Biodegradable Polymeric Solid Framework-Based Organic Phase

Review Cite This: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 10652−10677

pubs.acs.org/IECR

Biodegradable Polymeric Solid Framework-Based Organic PhaseChange Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Deepak G. Prajapati and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian*

Downloaded via BUFFALO STATE on July 18, 2019 at 01:44:26 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.

Nano Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune-411025, India ABSTRACT: Phase-change materials (PCMs) are utilized for thermal energy storage (TES) to bridge the gap between supply and demand of energy. Organic PCMs, similar to paraffins, fatty acids, and polyethylene glycol, are extensively explored, thanks to their high TES capacity (∼5− 10 times more than the sensible heat storage of water/rock), wide temperature range (spanning from −5 °C to 190 °C), good thermal stability over heating−cooling cycles (∼100 cycles), etc. However, “leakage” of PCMs upon transformation from solid to liquid has limited their usage as TES materials; thus, PCMs are confined to a biopolymeric framework for circumventing seepages. However, extensive analysis has concluded that there is a deficiency in availability of consolidated data on biopolymeric-based framework for PCMs. Thus, this review covers various literatures on the application of assorted biopolymers as framework for PCM. Simultaneously, we have also discussed on importance of biopolymers for constructing a framework for PCMs. Finally, the review concludes with future prospects, along with possibilities and disputes on the course of their practical application.

1. INTRODUCTION The continually escalating demand of energy from the increasing human population has led to large consumption (i.e., burning) of fossil fuels; this triggers pollution and the emanation of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, likely resulting in a shortage of fossil fuels in the near future.1 As a consequence, diverse renewable sources such as wind, solar, tidal power, geothermal, and hydrothermal energy,2 have been developed because of reduced emission of gases, availability of a large amount of energy reserves and reversible energy generation.3 Although renewables such as solar are considered to be the most promising source of energy, it comes with certain constraints, such as intermittency (due to nonavailability of illumination from the sun during night periods) and uncertainty (climatic dependency).4 Hence, sustainable, reliable, and efficient energy storage systems, acting as energy stock, have been developed to avoid these limitations. Of the miscellaneous methods of energy storage systems, as mentioned in Figure 1, thermal energy storage (TES) is considered to be the best approach that augments the efficacy in sustaining energy and effectually utilizing the available heat resources. TES is considered to be a popular approach for amending the time discrepancy among the demand and supply of thermal energy. A TES system hoards thermal energy by lowering or elevating the system’s temperature (sensible heat storage, SHS), by varying the phase of the system (latent heat storage, LHS) or by conjoining both. The effectiveness and TES density of SHS primarily relies on certain explicit characteristics of material, such as specific heat and density (if volume is © 2019 American Chemical Society

of significant concern), and most commonly utilizes water, ground, sand, rock, etc. as a SHS material that stores the thermal energy by building up temperature in the storage medium.5,6 In the case of LHS, the transition from solid to liquid (or solid) phase, usually with no temperature change, is utilized for amassing heat. The LHS system, in accordance to the phase-change materials (PCMs), is considered to be the most efficient methodology being pursued actively as a result of its attractive characteristics like high storage density over a small zone of temperature, compact system for energy storage at isothermal conditions, high heat of fusion, etc. A PCM is able to hoard and release a great amount of latent heat during the course of solid−liquid, liquid−gas, or solid−solid phase transition over a mere temperature range.7 Primarily, PCM is being utilized for different heating (or cooling) functions in building construction,8 thermal shield of electronic gadget,9 power generation system,10 thermally regulated textile,11 solar photovoltaic,12 and also for food storage.13 A diagrammatic representation portraying few of the application of PCM is displayed in Figure 2. Based on the chemical nature of PCM, they are classified as inorganic and organic PCMs.14 Inorganic PCMs demonstrates good flame retardancy, high thermal conductivity, high heat of fusion, and large volumetric heat storage density (250−400 kg/dm3);15 however, researchers are enticed to study organic Received: Revised: Accepted: Published: 10652

March 27, 2019 May 29, 2019 May 30, 2019 May 30, 2019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01693 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 10652−10677

Review

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Figure 1. Various techniques for energy storage.

