vkbZ,l,y vaxzsth

og osQyk •krk og •krk gS osQyk

(b) udkjkRed okD;ksa dk Øe% vkbZ,l,y esa udkjkRed okD;ksa dk Øe gS drkZ&deZ&fØ;k&udkjukA udkjus osQ fy, nks 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA vkns'kkRed okD;ksa esa vyx çdkj dk udkjkRed laosQr ç;ksx gksrk gSA vkbZ,l,y vaxzsth

og osQyk •krk ugha og ugha •krk gS osQyk

vkbZ,l,y vaxzsth

osQyk •kvks er er •kvks osQyk

(c) ç'ulwpd okD;ksa dk Øe% vkbZ,l,y esa ç'ulwpd okD;ksa dk Øe gS drkZ&deZ&fØ;k&ç'uA Hkk"kkvksa esa gk¡@ uk vkSj wh&ç'u gksrs gSaA vkbZ,l,y esa gk¡@uk ç'uksa dh vfHkO;fDr okD; dh fØ;k osQ lkFk nksuksa HkkSag dks mBkdj dj dh tkrh gSA wh&ç'uksa esa oqQN ç'u la;kstd gksrs gSa vkSj oqQN 'kCnksa osQ nks laosQr gksrs gSaA dkSu dc (fnu) dc (le;) dgka dkSu lk D;k D;ksa


psgjk$ç'u dc le;$ç'u LFkku$ç'u cgqopu laosQr$ç'u D;k D;ksa

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milagkj vkbZ,l,y osQ O;kdj.k esa Lisl dk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ;gka fn•k;k x;k gS fd O;kdjf.kd iq#"k] la[;k vkSj rks vkSj le; laca/h vfHkO;fDr Hkh Lisl ls tqM+h gSA blosQ vykok] dbZ lkjs okD;ksa esa Hkk"kk dh LFkkfud ço`fÙk osQ pyrs foHkfDr Nqih gqbZ gksrh gSA vkbZ,l,y esa brus vf/d egÙoiw.kZ O;kdjf.kd rRoksa osQ lkbfuax Lisl esa gksrs gq, vxj Lisl dks le>k u tk, ;k fiQj dksbZ Hkwy gks tk, rks bl Hkk"kk dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk le>us ls pwd tk,xkA ,d ckj Lisl dh ço`fÙk gekjs fnekx esa cSB tk,] fiQj vkbZ,l,y ,d Hkk"kk osQ :i esa oSQls dke djrh gS ;s le> esa vk tk,xkA geus 'kCn jpuk vkSj vyx vyx rjg osQ okD;ksa dh lajpuk osQ mnkgj.k ns•s gSa ,d cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx ftls ge ;gka iw.kZ :i ls lfEefyr ugha dj ik, gSa] og gSµgko&HkkoA ;s vkbZ,l,y lfgr fo'o dh lHkh lkaosQfrd Hkk"kkvksa esa cgqr gh fo'ks"k LFkku j•rs gSaA ;|fi] bl •aM esa laosQr ys•u vkys[k esa vkbZ,l,y esa gko Hkko osQ mnkgj.k ns•s tk ldrs gSaA

lanHkZ Bhattacharya, Tanmoy, and Hidam Gourashyam Singh. 2010. Space-Machine. In Proceedings of Episteme 4, Homi Bhaba Centre for Science, Mumbai (International conference to review Research on Science, Technology and Mathematics Education) Singh. Hidam Gourashyam. 2010. Incorporation in Indo-Pakistani Sign Language. MPhil dissertation, University of Delhi, Delhi. Sinha, Samar. 2003. A skeletal grammar of Indian Sign Language. MPhil dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. . 2013. A grammar of Indian Sign Language. Doctoral dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Zeshan, Ulrike. 1996. Aspects of Pakistan Sign Language. Sign Language Studies 92: 253–296. Philadelphia/ Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. . 2000. Sign language in Indo-Pakistan: A description in signed language, Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Zeshan, Ulrike, Madan Vasishta, and Meher Sethna. 2005. Developmental articles implementation of Indian Sign Language in educational settings. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal 6 vol. 16, no. 1.


7/4/2017 11:58:25 AM

4

if'peh {ks=k osQ LFkkuh; çfrfuf/ laosQr fu'kk xzksoj

çLrkouk

fi

Nys yxHkx iPphl lkyksa ls gh Hkk"kk oSKkfudksa dk #>ku Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vkSj mldh Hkkf"kdrk dh vksj cwyuk

ukd

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vkÑfr 6-13% 'kjhj osQ fofHkUu vaxksa dk fp=k.k lzksr% i•ZqLrZ] 2008@2010% 145-

milagkj ;s çfof"V lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dks fy•us vkSj mlosQ fçaV ehfM;k esa ç;ksx dk mi;qDr rjhdk is'k djrh gSA bl çfof"V dh 'kq#vkr esa gh ;s mYys• fd;k x;k Fkk fd vkt ys•u ç.kkyh ls Hkh dgha csgrj rduhosaQ miyC/ gSaA fofM;ks iQkby Hkstuk] fofM;ks pSV vkSj fofM;ks dkWy vkfn lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ mi;ksxdrkZvksa esa vc laçs"k.k osQ vke rjhosQ gSaA ;g ckr vc Li"V gS fd ;fn lgh rduhd miyC/ gks rks fofM;ks lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dks n'kkZus dk loksZÙke uk egÙoiw.kZ gSA jk"Vªh; fodykax foÙk ,oa fodkl fuxe (,u,p,iQMhlh)] lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/dkfjrk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] osQ fy, o mldh rjiQ ls fofHkUu ;kstukvksa osQ rgr fodykax Nk=kksa dks Nk=ko`fr iznku djus osQ fy, muls vkosnu i=k vkeaf=kr djrk gSA Jo.k ckf/r Nk=kksa dks blosQ lkFk midj.k vkfn [kjhnus osQ fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk Hkh nh tkrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] o"kZ 2012&13 esa ,d ;ksX; vkosnu i=k Ikj nksuksa dkuksa esa yxus okyh mPp rduhd okys Jo.k ;a=k rFkk muesa yxus okys lsyksa osQ fy, okf"kZd 50]000$30]000 #i;s okf"kZd] lsy iQksu osQ lkFk ,l-,e-,l- vkSj fle dkMZ osQ fy, 5000 #i;s] okbZ iQkbZ] CywVqFk lqfo/k okys ySiVkWi osQ fy, 70]000 #i;s fn, x,A vU; fodykax Nk=kksa dh rjg cf/j Nk=k Hkh Lukrd] LukrdksÙkj vkSj vè;;u (,e-fiQy@ih,p-Mh) fMxzh ;k is'ksoj@rduhdh@ O;olkf;d dkslZl dh fMxzh ;k fMIyksek osQ fy, ,e,ltsbZ }kjk nh tkus okyh 1000 #Ik;s izfr ekg Nk=ko`fr osQ fy, ;ksX; gSaA Ikjarq mPp Lrj ;k vfr mPPk Lrj dh Jo.k ckf/rk okys Nk=k] vU; rFkkdfFkr ^xaHkhj* fodykaxrkvksa lfgr d{kk 8 osQ ckn gh 700 #i;s izfr ekg dh Nk=ko`fr Ikj lkekU;@is'ksoj@rduhdh@ O;olkf;d dkslZ dj ldrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr tks Nk=k jk"Vªh; Nk=ko`fr ls iqjLÑr gksrs gSa mudh dkslZ dh vf/dre 10]000 #i;s dh IkQhl dh Hkh izfriwfrZ dh tkrh gSA ijarq] D;ksafd ,slh jk"Vªh; Lrjh; Nk=ko`fr;ksa dh miyC/rk cgqr lhfer gS (o"kZ 2012&2013 esa 1500 Fkh) cf/j Nk=kksa dh osQoy cgqr NksVh lh la[;k gh ,slh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk mBk ikrh gSA


7/4/2017 11:58:32 AM

lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk ,oa lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r dkuwu o uhfr;ka

