JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION
160 carbons are presented, as well as numerous characterization facton for deterraining the con~pnaitionof complex mixtures. This rllnpternlone contaira npnrly 300 referencrs. The srcond lmlf of tlw hook ir d~votwlto m e t l d s and o ~ ~ l cations of structural group analysis, specifically the estim&n of carbon distribution and ring content in high-boiling ail fractions. The limitations of the original Waterman ring analysis are discussed and followed by a description of the (refractive index, development and testing of the new &M density, molecular weight) method. The authors are to be complimented for including a fairly thorough discussion of other methods of structural group analysis such as those of Deanesly and Carleton, Lipkin, Martin, and Kurta. Approximately 50 pages are devoted to a description and comparison of the different methods for structural group analysis. The limitations of all methods, including those of the authors, are covered fully. An interesting point in this discussion is the fact that it is incorrect to assume that aromatic oil fractions contain only minor amounts of naphthene rings. Present data indicate that mixed naphthenic-aromatic hydrocarbons are far more common than aromatics without nttphthene rings in the heavier fractions of crude oils. The material is presented in a very readable manner. Although some of the equations are hard to follow, there are numerous graphs which give the reader a quick visual interpretation of the various relationships between physical properties and composition. Application of the n-d-M method to speoifie analytical problems is simplified through the use of nomographs. The book should be a must for any chemist concerned with the analysis of high-boiling hydrocarbon mixtures. JOHN M. HUNT
THECARTBROIL COYPANT T a ~ a * .Oxfi~aolr*
0
BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PROTOZOA, VOLUME I
Edited by And& Lwoff, Head of the Deparhent of Microbial Physiology, Pasteur Institute, Paris. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1951. x 434 pp. 59 figs. 44 tables. 15.5 X 24 cm. $8.80.
+
THEintroductory chapter by A. Lwoff, and the second chapter by Hutner and Provasoli, deal to a oonsiderable extent with the phytoflagellates. Theories on the phylogeny of the Protozoa sensu stricto and their probable relationships to the phytoflagellates and/or red bacteria are evaluated. While some of the phytoflagellates, like the green metaphytes, are nourished from inorganic sources and produce starch or prtramylon through photosynthesis many are "acetate flagellates," unable to derive nourishment from glucose. Some are strict osmotrophs; others are phagotrophs. Some require growth factors such as thiamine and vitamin B,%. Excellent material for experimental work on photosynthesis is furnished by species that can live, with loss of ohloraplasts, in complete darkness or in the presence of streptomycin. Synthesis and degradation of starch appear to be effected by enlymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas scheme. Experiments are suggested on factors of permeability of dissolved substances which have s bearing on the nutrition of all osmotrophs including the Protozoa sensu strieto. Experimental work is suggested throughout, since few factors of metabolism are known. The first of the two chapters by M. Lwoff is an excellent review of the pioneer work of A. and M. Lwaff on certain Trypanosomidae,,particula,dy an Leishmania, Strigomonas, and Trypanosoma cruzz. Excepting some strigomonads which do not appear to need exogenous growth factors, protoporphyrin, ascorbic acid, and B vitamins, particularly thmmine, are required. Nitrogenous foods may he derived from serum and/or peptones. A
paper by Tohie and Rees which was overlooked shows that T . mrzimay be grown in dialysates of blood-agar. The author attributes the bacteria-free cultivation of trichoi monad flagellates to the use of antibiotics, overlooking the fact that most of the pure cultures were obtained by other methods, including microisolation. Excellent studies by Cailleau, Trussel, Johnson, and Morgan are reported in considerable detail. The limited literature on the growth requirements of parasitic amaebae, particularly Endamoeba histolytica, is admirably summarized and evttluated. Only limited information on these amoebae is obtainable because no pure cultures have been produced. The chapter by von Brand dealing almost entirely with Trypsr nosamidae is subdivided into four sections: metabolism proper, pathological physiology of infections, physiological basis of chemotherapy, and physiological basis of drug resistance. A thoroughgoing review and evaluation of 269 research papers is presented. Most tryprtnosomes are active organisms relying principally on sugar as source of energy. A continuous supply is needed sincelittleif any storage of glycogen occurs. Trypanosomes may be classified into two great groups of which the first, including species of Leishmania and several species of Trypanosoma, the so-called lewisi group, has heavy metd catalysts that are lacking in the second group which includes the pathogenic African species and T . epipwdum. A great handicap to studies on metabolism is that none of the hlood-stream forms have thus far been cultivated i n vilro. The section on pathological physiology is largely a discussion of theories since practically nothing is known about factors of pathogenicity. The author shows, however, that no simple explanations such as sugar depletion of the host, asphyxiation, etc., are adequate. The toxin theory is plausible but thus far toxins have not been demonstrated experimentally. The made of action of most trypanocidal agents is explained in the section 111in so far as valid data have been obtained. Of the many theories discussed in the fourth section on the physiological basis of drug resistance, the author favors the mutation theory. The chapter by McKee on the biochemistry of Plasmodium and influence of antimslarials is a tribute to the outstanding collaborative researches of "teams" including biochemists, physicists, physiologists, bscteriologists, and protoeoologists, a t such centers as Harvsrd, the University of Chicago, Johns Honkins Universitv. In " ,and the National Institutes of Health. this connection A. Lwoff comments in the introductory chapter that "close cooperation between protozaologists, botanists, parr~sitologists,and biochemists is a necessary condition for such progress." McKee stated that "plasmodia are able to glycolyee and to oxidise carbohydrate, to cleave hemoglobin, and to synthesiee new proteins of a wide variety, and to produce large amounts of lipids." An outstanding accomplishment of the Harvard team was the cultivation of Plasmodium through enough generations to permit the i n vztro testing of antimalarials. This result was accomplished through chemical studies of blood and plasma, before, during, and after infection, and through other studies which led to a physiologically balanced culture fluid which has been found useful also in the cultivation of other species of protozoa. Although many data are presented on the action of antimalarials the author states that there is as yet no detailed explanation for their selective action upon the plasmodia. The chapter by Kidder and Dewey on the biochemistry of ciliates in pure culture shows that most of the essential inorganic nutrients of the aerobic ciliate Tetrahymena gelei have been found, as well as the esrential amino acids and growth factors. Excepting "protogen," a, concentrate from liver, the organism occupies a distinctive place in being the only protozoan that has been grown in a. synthetic medium. The book is well printed, remarkably free of typographical errors, and contains a remarkable number of references to pertinent literature, as well as a subject and author index. CHARLES W. REEB S~LV& SPBINQ. B MARYLAND