Figure 2. Application of PCM in different fields.

of interactions of PCM with ambience, regulated latent heat release, resistance to deterioration during repeated thermal cycles, increased surface area of PCM, controlled volume expansion, etc. which are of significant consideration, from the application point of view.17 For a material to be used as a framework for PCM storage, it should meet the following criteria, namely, chemical inertness, higher thermal stability, minimum porosity, chemical stability, good mechanical strength, resistance to thermal cycles, and good thermal conductivity.18 Although few norms are not met by them (lower thermal conductivity), researchers have exploited polymeric frameworks, because they offer oppor-

PCMs, because of their high latent heat of fusion, nontoxicity, noncorrosive nature, chemical stability, no (or slight) supercooling, and no phase segregation on the application of thermal cycles.8 Two approaches are being proposed for the improvement of performance and stability of the PCMs modified by forming (i) form-stable PCMs or by (ii) micro/ nanoencapsulation. In form-stable PCM, the PCMs are trapped in the micro/macroscale molecular network, because of chemical bonding and interfacial stress, 16 whereas encapsulation provides a core−shell structure, with PCM being the core material (Figure 3). Both approaches have certain characteristics, such as no seepage of PCM, avoidance 10653

DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01693 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 10652−10677

Review


Figure 3. Schematic representation of encapsulated PCM and its heating and cooling cycle.

tunities to create physical and chemical alterations that assist in constructing definite architectures with “tailored” LHS functions. However, some of the polymer frameworks, such as polyurethane, UF, and MF (upon formation of shell) may result in the development of ineluctable remnant formaldehyde in UF and MF resins, and isocyanates used for polymerizing polyurethane, which jeopardizes ecology and human health. Generally, it is difficult to eradicate formaldehyde because it is dissociative and liberates unremittingly from products by utilizing any effective means.19,20 As a result, more ecologically friendly polymers, called biopolymers, are becoming an emergent research subject, since they meet evolving ecological anxieties that have continued to arise over the years.21 Biopolymers counter the ecological and health hazard issues, because of their good physical properties, nontoxicity, biodegradability, renewability, easy processability, etc. Over the past decade, numerous reviews have been published in context to PCM (although some are not mentioned) for various applications and property enhancements, as revealed in Table 1. It can be clearly seen that, although various literatures are available, it still lacks in amalgamation and scrutiny of the biopolymeric framework employed for shape stabilization, because it has been scantily reported, to the best of our knowledge. As a result, we have amalgamated literature on various biopolymers that have been utilized by different researchers as a skeleton for hoarding PCM to form shape-stabilized PCM that have been proposed for diverse applications. Simultaneously, an attempt has been made to focus on the importance of organic PCMs over inorganic ones, along with different organic-based PCMs available.

Table 1. Reviews Published on PCMs for Different Applications and Property Enhancement authors and source

year

focus of review

22

2003

23

2004

heat transfer analysis and applications such as Ice storage, building application, water tanks, etc. PCM encapsulation in structures such as under floor heating, concrete blocks, and wallboards smart thermoregulating textiles thermal energy storage (TES) systems, mainly solar systems PCM integration in building walls thermal conductivity enhancement of PCMs

Zalba et al. Farid et al.

Mondal24 Sharma et al.8

2008 2009

Kuznik et al.25 Fan and Khodadadi26 Zhao and Zhang27 Rathod and Banerjee28 Yuan et al.29

2011 2011

Jamekhorshid et al.30 Ma et al.31 Safari et al.32 Jaguemont et al.33 Abuelnuor et al.34 Umair et al.35

2014

Nazir et al.36

2019

Qs =

2. PHASE-CHANGE MATERIALS During the course of melting or crystallization of material, there is an absorption or emission of thermal energy when the phase of the material is altered. Here, this transformation of the state of the medium is used for TES processes. PCMs are contemplated as latent heat TES materials possessing a storage capacity that can be given by the expression

∫t

tm i

2011 2013 2014

fabrication and application of microencapsulated PCMs and phase-change slurries thermal stability of PCMs

2015 2017 2018

fatty acid, their composites and eutectics as PCM employed for photovoltaics, wallboard and air conditioning system microencapsulation methods for encapsulating PCMs PCMs for photovoltaic systems supercooling of PCMs PCMs for automotive applications