93

fodykax O;fDr;ksa ls lacaf/r vkj{k.k ,oa lq/kj fodykax tu vf/fu;e] 1995(ihMCY;wMh ,DV&leku volj] vf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k ,oa iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh) osQ rgr vuqHkkx 39 esa fodykax Nk=kksa osQ fy, lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa@laLFkkuksa@ dkWystksa esa 3 izfr'kr lhVsa vfuok;Z :i ls vkjf{kr gSa vkSj bl laca/ esa le;≤ ij fofHkUu ljdkjh laxBuksa (,e,pvkjMh] ,e,ltsbZ fodykax O;fDr;ksa osQ eq[; vk;qDr] fo'ofo|ky; foÙk vk;ksx) ijke'kZ ,oa ifji=k tkjh djrs jgrs gSaA fodykax O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr ;s lhVsa fodykaxrk dh lHkh Jsf.k;ksa osQ fy, [kqyh gSa] tcfd jkstxkj esa fjfDr;ksa dk vkj{k.k fodykaxrk dh osQoy pkj Jsf.k;ksa osQ fy, gSA blosQ vykok] vkjf{kr lhVksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu fodykaxrk dh Jsf.k;ksa esa ugha ckaVk tk ldrkA Lukrd] LukrdksÙkj] ,e-fiQy- rFkk ih,p-Mh- lHkh fMxzh o fMIyksek dkslks± esa izos'k osQ fy, de&ls&de rhu izfr'kr lhVsa vkjf{kr j[kuh vfuok;Z gSaA fodykax Nk=kksa osQ fy, f'k{k.k vf/xe lkexzh (Teaching Learning Material, TLM) rFkk ijh{kk fy[kus vkfn dks lqxe cukus osQ fy, mfpr vuqowQyu djus osQ fy, le;≤ ij ijke'kZ rFkk ifji=k tkjh fd, x, gSaA blh rjg fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; us ifji=k la- ,XT+kke-VI/daMDV@MCy;wih@2011@ us Ikjh{kk lq/kj uhfr osQ rgr vU; osQ lkFk&lkFk bl ckr dks Hkh igpkuk fd ijh{kk fy[kus okys cf/j Nk=kksa dks lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ nqHkkf"k;s fn, tkus dh vko';drk gSA ,d egÙoiw.kZ dne ysrs gq, ,e,ltsbZ us ,d vkns'k (la-30&17@2010&MhMh&III fnukad 9 ekpZ] 2012)] osQ rgr vkjlhvkbZ osQ lnL; lfpo dks fofHkUu lkoZtfud LFkkuksa] voljksa] laLFkkuksa esa vko';d lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ nqHkkf"k;ksa dk loZs{k.k djus osQ fy, fu;qDr fd;k rFkk bl m¼s'; osQ fy, nqHkkf"k;ksa dk ,d lewg cukus osQ fy, Hkh dgkA lkFk gh] lHkh fo'ofo|ky;kas esa lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ foHkkx [kksyus vkSj lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk nqHkkf"k;s rS;kj djus osQ dkslZ 'kq: djus osQ vkns'k fn,A Hkkjr ljdkj us vks-,e-la- 36035@1@89& bZ,lVhVh- (,llhVh) fnukad 20@11@1989 osQ rgr lewg ^lh* ,oa ^Mh* osQ inksa esa inksUufr osQ fy, fodykax O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k Hkh izLrkfor fd;kA lkekftd U;k; o vf/dkfjrk ea=kky; us Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lHkh ea=kky;ksa@foHkkxksa osQ lkFk ijke'kZ djus osQ ckn vf/lwpuk la- 16&70@2004&Mh-Mh- III fnukad 18-01-2007 esa fodykax O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, lewg ^,* rFkk ^ch* osQ igpkus gq, inksa dh rFkk fnukad 15-03-2007 dks lewg ^lh* rFkk ^Mh* osQ inksa dh lwph tkjh dhA dkfeZd ,oa izf'k{k.k foHkkx us vksiu vks-,e-la- 36035@3@2004& bZ,lVhVh- (vkjbZ,l) fnukad 29@12@2005 osQ rgr fodykax O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, fjfDr;kas esa vkj{k.k dks dk;kZfUor djus laca/h lHkh vkns'kksa dks lesfdr fd;k gSA

xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa rFkk cf/j leqnk;ksa@Dycksa dh Hkwfedk bfrgkl bl ckr dk xokg gS fd lkaosQfrd Hkk"kkvksa osQ laj{k.k dk eq[; nkf;Ro lnk ls gh cf/j leqnk;ksa rFkk cf/j yksxksa osQ Dycksa Ikj jgk gSA cf/j fc[kjh gqbZ vkcknh gS rFkk cgqr ls cf/j] fo'ks"kr% xzkeh.k bykdksa osQ] fcuk fdlh cf/j Dyc ;k cf/j leqnk; dh lehirk osQ cMs+ gksrs gSa vkSj bl rjg mfpr lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ fodkl] cf/j laLÑfr rFkk cf/j igpku ls oafpr jg tkrs gSaA lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk n`f"V dks lqyHk gksus osQ dkj.k izkÑfrd :Ik ls ,d cf/j O;fDr dh izFke Hkk"kk gksrh gS D;ksafd vf/drj cf/j cPps lquus okys ekrk&firk osQ ?kj IkSnk gksrs gSa ftUgsa lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk ugha vkrhA blfy, lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk,¡ cf/jksa dh ,d ihk dh gS vkSj Hkkjr osQ ;qok cf/jksa dk l'kDrhdj.k 'kq: gks x;k gSA ;qok cf/j yksxksa osQ dbZ lkjs {ks=kh; o jkT; Lrj osQ laxBu gSa] tSls&MsiQ ;wFk iQkmaMs'ku (MhokbZ,iQ)] ;qok ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ MsiQ (okbZ,Mh)] ejkBokM+k ;wFk osyisQ;j ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ n MsiQ (,eokbZMCy;w,Mh)A Ikjarq xkaoksa esa cf/jksas dks dksbZ Hkh leFkZu izkIr ugha gSA vkWy bafM;k isQMjs'ku vkWiQ n MsiQ (,vkbZ,IkQMh) vkSj LFkkuh; laxBuksa dks xzkeh.k cf/jksa dh rjiQ Hkh è;ku nsuk pkfg, rFkk muosQ fodkl dh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg,A

fnYyh IkQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqeu (Mh,iQMhMCy;w) (1973) fnYyh IkQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqeu ,d LoSfPNd lkekftd laxBu gS ftls rhu cf/j efgykvksa& eqfDr mIiy] jSus oqQfj;u] rFkk egky{eh fVDowQ usµ'kf'kiky osQ lkFk] ekpZ 1973 esa 'kq: fd;kA bl laxBu dk eq[; m¼s'; Fkk mudh (efgykvksa dh) lgk;rk djuk rkfd os viuh lgk;rk dj losQaA Mh,IkQMhMCy;w fnYyh esa cf/j efgykvksa osQ fy, dbZ xfrfof/;ka lapkfyr djrk gS o Ikzf'k{k.k nsrk gS ftlesa LojksT+kxkj ;kstuk] rduhdh f'k{kk] lkekftd IkquokZlu rFkk dbZ vkSj dke 'kkfey gSaA

ewd&cf/j eaMy oM+ksnjk (,ech,e) (1972) ewd&cf/j eaMy oM+ksnjk dh LFkkiuk ve`rHkkbZ ikfj[k us ,d lkekftd bdkbZ osQ :i esa cf/j leqnk; vkSj eq[;èkkjk&osQ chp dh nwjh dks de djus osQ fy, dh FkhA ,ech,e us gj cf/j dks f'k{kk] lk>snkjh rFkk l'kDr gksus osQ fy, eap iznku fd;k gSA jksT+kxkj ,oa O;olk; laca/h ijke'kZ dks lqxe cukdj O;olk; izf'k{k.k] f'k{kk rFkk nqfu;k esa gks jgs fodkl dh lwpuk Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa miyC/ djkdj] ,ech,e us cgqr ls cf/j yksxksa osQ thou esa IkfjorZu yk;k gSA ,ech,e us xqtjkr esa cf/j l'kDrhdj.k osQ {ks=k esa dbZ iFk izn'kZd dk;Z fd, gSa tSls fd Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dk 'kCndks'k cukuk o mldk izdk'ku djuk] ?kjksa esa cf/j cPpksa osQ lkFk laizs"k.k osQ fy, vfHkHkkodksa dk Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa izf'k{k.k RkFkk b'kkjk iQkmaMs'ku dh ,d 'kk[kk [kksydj vaxzsth Hkk"kk osQ f'k{k.k dks miyC/ djkukA ,ech,e [ksyksa osQ ekspsZ ij Hkh lfØ; gS vkSj ;qok cf/jksa dks fofHkUu [ksyksa tSls fd 'krjat] ,FkysfVDl] cSMfeaVu rFkk fØosQV esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gSA ,ech,e us Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa fiQYesa cukdj cf/jksa osQ euksjatu esa cM+k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA mudh fiQYeksa esa cf/j dykdkj dke djrs gSa vkSj fiQYesa vyx&vyx 'kSfy;ksa tSls fd ,D'ku] dkWesMh] gkWjj rFkk lkekftd tkx:drk tSls fo"k;ksa ij cuh gSa19A efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dks ihNs u NksM+rs gq, ,ech,e dh Vhe efgykvksa ls lacaf/r eqn~nksa ij dbZ dk;Zdykiksa dk vk;kstu djrh jgrh gSA bl le; ,ech,e dh xfrfof/;ksa osQ eqf[k;k jkts'k osQrdj gSaA 19- ifjf'k"V I esa Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dk Ikz;ksx djosQ cukbZ xbZ fiQYeksa dk fooj.k gS ftlesa ,ech,e }kjk fufeZr fiQYesa Hkh lfEefyr gSaA


7/4/2017 11:58:34 AM

cf/j yksxksa osQ laxBu

113

ckWEcs IkQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqEku (Ckh,iQMhMCy;w) fnYyh IkQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqEku dh jSus oqQfj;u osQ ekxZn'kZu esa oqQN cf/j yksxksa osQ lkFk ckWEcs IkQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqEku (Ckh,iQMhMCy;w) dh LFkkiuk 4 fnlacj] 1983 dks gqbZA nhik fojaxdj] v#.kk ojkndj] coqQyk nyky RkFkk v#.kk oSn~;k fgUnq fte[kkuk gkWy esa egkjk"Vª dh cf/j vkSjrksa dks ,dtqV djus osQ fopkj ls yxHkx 65 cf/j vkSjrksa dks bdV~Bk djus esa liQy gks xb±A ;g vkWy bafM;k iQkamMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqeu (ftldk fiNyk uke us'kuy iQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqeu Fkk) osQ lkFk lacaf/r gks xbZaA ch,iQMhMCy;w us ^dfBu ifjJe o ilhuk cgkvks* dh uhfr o ;kstuk osQ lkFk vkSj dM+h esgur osQ fy, vius vkidks n`s tkudkjh nh vkSj mUgksaus ,dne mfpr le; ij eq>s vfHku;niZ.ka dk çdkf'kr laLdj.k fn;k] blds lkFk gh eSa fo|k jko dh Hkh vkHkkjh gw¡ fd mUgksaus Hkkjrh; laxhr ,oa u`R; dyk çn'kZu dh ijaijk esa tks n{krk çkIr dh gS oks esjs lkFk lk>k dhA /U;okn ds ik=k rUe; HkV~Vkpk;Z vkSj fgne xkSj';ke flag Hkh gSa ftUgksaus lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk ds lanHkks± dks pquus esa esjh enn dhA laLÑr ds 'kCnksa ds fy, tks fyI;arj.k ds fy, uksV% eSaus laLÑr ls jkseu fyI;arj.k osQ fy, ç;ksx fd, tkus okys vke fpg~uksa dk gh ç;ksx fd;k gS] flok; nh?kZ Lojksa osQ] ftUgsa vke Loj fpg~u ftlesa Loj ds vkxs folxZ% yxkdj n'kkZ;k tkrk gS osQ ctk; nksgjs Lojksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vk (aa) nh?kZ @v%@ bZ (ii) nh?kZ @b%@ Å (uu) nh?kZ @m%@


7/4/2017 11:58:34 AM

lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vkSj Hkkjr esa dyk çn'kZu ijaijk esa laosQru

129

èkkfeZd ijaijkvksa esa eqæk Hkh dgk x;k gSµfo'ks"k :i ls nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh rkaf=kd ijaijk esaµHkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; dh çeq• ijaijkvksa esa mPp Lrjh; foLr`r ç.kkyh osQ :i esa fodflr gks jgh gSA22 nwljh vksj] lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk iw.kZ :i ls ,d Hkk"kk gS tks ;wfuolZy O;kdj.k (UG) (lkoZHkkSfed O;kdj.k) osQ fu;eksa dk ikyu djrh gS rFkk ;wfuolZy O;kdj.k osQ rgr lajpuk vkSj vFkZ ls tqM+h lhekvksa dk lkeuk djrh gS vkSj lkFk gh] ,d ls vf/d ok.kh&leqnk;ksa esa ;s ek=k lkSan;Z ;qDr laçs"k.k osQ fy, ugha] cfYd viuh mi;ksfxrk osQ fy, ç;ksx gksrh ns•h tk ldrh gSA gkykafd lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vkSj u`R; esa ç;ksx gksus okys mPp Lrjh; 'kSyh osQ b'kkjs] nksuksa gh vfHkO;fDr dh n`f"V ls cgqfo/ gSa ysfdu fdlh Hkh dyk çn'kZu dh ijaijk esa ç;ksx fd, tkus okys b'kkjksa vkSj cf/j leqnk;ksa esa laçs"k.k osQ fy, ç;ksx gksus okyh lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa ekSfyd fHkUurk gSA igys okyh dk O;ofLFkr vè;;u mldh laçs"k.k laca/h lajpuk vkSj lkSan;Ziw.kZ lkexzh tks fd rkaf=kd ijaijk esa eqæk uked fo'ks"k 'kkjhfjd foU;klksa ls tqM+s vkè;kfRed vk;keksa esa ls ,d cgqr fHkUu ;|fi T;knkrj lacaf/rµvk;keksa ls tqM+h gSaA ogha nwljh] igys okyh dh rjg fcyoqQy Hkh vLi"V ugha gks ldrh_ ;s LokHkkfod Hkk"kk osQ {ks=k ls lacaf/r ekuh tkrh gS vkSj blfy, Li"V vFkZ ugha Hkh rks] lHkh çklafxd ck/kvksa vkSj Li"Vrkvksa osQ v/hu gksus dh ifjdYiuk dh tkrh gSA

Hkkjr esa lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk µ ewy /kj.kk,a vc Hkkjrh; ;k baMks&ikd lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ fooj.k vkSj f'k{k.k ij egÙoiw.kZ lkfgR; miyC/ gS (tsIlu 1991_ oqMokWMZ 1993_ t+h'kku 2000] 2003_ iQkÅ vkSj t+h'kku 2003)A cgqfo/ LoHkko lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dk ,d cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ y{k.k gS% gkFkksa ls lacaf/r laosQr vkSj gko Hkko ls lacaf/r laosQr tSlsµpsgjs osQ Hkko vkSj 'kjhj dh eqæk osQ fo'ks"k iSjkehVj] lekukarj Lrj ij pyrs gSaA egÙoiw.kZ fHkUurkvksa osQ lkFk] ;s gkFkksa dh eqækvksa esa] psgjs osQ fo{ksi] vkSj Hkkjrh; u`R; ls tqM+s rFkk nwljh dykRed ijaijk dh 'kkjhfjd eqækvksa vkSj lapyu esa >ydrs gSa] tSlk fd eSaus fiNys Hkkx esa lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vkSj ckn dh ijaijk osQ chp ewy fHkUurk dks n'kkZ;k FkkA uhps fn, x, vkbZih,l,y (IPSL) osQ oqQN y{k.k gSa ftudk Hkkjrh; dykRed laosQr ç.kkyh ls rqyuk vkSj çklafxdrk osQ mís'; ls ;gka mYys• fd;k x;k gSA

vk;ke ;k lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa Lrj t+h'kku (2000] 2003) vkbZih,l,y (IPSL) esa laosQru osQ fofHkUu vo;oksa dk fooj.k uhps fn, vuqlkj nsrh gSa% laosQr % ftlosQ vo;o fuEufyf•r gSa % gkFk osQ laosQr] xBu osQ fofHkUu iSjkehVjksa osQ lkFk% gkFk dk vkdkj] mPpkj.k dk LFkku] lapyu (iFk lapyu vkSj vkrafjd lapyu)] mUeq•hdj.k vkSj gko Hkko ls lacaf/r vo;o eqag dh cukoV] eqag dk b'kkjk vkSj psgjs osQ Hkko] 'kkjhfjd eqæk] flj dk mUeq•hdj.k vkSj vk¡•ksa dh VdVdhA 22- Hkkjrh; vkè;kfRed /kj.kkvksa vkSj euq"; cuke fnO; igaqp esa laosQrksa osQ nk'kZfud egÙo dh çLrkouk ds fy, uk;j (1993) ns•saA


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gkykafd] ,sls laosQr 'kCn&okD; lajpuk osQ Lrjksa ij le>s tkrs gSa] vkSj blfy, ,d Lrjksa dk lewg ;k vk;ke vkWVkslsXesaVy Loj foKku (xksYMfLeFk 1990) ftlesa Lojksa dk cgqLrjh; s tkrs gSaA ;s Lrj ;k vk;ke laosQrksa osQ vkSj muosQ Hkkxksa osQ esy dh uhao gSa] ysfdu tSlk fd cksyus okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa Lojksa osQ :i osQ lkFk gksrk gS] ;s Hkh laosQr fd, x, okD;ksa osQ Åijh foU;kl ls esy ugha •krs gSaA

izn'kZudkjh laosQru ls rqyuk osQ eq[; çk:i oxhZdj.k (VkbiksykWftdy) fcanq vkbZih,l,y (IPSL) lfgr lkaosQfrd Hkk"kkvksa dk viuk fof'k"V çk:i oxhZdj.k gksrk gS tks ekSf[kd (;k fyf•r) Hkk"kkvksa ls dkiQh fHkUu gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; çn'kZudkjh laosQr ç.kkyh tSls eqæk (gkFk osQ laosQr) vkSj psgjs@vaxfo{ksi esa ik, tkus okys çk:i oxhZdj.k vkSj Hkh fHkUu gSaA bu egÙoiw.kZ fHkUurkvksa dks fnekx esa j• dj vkbZih,l,y osQ izk:i oxhZdj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ij ppkZ djuk mi;ksxh gksxkA laoQs r osQ Hkkxksa dh ledkfydrk] 'kkfCnd vkSj :i foKku nksuksa osQ Lrj ij cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ gS (t+h'kku 2003%158)A ^'kCn lajpuk* oxhZdj.k osQ vuqlkj] vkbZih,l,y esa oqQN i`Fkd djus okys (tSls ,d 'kCn] ,d fopkj) y{k.k gSa vkSj dkiQh la[;k esa O;qRifÙk ç.kkfy;ka (tSls ewy 'kCn esa oqQN la'kks/u djosQ mlls u, ysfdu lacfa /r 'kCn curs gS)a A ekSf[kd ;k fyf•r Hkk"kk esa ,slk dksbZ Hkh çR;; ugha gksrk] ;|fi ^lHkh :i foKku ,d ;k lHkh xBu ekudksa esa ledkfyd ifjorZu osQ }kjk ekus tkrs gSAa * laoQs r jpuk yxHkx ges'kk gh O;qRifÙk dk ifj.kke gksrh gSA muesa oqQN laHko viokn gks ldrs gSa tSls fn'kk lac/ a h laoQs r] fo'ks"k :i ls ^rqe*] êS*a ] ôks@dksb*Z tks fn'kk ls vfHkO;Dr gksrs gSAa vkÑfr 16-1 esa ^vkea=k.k* fØ;k dks blh çdkj dh fn'kk ls vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA t+h'kku (2003%176)

vkÑfr 16-1% fn'kk laca/h laosQr (êSa fdlh dks vkeaf=kr djrk gw¡* vkSj ^dksbZ eq>s vkeaf=kr djrk gS*)

pkgs lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa gks ;k Hkkjrh; laosQr ijaijk osQ çn'kZudkjh laosQr] le; laca/h fpg~u fØ;kRed laosQrksa (ekSf[kd Hkk"kk esa fØ;k }kjk n'kkZ, tkrs gSa) ij fpg~fur ugha gksrs_ bldh ctk; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa ;s le; laca/h laosQrksa }kjk fn•k, tkrs gSa (t+h'kku 2000% 91&92)A çn'kZudkjh laosQru esa laosQrksa dk ,d çdkj dk Øe gksrk gS] ,slk gh Øe] ysfdu leku yphysiu osQ lkFk çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ Øe esa Hkh gksrk gS ftlesa lkis{k izfrHkkfx;ksa dh Hkwfedk,a] eksVs rkSj ij O;ogkfjd :i ls gh vuqekfur dh tkrh gS (t+h'kku 2000] 2003)A ;|fi fØ;k@voLFkk osQ laosQr vf/dka'kr% nksuksa esa gh var esa fd, tkrs gSa] tks fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh vf/dka'k ekSf[kd Hkk"kkvksa] ftlesa fØ;k var esa vkrh gS] osQ vuq:i gSA rFkkfi izn'kZudkjh laosQru esa Hkh laosQrksa ds Øe dh O;qRifÙk vf/dka'k :i ls xk;s tkus okys ;k 'yksd okys xzaFkksa ls gqbZ gSA