2018

improvement of thermal comfort in buildings

2019

unique methodologies and supporting materials for constructing shape-stabilized PCM application of PCM based on thermophysical property

mCp dt + mf Δh +

∫t

tf m

mCp dt

(1)

where Q is the storing capacity, ti the initial temperature, tf the freezing temperature, tm the melting temperature, Cp the specific heat, Δh the enthalpy, m the mass of PCM, and f the melt fraction. 10654


Review


2.1. Working Principle of PCM. Phase (or state) change is a process in which the material transforms from one state to other, that can be classified into three types, namely, solid− solid, solid−liquid, and liquid−gas, of which only solid−solid and solid−liquid are of practical importance. On the other hand, although the liquid−gas transition possesses a superior enthalpy of fusion, the large volume variation affiliated with phase transformation causes confinement issues, thereby limiting their utility in TES.48 Although solid−solid PCMs offer less laborious capsulation requirements, the higher transition temperatures (>200 °C), beyond the scope of practical application, have limited their utilization.49 Conversely, the smaller volume variation (14 displayed 2 layer structure where the outer layer was more porous, compared to the compact inner layer. It can be interpreted that the second layer could provide better mechanical strength to the microcapsule. An overall (utmost) encapsulation efficacy of 72% was attained for a microcapsules ratio of 20, containing 0.9% cross-linker and 1.5% n-eicosane.204 Also recently, Liu and co-workers synthesized multifunctional microcapsules of chitosan containing Fe3O4 and neicosane as PCM by multiemulsification and cross-linking methodology. The resulting microcapsules depicted good thermal energy release-storage capability, high thermal storage capacity, and a latent heat storage value of ∼80 J/g.205 In an interesting study, Zhang and co-workers developed eco-friendly side-chain crystallizable octadecyl acrylate encapsulated chitosan via coacervation methodology, whose mechanism scheme is shown in Figure 16. They attained a melt enthalpy of 136 J/g with a transition temperature ranging from 32 °C to 47 °C and maximum encapsulation efficiency of 69%. Since chitosan provides antibacterial characteristics that prevent bacterial invasion, the microcapsules were tested for medical application, wherein a suspension of microcapsules and PVOH was prepared, which was then coated uniformly on a bandage. The study indicated that the temperature of the wound on which the bandage is applied can be kept in a comfortable range, which thereby promotes wound healing.206 Also, Soares and co-workers evaluated on thermoregulatory and antimicrobial properties of chitosan combined with silver zeolites and encapsulated paraffin applied on functionalized cotton by pad-dry-cure technique. The resulting composite depicted acceptable thermoregulating properties with enthalpy

Figure 15. Structural representation of chitosan.

result, to construct form-stabilized PCM, Cai and co-workers synthesized sustainable confined solid−solid PCMs utilizing a chitosan shell and PEG core constructed by in situ polymerization for thermal power storing. The DSC results denoted a transformation temperature of ∼100 °C with a stored latent heat of 177.6 J/g, showing decent long-term stability.201 Gökçe and co-workers scrutinized the construction and characterization of shape-stabilized PCM blends of PEG and chitosan, where a maximum encapsulation of 80 wt % PEG was procured. They elucidated that the biopolymer positively interacted with the PEG and quantified the melting temperature (57 °C), crystallization temperature (44 °C), and enthalpy (150 J/g) values by using DSC methodology. They also analyzed the thermal reliability of blends by performing 3000 thermal cycles, where phase separation was noticed, which resulted in a reduction in transition temperature and escalation in the latent heat value, close to that of pristine PEG (166 J/g).136 Yu and co-workers synthesized a chitosan-based carbon aerogel for supporting 1-hexadecanol to construct form-stable PCM, where the storage enthalpy of 220 kJ/kg was acquired. Based on TGA results, they designated that the absorption potential of the aerogels that was loaded with ∼98 wt % PCM was astonishing. A captivating form-stabilized property was attained, since the blend upheld the primeval form for over 30 min at 70 °C, because of the aerogels confining the PCM via resilient capillary force.202 Salaün and co-workers utilized a polysaccharide (chitosan) and a protein (gelatin) to construct a series of gelatin/chitosan microcapsules for confining nhexadecane using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. A latent heat stocking capacity in the range of 99−115 J/g was attained by varying the ratios of chitosan and gelatin, where they acquired 10667


Review


Figure 16. Mechanism scheme of microencapsulation. Reprinted with permission from ref 206. Copyright 2018, Elsevier, Amstersdam.)