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Hkkjrh; çn'kZudkjh ijaijk esa eqæk vkSj laosQr osQ vU; lk/uµ ewy /kj.kk,a laLÑr dk ewy 'kCn êqæk* iwjs nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa lkaÑfrd /jksgj osQ rhu vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa ç;ksx gksrk gS% (i) Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; esa ç;ksx gksus okys gkFkksa osQ laosQrksa dks n'kkZus osQ fy,] tks bl ys• dk osQaæ fcanq Hkh gSaA (ii) fganw] ckS¼ vkSj rkvks /eks± dh vkè;kfRed ijaijkvksa vkSj izfrU;kl foKku esa ç;ksx gksus okys vyaÑr] çrhdkRed vkSj vuq"Bku laca/h laosQrA (iii) dukZVd laxhr osQ {ks=k esa tks fd Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr (nf{k.k Hkkjr esa mRiUu) dh nks ç.kkfy;ksa esa ls ,d egÙoiw.kZ ç.kkyh gSA (i) Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; osQ {ks=k esa tks eqæk gS mlosQ y{k.k mijksDr fn, x, nks {ks=kksa dh eqæk osQ leku gh gSa] fiQj Hkh vius O;kdj.k vkSj çk;ksfxdrk esa cgqr gh vyx gSaA blfy,] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] /kfeZd le:irk vkSj è;ku laca/h vkpj.k esa eqækvksa dk foU;kl vke rkSj ij larqfyr] O;fDr&fo'ks"k ,oa fLFkj gkFkksa }kjk (dbZ ckj 'kjhj) gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; esa rks eqækvksa osQ iwjs ifjokj gh gSa tks fd fHkUu çdkj osQ vyaÑr lapyuksa vkSj 'kjhj osQ vkluksa osQ lkFk fd, tkrs gSaA bl Hkkx osQ 'ks"k miHkkxksa esa (i) ls lacaf/r gkFkksa dh eqækvksa osQ oqQN eq[; çdkj vkSj y{k.kksa osQ ckjs esa tkusaxs vkSj psgjs vkSj vaxfo{ksi osQ ckjs Hkh tkusaxsA ckxph (2010)

gkFkksa osQ laosQr ;k Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; vkSj çn'kZu ijaijk esa eqæk ç.kkyh eqæk ls lacaf/r vke ^'kCnkoyh* ;k vkSj lVhdrk ls dgk tk,] vyx&vyx eqækvksa vkSj eqækvksa osQ ifjokj ls lacaf/r ^'kCnkoyh* Hkjr eqfu }kjk jfpr çkphu Hkkjrh; xzaFk ukVÔ'kkL=k ls ç;ksx esa vkbZ gS vkSj ,sfrgkfld :i ls yxHkx 3 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ls 2 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ls vkt rd ekuh tkrh gSA lkFk gh] Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; dh ijaijk esa eqækvksa vkSj psgjs ls lacaf/r vaxfo{ksi ij ,d cgqr Lej.kh; fuca/ uanosQ'oj (ftuosQ ewy lzksr dk irk ugha gS] ysfdu oqQN yksxksa }kjk ekuk x;k fd os yxHkx 3 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa Fks) }kjk jfpr ,d 'kkL=kh; ikB vfHku;niZ.ka ('kkfCnd vFkZ gS ^vfHku; dk niZ.k] vfHku;@vaxfo{ksi*)A eqækvksa osQ igys cM+s oxZ&tks dHkh&dHkh ,d eqnzk ifjokj ls vkxs Hkh tkrk gS dks nks cgqewY; Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSµ(i) lE;qDr&gLr ('kkfCnd vFkZ ^;kstd gkFk*) eqæk,¡] ftuesa nksuksa gkFkksa dks feykdj ,d eqæk cukbZ tkrh gS vkSj (ii) vlE;qDr&gLr ('kkfCnd vFkZ ^vyx gkFk*) eqæk,¡] tks vyx&vyx gkFkksa ls vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSa (nksuksa gkFk nwjh ij j•dj)A uanosQ'oj us vius fuca/ esa vlE;qDr&gLr çdkj dh vV~BkbZl eqækvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS vkSj lE;qDr&gLr çdkj dh pkSchl eqækvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;|fi] ;s eqæk,¡ ,dy eqækvksa osQ lewg dks ifjokjksa esa ckaVus vkSj mu ifjokjksa dh x.kuk djus dh ctk; eqnzkvksa osQ lHkh ifjokjksa esa 'kkfey gksrh gSaA ukVÔ'kkL=k ,oa vfHku;niZ.ka esa nh xb± oqQN pfpZr eqæk,¡ bl çdkj gSa%

îrkdk* (>aMk) eqæk irkdk ;k >aMk eqæk] Hkjr osQ ukVÔ'kkL=k esa eqækvkssa osQ 'kCndks'k esa mfYyf•r igyh eqæk gS tks okLro esa chl ls Hkh vf/d fo'ks"k gLr laosQrksa dk ifjokj gS ftudh lajpuk ,dleku gSA ,d ;k nksuksa gkFkksa dh maxfy;k¡ lh/h vkSj ,d lkFk gksrh gSa] gFksyh osQ ikl vaxwBk Hkh rtZuh osQ rys dh rjiQ >qdk gqvk gksrk gS (lkse'ks•jh 2007)] ftlls dh gj gkFk yxHkx >aMs osQ vkdj esa (laLÑr esa irkdk) curk gSA irkdk ifjokj esa fHkUu&fHkUu eqnzkvksa ls fHkUu fHkUu ladYiuk,a O;Dr dh tkrh gSa] buesa ls oqQN gSaµû`R; dk vkjaHk ¹vè;k;º*] ^ckny*] ^taxy*] ^jkf=k*] ûnh*] ^gok*] ^lM+d esa ços'k djuk*] ^njoktk •ksyuk*] ^vk'khokZn ¹fdlh dksº*A


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^lwph* (lqbZ) eqæk lwph ;k lqbZ eqæk eqækvksa dk og ifjokj gS tks ukVÔ'kkL=k tSlh Ñfr;ksa esa eqækvksa osQ 'kCndks'k esa nwljs LFkku ij vkrk gSA bu lc esa tks pht leku gS og gS ,d ;k nksuksa gkFkksa dh ,d maxyh Åij dh rjiQ •qyh gqbZ] (ifjokj dh dkSulh fo'ks"k eqæk ij fuHkZj)] ckdh maxfy;k¡ vanj dh rjiQ eqM+h gqbZ vkSj vaxwBk Hkh eqM+k gqvkA eqæk dk ;g ifjokj Hkh dbZ ladYiukvksa dks n'kkZrk gS tSls ^fdlh dks MkaVuk*] ^pksVh cukuk*] ^fparu*] ^qdko osQ lkFk ^cM+s@cqtqxZ dks lquus* dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA23 #fpdj ckr ;s gS fd] nks fofo/ çdkj osQ ^lquus* osQ lanHkZ esa tks gkFkksa osQ LFkku osQ chp varj gSA oSlk gh varj dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa f}rh;&iq#"k osQ lanHkZ esa Hkh gksrk gS% çkphu vaxzsth esa nkvks (thou de vkSipkfjd) cuke ;w (you igys] T;knk vkSipkfjd_ vc dh vk/qfud vaxzsth esa vosQyk gh f}rh; iq#"k loZuke esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS)] teZu esa (Du) nw cuke lh, (Sie)] vkSj Úsap rw (tus) cuke oksml (vous) blh fHkUurk dks n'kkZrs gSa] ysfdu dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ laLÑr vkSj ikyh lfgr dbZ vU; çkphu Hkk"kk,¡ blh çdkj dh nksrjiQk fHkUurk dks n'kkZrh gSa] lkFk gh Hkkjr dh oqQN vk/qfud Hkk"kk,¡ f}rh; iq#"k loZukeksa esa rhu rjiQk ls ikap rjiQk fHkUurk n'kkZrh gSaA blfy,] ^lquus* dh eqæk T;knkrj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ laçs"k.k osQ vk;keksa vkSj lkekftd çlaxksa osQ lkekftd Hkk"kk foKku esa ç;ksx gksus okys eq[; y{k.k dks n'kkZrh gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd bl lanHkZ esa bldh O;qRifÙk ikjaifjd ekSf[kd Hkk"kkvksa ls gqbZ gS vkSj lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa bldk dksbZ vuq:i ugha gSA

^paædyk* eqæk (v¼Zpaækdkj) paædyk eqæk HkjrukVÔe (vatfy 2008) esa ç;ksx gksus okyh fo'ks"k eqæk gS] ftldk vFkZ ^v¼Zpaækdkj* gksrk gSA vkjaHk esa bldh eqæk lwph eqæk tSlh gksrh gS] ysfdu ckn esa vaxwBs dks ckdh gkFk ls nwj djosQ Åij dh rjiQ •hapdj j•k tkrk gS ftlls vaxwBk vkSj rtZuh oqQN v¼Zpaækdj (oqQN gn rd dks.kh;)osQ vkdkj esa fn•rs gSaA ^paædyk* eqæk fuEufyf•r ladYiukvksa osQ fy, ç;ksx gksrh gS% ^paæ*] ^psgjk*] ^v¼Zpaækdj oLrq,a*] ^vaxwBs vkSj rtZuh osQ chp dh nwjh*] ^Hkxoku f'ko osQ flj dk v¼Zpaæ* ^xaxk unh*] ^xnk (gfFk;kj)*A mYys[kuh; gS fd ^paæ* dk çrhd osQoy oLrqr% :i esa gh ugha cfYd cgqvk;keh :id osQ :i esa Hkkjr osQ 'kkL=kh; vkSj yksd dyk çn'kZudkjh ijaijkvksa esa ç;ksx gksrk gSA

ûVjkt* (u`R; osQ nsork) eqæk fganw iaFk osQ Hkxoku f'ko çk;% Hkkjrh; eafnjksa dh çfrek fo|k vkSj ewfrZ;ksa esa uVjkt osQ :i esa n'kkZ, tkrs gSa] ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS û`R; osQ nsork@jktk] tks cgqr gh fo'ks"k 'kkjhfjd foU;kl esa gksrs gSa] ftUgsa Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; ijaijk esa urZdksa }kjk vyaÑr eqnzk esa çk;% vfHkuhr fd;k tkrk gSA okLro esa] uVjkt osQ :i esa f'ko lHkh fHkUu çdkj dh eqækvksa osQ ç.ksrk ekus tkrs gSaA blfy, mÙkjh dukZVd esa cknkeh esa ,d çfl¼ iRFkj dks dkV dj cukbZ xbZ ,d ewfrZ gS tks vV~Bkjg Hkqtkvksa okys uVjkt dks n'kkZrh gS ftlesa gj Hkqtk ls ,d fHkUu çdkj dh eqæk n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA tks oqQy feykdj 92 ¾ 81 fHkUu vlE;qDr&gLr eqækvksa dks tUe nsrh gSaA ;g vkerkSj ij] 'kkL=kh; u`R; ijaijk esa urZd osQ ck,¡ iSj dks nkfgus ij vkM+k gok esa mBkdj j• osQ vkSj nkfgus gkFk dh gFksyh dks n'kZdksa dh 23 fo'ks"k :i ls bl fcanq ds fy, eSa fo|k jko dh vkHkkjh gw¡A


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rjiQ irkdk eqæk esa vkSj ckb± gFksyh dh maxfy;ksa dks uhps dh vksj ,d dks.k ij nkb± osQ uhps j•dj n'kkZbZ tkrh gSA ;s çfrfnu dh dykÑfr;ksa esa vkerkSj ij fn•k, x, pkj Hkqtkvksa okys uVjkt osQ :i esa n'kkZ, x, f'ko dks oqQN gn rd n'kkZrh gSA

fp=k 16-3% mÙkjh dukZVd esa cknkeh esa fofHkUu vlE;qDr gLr eqækvksa dks n'kkZrh gqbZ f'ko (uVjkt) dh ewfrZ (iQksVks% egars'k lh- eksjkckn)

vfHku;% psgjs dh Hkko Hkafxek ç.kkyh =ksaosQyck• (2004) osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R;ksa tSls HkjrukVÔe] dFkdyh] oqQfpiqM+h vkSj eksfguhvV~Ve esa vfHku;] Hkko Hkafxek dh cgqr le`¼ ç.kkyh] mudk ,d cgqr gh fo'ks"k Hkkx gSA blosQ nks fo'ks"k Hkkx gSa jl] ;kfu vuqHkwfr vkSj Hkko] ;kfu LoHkkoA jl osQ vuqlkj] psgjs dh fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkko Hkafxek,a (vkSj nwljs 'kkjhfjd vfHkO;fDr vkSj eqæk) urZd }kjk n'kkZbZ tk ldrh gSa%

(i) Ükàxkj ^çse yhyk* µ çse yhyk ;k dkeqd çse dks n'kkZrk gqvk

(ii) gkL; ^galh* µ [kq'kh vkSj çeksn dks n'kkZrk gqvk

(iii) Øks/ ^xqLlk* µ xqLlk n'kkZrk gqvk

(iv) ohHkRl ^vkrad* ;k ^?k`.kk* µ vkrad ;k ?k`.kk dks n'kkZrk gqvk


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(v) Hk; ^Mj* µ Mj ;k ng'kr n'kkZrk gqvk

(vi) ohj ôhjrk* µ 'kfDr vkSj lkgl dks n'kkZrk gqvk

135

(vii) d#.kk ^nq%•* µ (laosnuk) nq%• dks n'kkZrk gqvk (viii) vn~Hkqr ^ftKklq] vuks•k* µ vk'p;Z ;k ftKklk dks n'kkZrk gqvk

(ix) 'kkar ^'kkafriw.kZ* µ 'kkafr n'kkZrk gqvkA

buesa ls izR;sd jl] Hkko osQ lkFk feydj ,d u`R; izlax esa vfHku; osQ Øe osQ fofHkUu ^Úse* cukrs gSa] tks ,d dgkuh lqukrs gSa ;k fdlh nsork ;k çfl¼ O;fDr osQ thou dh >yd çLrqr djrs gSaA oqQN urZd] eqæk lfgr lfØ; u`R; dh rqyuk esa vfHku; dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSa] ogha nwljs] ,d gh ijaijk osQ u`R; tSls HkjrukVÔe ;k vksfM'kh u`R; esa u`R; vkSj eqækvksa ij vfHku; ls T;knk è;ku osaQfær djrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; yksd dyk ijaijk esa laosQr vkSj 'kkjhfjd Hkk"kk Hkkjrh; dyk çn'kZu dykvksa esa rFkkdfFkr ^NksVh ijaijkvksa* esa Hkh foLr`r laosQru vkSj xfrd izFkk,a (kinesic conventions) gksrh gSa ysfdu budk laosQr ç.kkfy;ksa osQ varxZr O;ofLFkr :i ls vè;;u fd;k tkuk ckdh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Hkkjr dh lwiQh çn'kZu dyk esa is'k dh tk jgh Ñfr osQ rky] euksn'kk ,oa fo"k; osQ vuqlkj gkFkksa osQ foLr`r b'kkjksa osQ lkFk ?kqokonkj 'kkjhfjd lapyu vkSj dHkh&dHkh iSjksa dk rhoz lapyu gksrk gSA cgqr lh lkefjd (ek'kZy) dykvksa vkSj Hkkjr osQ egÙoiw.kZ vkfnoklh u`R; tSlsµNkm] dykfji;Vw vkSj jscs'ksa dykckft;ksa vkSj lefUor] mPp Js.kh ds vyaÑr lapyu ls fpg~fur gSa] ftlls ;g dyk,a Lo;a dks pqycqyh izfr;ksfxrk vkSj lg;ksxh ,dtqVrk tSlh lkeqnkf;d vfHkO;fDr;ksa dh O;k[;k iznku djrh gSa tks fd eq[;/kjk osQ nckoksa osQ rgr yxkrkj lhekarhdj.k (marginalisation)] foyqfIr vkSj cfg"dkj osQ fujarj [krjs esa gSaA bl lanHkZ esa] budk lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk ls ,d rjg dk fj'rk gS_ tSlk dh bl [kaM osQ dbZ vU; ys[kksa esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dks vHkh Hkh fojks/ vkSj lhekarhdj.k osQ lkFk la?k"kZ djuk iM+ jgk gSA

laçs"k.k vkSj lkSan;Z'kkL=k dk lfEeJ.k% çn'kZu laosQru osQ fy, ifjlaifÙk ijarq lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk osQ fy, mÙkjnkf;Ro\ oqQN o"kZ igys] eSa mu n'kZdksa osQ lewg esa 'kkfey Fkh ftuosQ lkeus xzhu(2001) us psgjs osQ Hkkoksa osQ n`'; O;wg dks çLrqr fd;k Fkk] ftuesa O;wg osQ fofHkUu vk;keksa osQ lkFk laçs"k.k vkSj lkSan;Z'kkL=k dh f}fo/rk dks Hkh ns•k tk ldrk Fkk% psgjs osQ izR;sd Hkko dk ,d fo'ks"k çs"k.k'khy dk;Z gksrk gS( tSls [kq'kh] nq%•] la=kkl]----] vkfn dh vfHkO;fDr)] tcfd O;wg dh çR;sd iafDr dk ifjorZu ,d /kjkçokg] lkSan;Z dks è;ku esa j•dj laxfBr fd;k x;k fofHkUu vfHkO;fDr;ksa dk ,d vck/ Øe gSA Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; esa] eqæk vkSj vfHku; leuq:i rjhosQ ls la;qDr fd, tkrs gSa% ,dkdh gkFkksa osQ laosQr] nwljs lapyuksa osQ lkFk la;qDr fd, tkrs gSa vkSj psgjs ls lacaf/r vaxfo{ksi ,d Øe esa] ysfdu fuckZ/ ifjorZu tks fd lkSan;Ziw.kZ çnf'kZr ^/kjkçokg* çs"k.k'khy fØ;kvksa dk l`tu djrk gSA gkykafd] lkekU; :i ls lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk


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136


vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls vkbZih,l,y osQ lanHkZ esa ,slk ^/kjkçokg* laçs"k.k LokHkkfod Hkk"kk dh lajpuk dks vLi"V djus dh ps"Vk ugha dj ldrk_ gkykafd] ,d fo'ks"k lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa] cf/j dkO; çn'kZu bl lhek dks ikj dj nsrk gS vkSj ;g ikj djuk gh çn'kZu dks lp esa dkO;xr cukrk gSA

fyax laca/h fo'ks"krkvksa dks ikj djuk% fofHkUu fyaxksa esa Hkwfedk fuHkkus laca/h eqnzk,a rFkk lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dh Js.kh fu"i{krk fofHkUu Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R;ksa esa eqæk,a T;knkrj ,d fo'ks"k vkdkj osQ lkFk ,d fo'ks"k 'kSyh vkSj 'kkjhfjd gko Hkko esa iq#"k vkSj L=kh dykdkjksa }kjk fofHkUu çdkj ls O;Dr gksrh gSaA #fpdj ckr ;s gS fd bu fo'ks"k eqækvksa dk çn'kZu & lkekU; rkSj ij iq#"kksa }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fd;k Hkh tkrk gS] ftlesa oqQN le; osQ fy, iq#"k dykdkjksa }kjk èkkj.k fd, x, L=kh :i ;k fdlh u`R; dM+h esa Hkwfedk fuHkkuk ftlesa ,d dgkuh gks (tks fliQZ vuq"Bku laca/h /kfeZd u`R; ugha gSa ;k la{ksi esa u`R; 'kSyh dks n'kkZus okys ikjaifjd u`R; ugha gSa) dks çdV djrk gS_ vkSj blosQ foijhr L=kh dykdkjksa }kjk Hkxoku f'ko ;k Ñ".k tSls fnO; iq#"k uk;d ;k jktk ;k fliQZ ,d iq#"k lgpkjh dk çn'kZuA blfy, HkjrukVÔe] vksfMlh ;k dRFkd tSls Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R;ksa esa fyax ls ijs Hkwfedk fuHkkus osQ fy, ftu lk/uksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gS muesa eqækvksa dk cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ;s LokHkkfod gS fd dykdkj] L=kh ;k iq#"k] }kjk fyax laca/h fo'ks"krkvksa dks ikj djus osQ çdj.k esa vkSj urZd dh lgh vk;q dks ikj djus esa Hkh vfHku; dh vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA mnkgj.kr;k] vfHku; vkSj eqæk osQ la;kstu ls gh] ,d ;qok L=kh dykdkj ,d vuqHkoh fnO; iq#"k dk fdjnkj mrus gh çHkko'kkyh k djuk lquus okyksa dh rqyuk esa cf/jksa dks dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha cPpk yM+dk iSnk gksxk ;k yM+dh osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh f'k'kq dks viuh ekr`Hkk"kk ^Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk* vkuh pkfg, UkkSdfj;ksa rFkk vU; dk;kZsa osQ fy, bl O;kid Hkk"kk dks lh[kuk pkfg, Ekka vkSj cPps osQ chp esa ns[kjs[k vkSj tqM+ko egÙoiw.kZ vkSj vfuok;Z gS Ekfgykvksa dks ifjfpr o liQy gksus osQ fy, dM+k ifjJe djuk pkfg, vius fodkl o mRFkku osQ fy, efgykvksa dks nwljksa osQ laioZQ esa jguk pkfg, Lora=k gksus osQ fy, efgykvksa dk cSad vkfn dk dk;Z lh[kuk