Figure 17. Structure of polylactic acid (PLA) biopolymer.

values of ∼3−6 J/g and shows better antimicrobial characteristics against C. albicans, E. coli, T. rubrum, and S. aureus.207 In short, based on the studies, it can be said that the shapestabilization ability of chitosan, along with their antibacterial and antimicrobial characteristics, can prove to be a best combination for fabricating biobased dual functional shapestabilized PCM for varigated medical functions. It can also be understood that chitosan can be applied as a framework for a wide variety of PCMs. unlike PCL, which primarily employs paraffin. Different PCM based on chitosan framework can be inferred in Table 9. 5.2.5. Polylactic Acid (PLA) Framework-Based PCMs. PLA (Figure 17) is a versatile aliphatic biodegradable polyester macromolecule that has sought because of their functions in fields varying from the biomedical industry209 to packaging,210 engineering industries211 to plasticulture,212 and also in environmental sectors as adsorbents,213 denitrification-assisting materials,214 and bioremediation materials,215 because of their multitudinous characteristics mentioned below: (1) Biocompatibility and biodegradability (2) Nontoxic monomer derived from renewable sources such as polysaccharides (3) Potential “green” credentials (4) Processability similar to typical thermoplastics (5) Good attributes such as optical, mechanical, physical, and barrier properties with remarkable structural aptitude comparable to petro-based polymers216 The production of this biopolymeric macromolecule requires 25%−55% less energy than conventional petro-based polymers; also, their degradation leads to the formation of nontoxic materials, thereby presenting themselves as a superior alternative to other polymeric materials. These peculiarities, stimulating their ecological sustainability, have sought captivating application of this FDA-approved macromole-

cule217 as a framework for encapsulation PCM in various TES functions, such as refrigeration equipment, textiles, etc. Ghahremanzadeh et al., in a comparative study, investigated the fastness properties of highly cross-linked PEG-dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea-coated PLA fabric for the comfort of textiles. The samples were subjected to wash-fastness and abrasion-fastness assessment, wherein they revealed that the thermal regulating characteristics of washed fabrics (29.65 J/g) were somewhat deteriorated, compared to that of abraded fabrics (30.55 J/g). The result was attributed to the exclusion of a minor amount of PEG in abrasion, compared to wash assessment, where the loosely bound polymer may be solubilized. Apart from this, they also stated that the notable thermal activity was due to the more open structure, nature, and aliphatic backbone of biodegradable PLA, which allows binding a larger volume of PEG.218 Lagaron and co-workers studied Rubitherm-RT5 encapsulated in PLA by electrohydrodynamic processing, wherein they studied the effect of morphology on thermal characteristics. They illustrated that an encapsulation efficacy of ∼80−90 wt % was achieved in fiber morphology, in contrast to beads. The latent heat storing capacity achieved in the case of beads (∼43 J/g) was higher, in comparison to fibers (∼25 J/g), as the PLA beads rendered with a continuous mat structure and was thereby able to fully encapsulate PCM.192 In their other study, they constructed ultrathin electrospun PLA with dodecane as thermal energy storage, where they incorporated fatty alcohol (dodecanol) as a nucleating agent for circumventing supercooling. They concluded that the PLA skeleton was not able to hoard a large volume of PCM; only 20 wt % PCM, with respect to PLA, was able to encapsulate, since the electrospun fibers had a reduced diameter (200 nm), according to SEM images. The DSC results further concluded that the PCM provided low energy stocking capacity (∼20 J/g), since only 10 wt % PCM in the PLA structure was providing energy storing capacity.195

Table 9. PCMs Based on Chitosan as a Framework Heating

Freezing

biopolymer

PCMs

method of synthesis

temperature (°C)

enthalpy (J/g)

temperature (°C)

enthalpy (J/g)

ref

chitosan chitosan chitosan-derived carbon aerogel chitosan−gelatin chitosan−gelatin chitosan−gelatin chitosan−silk fibron

PEG-1000 PEG-4000 1-hexadecanol n-hexadecane caprylic acid decanoic acid n-eicosane

in-situ polymerization solution casting − phase coacervation coacervation coacervation coacervation