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152

Ø-l22 23

fiQYe dk uke Okk; ,l,e,l bt baiksVs±V\ Ukks gjh bu xksbax vkmV

24

Okk; jkbfVax bt baiksVs±V\ 0-04-25

25

0-01-32

26 27

OkkWbl dkWy olZl ,l,e,l fjp olZl Ikwvj IkzsQaMyh Vw dE;qfufV

28

yo LVksjh

0-08-00

29

yo ihiy

0-08-07

30

lR;eso t;rs bu lkbZu 0-13-00 ySaXost jSi lksaWx Fkzw lkbZu ySaXost 0-09-00

31

vof/ 0-07-00

laf{kIr fo"k; oLrq ,l,e,l cf/jksa osQ fy, laisz"k.k dk ,d ekè;e

0-04-25

dke dks le; ij djsa u fd tYnckT+kh esa] D;ksafd mlls dke [kjkc gks ldrk gS fy[kus ls 'kCnkoyh cksiM+h ^?kj* dk laosQr djsa fiQj ck,¡ gkFk dks yacor Åij ls uhps nk,¡ gkFk osQ vkl ikl rhu fn'kk esa ?kqek,a

cxhpk Ô* osQ vkdkj esa nk,¡ gkFk dks ukd ls /hjs /hjs uhps ykrs gq, •ksy nsa fiQj gFksyh dks Åij dh rjiQ djosQ nksuksa gkFkksa dks vkM+k foijhr fn'kk esa ?kqek nsa

xk¡o nksuksa •qys gq, gkFkksa dks ,d nwljs dh rjiQ lhus osQ Lrj ij djosQ ,d nwljs dh rjiQ yk,a vkSj vyx djsaA ;g fØ;k nks ckj nksgjk,aa

'kgj nk,¡ gkFk dks dVksjs osQ vkdkj esa ckgj dh rjiQ rhu fn'kk esa ?kqek,¡


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166


jkT; ^GJ* dk cukdj fiQj eækl dk laosQr djsa fiQj nk,¡ gkFk dks dVksjs osQ vkdkj esa ckgj dh rjiQ rhu fn'kk esa ?kqek,¡

cktkj nk,¡ gkFk dh rtZuh vkSj chp dh maxyh dks ^L* osQ vkdkj esa cus ck,¡ gkFk osQ chp esa ?kqlk,¡ vkSj Åij ls uhps fgyk,a fiQj lhus osQ Lrj ij vUnj dh vksj ls ckgj dh vksj ?kqekrs gq, yk, ^fHkUu* dk laosQr djsa

taxy îats* osQ vkdkj esa cus nk,¡ gkFk dks îats* osQ vkdkj esa cus ck,¡ gkFk osQ ihNs dej osQ Lrj ij [khpsa] fiQj ^fHkUu* dk laosQr djsa] fiQj îsM+* dk

e#LFky nk,¡ vkM+s gkFk osQ vaxwBs dks lHkh maxfy;ksa ij f?klsa fiQj êSnku* dk laosQr djsa


7/4/2017 11:58:38 AM

ifjf'k"V 2

167

eSnku nk,¡ •qys gkFk dh gFksyh dks uhps dh vksj djosQ lhus osQ Lrj ij ck,¡ ls nk,¡ dh rjiQ vkM+k ?kqek,a

igkM nk,¡ eqM+s gkFk dh gFksyh dks uhps dh vksj djosQ Åij dh rjiQ tkrk cM+k lk oØ cukdj nkb± rjiQ rhu ckj ?kqek,¡

leqæ îkuh* dk laosQr djsa] fiQj îkap* osQ vkdkj esa nksuksa gkFkksa dh gFksfy;ksa dks uhps dh vksj lhus osQ Lrj ij ckgj dh rjiQ ygjksa dh rjg fgykrs gq, ys tk,a

rkykc îkuh* dk laosQr djsa fiQj nk,¡ gkFk dh rtZuh dks lhus osQ lkeus •qys vkM+s gkFk osQ Åij pØ dh rjg ?kqek,a


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168


iqy nk,¡ gkFk dh maxfy;ksa osQ fljksa dks ck,¡ vkM+s gkFk] gFksyh uhps dh rjiQ] osQ uhps nks ckj FkiFkik,a] fiQj lh ^C* osQ vkdkj esa cus nk,¡ gkFk dks ck,¡ gkFk ij dksguh ls gFksyh dh rjiQ yk,a

unh îkuh* dk laosQr djosQ nksuksa •qys vkM+s gkFkksa dks dej osQ Lrj ij ,d nwljs dh vksj j•sa vkSj vkxs dh rjiQ oØ cukdj ?kqek,a

lnhZ (B.M) nksuksa eqV~Bh can gkFkksa dks ,d nwljs dh rjiQ lhus osQ Lrj ij j•dj lefer :i ls lkFk esa fgyk,a

xehZ nk,¡ gkFk dh eqM+h gqbZ rtZuh dks ekFks ij ?kqek,¡ fiQj ^lwjt* dk laosQr djsa


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ifjf'k"V 2

169

ckfj'k îkuh* dk laosQr djosQ nksuksa gkFkksa ls ikap cuk,a flj vkSj dU/ksa osQ Åij uhps yk,a

>juk îgkM+* dk laosQr djosQ nksuksa gkFkksa dks ,d nwljs dh rjiQ j•dj yacor :i ls Åij ls uhps ygjksa osQ vkdkj esa yk,a

fdukjk îsM+* dk laosQr djosQ ê#LFky* dk laosQr djsa

gok nk,¡ gkFk dks •ksydj eqag osQ uhps j•dj iQwosQa

vkdk'k nk,¡ gkFk dh rtZuh dks flj osQ Åij ck,¡ ls nk,¡ ?kqek,¡

lwjt dVksjs osQ vkdkj esa nk,¡ gkFk dks flj osQ Åij osQ Lrj ij nkb± rjiQ j•dj fgyk,a


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170


pk¡n nk,¡ gkFk dks Û* osQ vkdkj esa flj osQ Åij frjNk ?kqek,a

flrkjk nk,¡ gkFk dks dU/ksa vkSj flj osQ Åij j•sa] vaxwBk] rtZuh vkSj chp dh maxfy;ksa dks tksM+dj ckgj dh rjiQ caMs dh rjg j•sa fiQj gkFk dks vUnj ckgj ?kqek,a

isM+ nkb± yacor ckag dks >aMs dh rjg j•sa nk,¡ gkFk dh maxfy;ksa dks •ksydj fgyk,a


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200


fHkUu nksuksa gkFk ls ^V* dk vkdkj cuk,a vkSj lhus osQ Lrj ij ?kqek ?kqek dj ckgj dh rjiQ ys tk,a

lkai nk,¡ eqM+s gq, gkFk dks] gFksyh ckgj dh rjiQ djosQ nk,¡ da/s osQ ikl j•sa

fxurh nk,¡ •qys gkFk dks vUnj dh vksj djosQ lhus osQ Lrj ij j•sa] vkSj dfu"dk ls 'kq: djrs gq, vaxwBs ls gj maxyh dks Nq,¡

eækl rhu maxfy;ksa dks ekFks ij j•sa fiQj ck,¡ ls nk,¡ ?kqek,a


7/4/2017 11:58:43 AM

Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk ,oa MsiQ LVMht laca/h lanHkZ&xzaFk lwph (ladyu % lej flUgk)

Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk,¡ Aboh, Enoch, et al. 2005. When a wh-word is not a wh-word: The case of Indian Sign Language. In The Yearbook of South Asian languages & linguistics, ed. Rajendra Singh and Tanmoy Bhattacharya, 11–43. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Azad, Yasmin A. 2004. Education of hearing and speech impaired. In Encyclopedia of Indian education, ed. J. S. Rajput, 1: 772–778. New Delhi: NCERT. Cross, J. 1977. Toward a standardized sign language in India. Gallaudet Today 8: 26–29. Culshaw, Murray. 1983. It will soon be dark…the situation of the disabled in India. New Delhi: Lithouse Publications. Dasgupta, Mausomi. 1988. A psycholinguistic study of the expressive vocabulary of hearing impaired children between the Ages of 5 to 8 Years. Unpublished MPhil dissertation, University of Delhi. Deshmukh, Dilip., ed. 1997. Sign language and bilingualism in Deaf education. Ichalkaranji, India: Deaf Foundation. Deshmukh, Dilip. 1994. The status of sign language in deaf education in India. Signpost 7.1: 49–52. Gopalakrishnan. V. 1998. Sign language: A deaf person’s hope and vision for the future. In Listening to sounds and signs, ed. P. Immanuel, et al. 81–86. Bangalore: Books For Change. Hidam, Gourashyam Singh. 2010. Incorporation in Indo-Pakistani Sign Language. Unpublished MPhil dissertation, University of Delhi. Indian Sign Language Dictionary. 2001. Coimbatore: Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Printing Press. Jepson, Jill. 1991a. Two sign languages in a single village in India. Sign Language Studies 20.70: 47–59. . 1991b. Urban and rural sign language in India. Language in Society 20: 37–57. . 1991c. Some aspects of deaf experience in India. Sign Language Studies 20.73: 453–459. Julka, Anita and Sabu M. Gibu. (to appear). Identity or Impasse: Access to quality education for children with hearing impairments. New Delhi: NCERT (ms.). Mathew, Rosmin and Samar Sinha. 2005. Agree in Indian Sign Language. Paper presented at Fifth Asian GLOW Conference, 2005, New Delhi.