100.9 57.18 − 31.9 11.53 24.26 37

177.6 152.16 220 115 79.18 73.92 93.04

− 44.76 − −2.8 3.76 22.74 33.52

− 139.39 220 114.4 76.49 74.97 89.68

201 136 202 129 203

10668

208


Review

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Table 10. PCMs Based on a Biopolymeric PLA Skeleton Heating

Freezing

biopolymer

PCMs

method of synthesis

temperature (°C)

enthalpy (J/g)

temperature (°C)

enthalpy (J/g)

ref

PLA PLA beads PLA fibers PLA PLA PLA

PEG Rubitherm-RT5 Rubitherm-RT5 dodecane paraffin biobased palmitic acid

− electrospinning electrospinning electrospinning solvent evaporation solvent evaporation

53.14 10.81 7.46 −9.71 58.2 62.1

43.02 42.89 24.94 20.08 176.6 70.1

25.52 8.66 9.37 −23.36 50.2 −

34.18 42.95 25.21 23.15 170.5 −

218 192

Guo and co-workers, from the practical perspective, studied the capsulizing of paraffin wax into PLA polymeric walls for TES application, wherein they explicated that any amendment in the thermal attributes of encapsulated PCM will be as a result of conceivable core−sheath interaction. The peak transition temperature of ∼58 °C was achieved with a total heat absorption of ∼176 J/g, which was less, in contrast to that of pristine paraffin (223 J/g). Simultaneously, they also proposed supplemental methodologies for confining PCM, for instance, cellular structure, cyclodextrin structure, IPN structure, or ancillary reticulated framework, which may be employed to decrease the heat loss in shell structure, ameliorate utilization efficiency of energy, augment heat conducting effect, and energy storage efficacy.219 A novel biobased palmitic acid procured from vegetable oil was utilized by Fashandi and Leung, where PCM was confined in a PLA shell for the construction of 100% biobased capsules. Fatty acid was preferred as a PCM, since it renders with trifling supercooling effect and volume variation upon phase transformation and concomitantly provides high latent heat storing aptitude. Two different forms of surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)) were utilized to fabricate micro-PCM where the PVA-based PCM displayed a greater loading percentage (41.9%). The long-term usage capability and thermal reliability of encapsulated PCM was determined by conducting thermal cycles test (50 cycles) where a decrease in the enthalpy of fusion of only 1 J/g was perceived.128 Karimi and co-workers analyzed thermal properties of coelectrospun-electrosprayed nanofiber composites of electrospun ternary eutectic fatty acid supported by PLA and electrosprayed graphene and carbon fiber powder. Fatty acid eutectic (enthalpy = 112 J/g) was composed of capric, palmitic, and lauric acid, and the author elucidated that inclusion of this PCM into the aforementioned carbon-based materials drastically reduces the melting enthalpy (8−24 J/g) and phase transition temperature (17−20 °C). The authors also evaluated the thermal conductivity of composites by capturing thermal images, wherein they explicated that the heat-transfer rate was augmented significantly by electrospraying carbon fiber powder and graphene onto the PLA− PCM composites.220 Recently, researchers have also found that thermoplastic polymers such as HDPE can also be employed as a phasechange working substance; thus, Qu and co-workers utilized HDPE along with PLA as the supporting matrix to form shapestabilized PCM by melt blending. They obtained latent heat storage value of 100 J/g for 50 wt % of HDPE, in contrast to 192 J/g, which is the enthalpy of pure HDPE, and attained a negligible reduction in enthalpy upon subjecting the PCM blend to 10 thermal cycles.221

195 219 128

Shape stabilization was studied by Li and co-workers after integrating lauric acid−carboxymethyl cellulose ester (LACCE) as PCM in a PLA supporting matrix, wherein the authors elucidated 15 wt % PCM as the optimal dosage. The latent heat obtained was 86 J/g for the composite and 153 J/g for LACCE, whereas the transition temperature attained was ∼40 °C for both. After 100 thermal cycles, there was minor leakage of PCM, and a 4.8% decrease in enthalpy value was observed, thereby depicting good shape-stabilized effects.222 A 100% biobased PCM composite was fabricated by Fashandi and Leung by employing PLA matrix and vegetable-derived palmitic acid as PCM for promoting environmental sustainability. They achieved a latent heat storage value in the range of 40−70 J/g by varying the amount of PCM from 0.4 g to 0.8 g. The PCM also exhibited excellent stability after undergoing 50 thermal cycles in the temperature range of 40−90 °C, where the encapsulation efficiency reduced by only 0.6%.223 Since more literature on the PLA-based framework is not available, it can be said that this biopolymer-based framework possesses excellent thermal cyclic stability for shorter periods; however, it comes at the cost of reduced enthalpy values, because the encapsulation efficacy of PLA-based structure is less attributable to the more-open structure of PLA. Different PCMs based on PLA framework can be inferred in Table 10.