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Mazumdar, Nirmalaya Kumar. 1972. A preliminary study on consanguinity and deafness. Indian Journal of Medical Association 88.3: 78–83. Narang, Vaishna. 2004. Sign language: Issues and challenges ahead. JSL, Spring 2004: 47–157. Richa. 2003. Reflexives in Hindi-Urdu and Indian Sign Language. Unpublished MPhil dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Sharma, Onkar. 1995. Sign language—controversy—status. All India Federation of the Deaf Newsletter Dec. 1995. 2. New Delhi. Sinha, Samar. Index in sign language: An interface requirement in search of features. Sikkim University. . Review of Sign language in Indo-Pakistan: A description of a signed language by Ulrike Zeshan. Jawaharlal Nehru University. . (ms). Sublexical structure of Indian Sign Language. Jawaharlal Nehru University Sinha, Samar and Richa. 2006. The Manner of incorporation of incorporation of manner in Indian Sign Language. A paper presented at the First SCONLI, Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad. Sinha, Samar. 2003. A skeletal grammar of Indian Sign Language. MPhil dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. . 2005. (ms.) Classifiers in Indian Sign Language. Jawaharlal Nehru University. . 2006. Pronoun does not climb trees. Paper presented at National Seminar on Language and Interfaces, University of Delhi. . 2006. Towards empowering Indian Sign Language. Paper presented at 28th All India Conference of Linguists, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. . 2008. A grammar of Indian Sign Language. in Ph.D. thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. . 2010. Classifier doubling in Indian Sign Language. Poster presentation at Conference on sign linguistics and deaf education in Asia, Chinese University, Hong Kong. . 2011. P in Indian Sign Language. Poster presentation at the FEAST Colloquium, Venice, University of Venice, Italy. . 2013. Phonetics of sonority in Indian Sign Language. Poster presentation at Conference on sign linguistics and Deaf education in Asia, Chinese University, Hong Kong. Vasishta, M., J. Woooward, and K. Wilson. 1978. Sign language in India: Regional variation within the deaf population. Indian Journal of Linguistics 4. 2: 66–74. Vasishta, Madan and Meher Sethna. 1994. Clubs for deaf people in India. In The Deaf way: Perspectives from the international conference on Deaf culture, ed. Carol J. Erting, et al. 532–4. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Vasishta, Madan, J. Woooward and Susan DeSantis. 1981. An introduction to Indian Sign Language (Focus on Delhi). New Delhi: All India Federation of the Deaf. . 1985. An introduction to the Bangalore variety of Indian Sign Language. Gallaudet Research Institute Monograph, No. 4. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. . 1986. An introduction to the Bombay variety of Indian Sign Language. Gallaudet Research Institute Monograph, No. 4. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. . 1987a. An introduction to the Calcutta variety of Indian Sign Language. Gallaudet Research Institute Monograph, No. 4. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. . 1987b. Indian Sign Language. In Gallaudet encyclopedia of Deaf people and deafness, ed. J. V. van Cleve, 3. 79–81. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Vasta, Rajendra Singh. 1972. History of the education and training of the Deaf-Mutes in India 1884–1915. Teacher Education 6.4: 23–36. Victor, P. 1982. Pre-school education and parent counselling for integration in India. In Proceedings of the international congress on education of the Deaf in Hamburg, ed. Herber Feuchte, et al. 1980, 2: 152–66. Heidelberg: Groos.


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lanHkZ&xzaFk lwph

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vaxzsth] 95] 96] 112] 114] 115] 118&12] 126] 132] 144] 147 vdcj] 3 vesfjdu lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] 3] 65] 66] 78] 94] 101 vesfjdh gLr o.kZekyk] 49lkj.kh vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn (,vkbZlhVhbZ)] 91 vf[ky Hkkjrh; cf/j egkla?k (,vkbZ,iQMh)] 70] 111] 115 vf[ky Hkkjrh; cf/j la?k] 96] 102 vfHku; o Hkko Hkafxek] 134&35 vFkZ laca/h {ks=k] 11&12 vyhiqj xk¡o] 8] 77&85 f}Hkk"kh f'k{kk] 82&83 osQ cf/j fuoklh] 80fp=k esa cf/jrk dh i`"BHkwfe] 77&78 esa cf/jksa dh f'k{kk vkSj lk{kjrk] 82&83 dh lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] 77&85 esa lkaosQfrd vkSj ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx] 80&81 dk lkekftd&Hkk"kk;h fooj.k] 80&81 esa {ks=k dk;Z] 79 vyhiqj lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk (,ih,l,y)] 8] 77&85 ladVkiUu Hkk"kk osQ :i esa] 81&82 vyh ;koj tax us'kuy baLVhV;wV IkQkWj n fg;fjax gSUMhosQIM] 103] 118 vYila[;d Hkkf"kd vf/dkj] 88 vkuan] feyh] 108

03 Index (hindi).indd 209

vkeksydj] nkeksnj] 113 vkWy bafM;k MsiQ vkVZ ,aM dypjy lkslkbVh (fnYyh)] 113 vkWy bafM;k MsiQ cSad ,EiykbZbTk ,lksfl,'ku (,MhchbZ,)] 116 vkWy bafM;k iQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqeu] 113 vkWy bafM;k isQMjs'ku vkWiQ n MsiQ (,vkbZ,iQMh)] 94] 95] 111] 115 vkWy bafM;k lasVªy xouZeasV ,Eiykbt ,lksfl,'ku] 116 vkWy bafM;k LiksV~lZ dkmafly vkWiQ n MsiQ (,vkbZ,llhMh)] 111] 116 bafM;u tuZy vkWiQ fyafXofLVDl] 102 bafM;u MsiQ ;wFk iQksje (fnYyh)] 95] 115 bafM;u MsiQ lkslkbVh] 94] 111 bafM;u lkbu ySaXost baVjizsVjt ,lksfl,'ku (vkbZ,l,yvkbZ,)] 103 bafnjk xk¡/h jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; (bXuw)] 74] 95] 104] 115] 122 bankSj LowQy] 5 b'kkjk iQkamMs'ku] 74] 96] 112 mIiy] eqfDr] 112 mnwZ] 79] 80 ,Mkeksjkscs lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] 78

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210

vuqozQef.kdk

,cfyVh IkQkmaMs'ku] 96 ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ lkbu ySaXost baVjizsVjt (,,l,yvkbZ)] 103 deUT+k dk Hkk"kk;h ijLij fuHkZjrk ra=k] 66 dkVk dksyksd lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] 78 dkYifud laosQrksa dh i¼fr] 5 osQrdj] jkts'k] 46] 112 fdjd (MkW-)] 101 oqQfj;u] jSus] 112] 113 oqQyJs"B] usgk] 103] 106 fØf'p;u CykbaM fe'ku] 103 xqtjkrh gLr o.kZekyk] 47lkj.kh xqtjky] vkbZ- osQ-] 11 xsjV] esfjcsy] 66 xSyqMs fo'ofo|ky;] 95] 101] 102] 143 xksYMu&ehMks] 143&45 X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk] 91] 104 xzkeh.k Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] 4 xzkeh.k lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk,a] 78 xzkltka] izQkafll] 67 ?kkVs] MkW- izHkk] 102 paædyk eqæk] 133 phuh Hkk"kk] 126 fpg~u 'kkL=k] 126] 127 pkseLdh] 143 teZu] 122] 126] 132] 133 t+h'kku] myfjosQ] 7&9] 18] 21] 23] 29] 43] 78] 95] 102] 103] 129] 130 oYMZ ,Vyl vkWiQ ySaXost LVªDplZ] 18 fVDowQ] egky{eh] 112 fMlaSfVl] lqT+ku] 7] 102 MsiQ ,aVjVsuesaV] 115 MsiQ ,usCyM ,tqosQ'ku lasVj (MhbZbZlh)] 114


MsiQ ,usCyM IkQkamMs'ku (MhbZ,IkQ)] 96] 114 MsiQ ,usCyM :jy fMosyiesaV lasVj (MhbZvkjMhlh)] 114 MsiQ ;wFk iQkmaMs'ku (MhokbZ,iQ)] 112 MsiQ os 74] 94&96] 103] 111] 114] 115 MsiQ os] ubZ fnYyh] 114 MsiQ os] gSnjkckn] 96] 114 rkokDoqQyh] T+kky] 113 rqdhZ lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] 11 =ksaosQyck[k] 134 n vkWy bafM;k isQMjs'ku vkWiQ n MsiQ (,vkbZ,iQMh)] 111&12 nyky] coqQyk] 113 fnYyh ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ n MsiQ] 94 fnYyh IkQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqeu (Mh,iQMhMCy;w)] 112 ns'keq[k] fnyhi] 95 f}Hkkf"kd o f}lkaLÑfrd (Bi-Bi) i¼fr] 67 uVjkt eqnzk] 133&34 fuxe] lkfo=kh] 111 fu%'kDr tu vf/fu;e (ihMCy;wMh) 1995] 91 fu%'kDr O;fDr (leku volj] vf/dkj laj{k.k] vkSj Ikw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh) vf/fu;e 1995] 89] 90 us'kuy baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ fg;fjax gSaMhosQIM (,uvkbZ,p,p)] 94 us'kuy ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ n MsiQ (,u,Mh)] 94] 103] 113 us'kuy IkQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqeu (,u,iQMhMCY;w)] 113] 116 uks,Mk MsiQ lkslkbVh] 74] 94&96] 120] 122 iatkch] eksfudk] 103 irkdk ;k >aMk eqæk] 132 ikaMk] flckth] 8] 77 ikfj[k] ve`rHkkbZ] 112 ikyh] 133 Ikzksxzke vkWiQ ,D'ku (ihvks,) 1992] 91 ç'u ;k f'k•j eqæk] 132&33 ctkt baLVhV;wV vkWiQ yfu±x nsgjknwu] 5

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vuqozQef.kdk

cf/j varjkZ"Vªh; lIrkg] 115 cf/j f'k{kk] 5] 65] 67&70] 72&73] 84] 94&96] 114 Hkkjr esa bfrgkl] 72&73] 95 Hkkjr esa laHkkouk,a] 95&96 cf/j laKku] 144&45 esa varj vkSj lekurk] 144&45 vkSj laLd`fr dh fHkUurk] 144 cf/j gkL;] 107&8 cf/jksa dh nks izo`fÙk;ka] 65 ckaXyk] 67] 132 ckbfyaXoqvy ,osQMeh] bankSj] 94 ckWEcs IkQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ MsiQ oqEku (Ckh,iQMhMCy;w)] 113 ckjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk] 91 cky osQafnzr KkuktZu i¼fr] 89 csy] vysDtsaMj xzkge] 72 fczfV'k lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] 3] 69] 70] 107 fczfV'k gLr o.kZekyk] 48lkj.kh Hkjr eqfu] 107] 125] 126] 131 dk ukVÔ 'kkL=k] 107] 125] 126] 131 Hkkjr&ikd@baMks&ikfdLrkuh lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk (vkbZih,l,y)] 4] 7] 9] 29] 38] 43] 59] 102] 128&30] 136] 137 Hkkjrh; iquokZl ifj"kn] 73&75] 90] 91] 95] 114 Hkkjrh; cf/j ;qok IkQksje (vkbZ-Mh-okbZ-,iQ-)] 70 Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk yksd loZs{k.k] 44 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh èkkjk&29] 88&89 Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] esa vfHkO;fDr fØ;k,a] 32&33 dh mRifÙk] 3 dk ,sfrgkfld fodkl] 101&5 esa tfVy okD;] 21&23 esa fn'kkRed vkSj lgk;d fØ;k,a] 24&26 esa udkjkRedrk] 18&21 esa ifjokj lwpd laosQr] 10&11 osQ if'peh {ks=k osQ laosQr] 43&44 dk cf/jksa osQ thou ij izHkko] 118&20 dk Hkfo";] 121&22 Hkkoh laHkkouk,a] 95&96 vkSj ekSf[kd Hkk"kkvksa esa varj] 4 dk okD; foU;kl] 13&1


211

esa okD;ka'k] 40&41 esa 'kCn jpuk] 35&40 dh 'kCnkoyh] 8&13 }kjk f'k{kk] 120 esa laosQrksa dk vFkZ {ks=k] 11&12 esa la[;k laosQr] 8&10 osQ lkekU; 'kCn] 13lkj.kh esa lkekU; vkSj T;kferh; 'kCn] 13lkj.kh esa Lisl] bdkb;ka vkSj Øe] 29&42 esa Lisl lacaf/r O;kdj.k] 23&25 vkSj gkL;] 106&9 esa WH iz'u] 17&18 Hkkjrh; lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vuqla/ku ,oa izf'k{k.k osQanz (vkbZ,l,yvkjVhlh)] 74] 75] 90] 94] 96] 104] 115] 119] 122 ejkBokM+k ;wFk osyisQ;j ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ n MsiQ (,eokbZMCy;w,Mh)] 112 ejkBh] 67 eYVhiiZl Vªsfuax lsaVj iQWkj n MsiQ] 111 egkHkkjr] 127 ekbYt] ,e-] 3] 101 Ekkuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] 91 ek;dycLV] gsYesj] 140 fel bafM;k MsiQ Ikzfr;ksfxrk] 113] 117 eqæk vkSj laosQr] 131&34 osQ izdkj] 132&34 dk Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; vkSj çn'kZu ijaijk esa iz;ksx] 131&33 osQ lk/u] 131&32 ewd èofu] 111 ewd&cf/j eaMy oM+ksnjk (,ech,e)] 112 eSdDyhuVkWd] 145] 146 ;qok ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ MsiQ (okbZ,Mh)] 112] 115 ;wFk ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ MsiQ] 96 ;wfuVh ,tqosQ'ku ,aM osyisQ;j VªLV] 83 ;wfuVh LowQy vkWiQ MsiQ] 83] 85 ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ lasVªy yadk'kk;j] 74] 95] 104 ;wusLdks] 90

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ja/kok] lqfjanj ih-osQ-] 65] 71] 84] 87] 118] 121 jtk] ehj iQkft+y] 83 jkbV vkWiQ fpYMsªu Vq izQh ,aM dEiyljh ,tqosQ'ku ,DV] (vkjVhbZ) 2009] 89 jkek;.k] 127 jko] v#.k] 103 jko] ts,losQ] 114 jk"Vªh; cf/j la?k (,u-,-Mh-)] 70 jk"Vªh; fodykax foÙk ,oa fodkl fuxe (,u,p,iQMhlh)] 92 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 91 fjfyTkl MsiQ vkWxsZukbT+ks'kUl bu bafM;k] 116 yhMjf'ki] ,tqosQ'ku] ,EikWojesaV vkWiQ n MsiQ (yhM) iq.ks] 74] 96] 115] 122 oekZ] jktk jfo] 127 ojkndj] v#.kk] 113 of'k"V] enu] 3] 7] 43] 68] 95] 101] 102 oyax] esfylk] 103 oYMZ isQMjs'ku vkWiQ n MsiQ] 111 fodykax tu vf/fu;e] 1995] 93 fodykax tuksa laca/h vf/fu;e ,oa uhfr;ka] 89&90 fodykax O;fDr;ksa osQ vf/dkjksa ij la;qDr jk"Vª dUosa'ku] 74 osQ vf/dkjksa laca/h fo/s;d] 89 osQ fy, mPp f'k{kk esa Nk=ko`fr;ka] 92 osQ fy, f'k{k.k uhfr;ka] 90&92 ls lacaf/r vkj{k.k ,oa lq/kj] 93&96 fojaxdj] nhik] 113 fo'o cf/j egkla?k] 70] 95 fo'o cSad] 90 fo'o LokLF; laxBu] 90 fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (;wthlh)] 91 oqMoMZ] MkW- tsEl] 7] 101] 102] 144 oSn~;k] v#.kk] 113 'kiQhd] eqgEen] 115 'kkg] ch-ts-] 113 'kkg] foDdh] 115


laosQr] osQ rhu egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx] 140 dh ifjHkk"kk] 138 Hkkjrh; yksd dyk ijaijk esa :i] 135 dh lkSLlqfj;u ç.kkyh] 139 laosQr fpg~u 'kkL=k] 125&27 laosQr f}Hkk"kkokn] 65&75] 95] 96] 118 dk roZQ] 68 esa izxfr] 74 osQ fodkl osQ dkj.k] 68&70 dh f'k{kk esa pqukSfr;ka] 70&72 laosQr ys[ku] 50&62 dh ikjaifjd iz.kkfy;ksa ls rqyuk] 51 esa laosQr dk LFkku] 55 vkÑfr] 55 vkSj laosQr dh jpuk] 54&55] 55 vkÑfr esa gksaBksa dk lapyu] 60&61 esa gkFkksa dk vkdkj] 56] 56 vkÑfr esa gkFkksa dk lapyu] 57] 57 vkÑfr lanhi] VhosQ,e] 114 laizs"k.k fodYi ,oa Nk=k cf/jrk] 74 la;qDr jk"Vª fodykax tu vf/dkj dUosa'ku (;w,ulhvkjihMh)] 2006] 88&89 osQ izko/ku] 88 laLo`Qr] 126] 128] 131] 133 lVu laosQr ys[ku] 51&53] 52vkÑfr loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku] 44] 73 lkabZ Lo;a lkslkbVh] 96 lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk] ,d vkSipkfjd ç.kkyh] 142&43 osQ izk:i oxhZdj.k] 130&31 dk cgq lk/u] 146&47 dh ewy /kj.kk,a] 129 f'k{kk esa f}Hkk"kkokn dk Lo:i] 66 esa le:irk osQ fo#¼ rdZ] 140&41 esa Lrj] 129 lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk vf/dkj] 87&97 esa cf/j leqnk;ksa@Dycksa dh Hkwfedk] 93&94 dk laj{k.k] 93&94 lkbfuax Lisl] 23] 24] 29&31] 33] 34] 42 lkbcj Lisl] 106&9

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osQ ?kVd] 33&34 dh lajpuk] 23&24 lkekftd U;k; o vf/dkfjrk ea=kky; (,e,ltsbZ)] 90] 92] 93] 104 lwph ;k lqbZ eqæk] 132 flag] fgne xkSj';ke] 29] 50] 103 flUgk] lej] 29] 103 lasVªy baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ bafM;u ySaXostt] 104 LVksdh] fofy;e] 43] 52&54] 140 dh laosQr i¼fr] 52&53] 53vkÑfr


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Lihfdax gSaM~l baLVhV~;wV] 94] 96 Lihfdax gSMal iQkWj n MsiQ] 74] 96 gLr o.kZekyk] 9] 19] 45&49] 82 osQ fp=k] 47&48 gkth] vfr;k] 115 gkth] eqgEen vfdy] 115 fganh] 11] 19] 26] 46] 48] 67] 80] 132] 142 fganh gLr o.kZekyk] 48lkj.kh gqlSu] MkW- tkfdj] 111

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Bhartiya Saanketik Bhasha, Volume 38, Part 1 (Hindi) - Bharatiya Bhasha Lok Sarvekshan [1 ed.] 9780301068961

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