6. CHALLENGES AND DIFFICULTIES Although PCMs have significant characteristics for various functions, many challenges still need to be addressed by the researcher, with regard to their utility. Few of the key challenges include material property, material compatibility, and health and safety disposal, wherein each section is covered in an approach to address the mentioned challenges. 6.1. Material Property. As revealed in the previous studies, numerous characteristics must be considered for any PCM, including enthalpy, transition temperature, sharp freezing/melting peak, noncorrosive nature, thermal stability, etc. Among the most widely employed PCMs in thermal applications, few of the negative characteristics of different PCM are mentioned in Table 11. Thermal conductivity can be augmented by employing inorganic nanoparticles or, more preferably, hybrid nanoparticles that will simultaneously enhance the heat-transfer rate; however, it comes at the cost of latent heat.228 One of the advancements that are gaining consideration in past years for augmenting thermal conductivity and heat-transfer rate is the utilization of nano fluids.229 Nano fluids are a stable suspension of nanometer-sized solid particles employed for thermal energy storage and use as a heat-transfer fluid.230 Thus, the higher thermal conductivity of solid particles causes an increment in thermal conductivity of nano fluids thereby increasing the 10669


Review


be observed through the shell wall. Also, compatibility of PCM with distinct additives is of prime importance, because the PCM and filler additive will be in contact with each other. Thus, in a study, the addition of expanded graphite was studied; this material acted as a thermal conductivity enhancer, because it possessed good compatibility with PCMs.233 6.3. Disposal and Safety. Regarding disposal of a PCM, they can be placed in a landfill (subject to regulations), because they are not considered to be hazardous waste material; however, because of their higher thermal energy content, incineration is preferred.234 Considering paraffins, they are portrayed as toxic material and has laxative effects upon ingestion; therefore, it will cause environmental issues upon landfilling. On the other hand, PCMs obtained from naturally occurring substances are of prime focus, because they are biocompatible and originate from natural sources; as a result, they will degrade within a period of 6 months.235 Also, although most of the PCMs are nontoxic, their long-term exposure to human skin should be avoided, because they are harmful upon long-term exposure. Thus, biobased PCM counters this safety issue with its exceptional biocompatible properties, and the biopolymer framework can render a shapestabilized biobased PCM as an entire system.

Table 11. Merits and Demerit of different PCMs No.

PCM

1

polyalcohols

2

salt hydrates

3

fatty acids

4

metals and alloys

5

paraffins

merits

demerits

ref

nontoxic and biodegradable good latent heat and water based system limited supercooling and good cyclic stability higher transition temperature and higher thermal conductivity inert, noncorrosive and superior latent heat storing capacity

flammability and pungent odor corrosive and poor cyclic stability burning potential and corrosive nature

224

high weight penalty and low enthalpy of fusion per unit weight flammability and low thermal conductivity

226

225 29

227

overall thermal conductivity of PCMs. In a study, Ganji and co-workers revealed that the TiO2−Cu hybrid nanoparticle leads to an increased solidification rate because of their aptitude to enhance thermal conductivity.231 Apart from thermal conductivity, hybrid nano fluids also enhance other properties, as described by Shao et al., who studied hybrid TiO2 nanoparticles and nanotubes with water as PCM. They achieved a lower freezing time and supercooling degree (∼5 °C) with hybrid nano fluid as a larger surface area is subjected to water.232 Thus, integration of nano fluids in biopolymerbased shape-stabilized PCM can be a future scope of study in this field. Regarding thermal stability, suitable biopolymeric shell material must be selected to increase the thermal degradation temperature, along with using inorganic nanoparticles in this organic shell, which also augments the mechanical strength of the shell wall. However, considering thermal stability from a processing point of view, it can be augmented drastically by employing a coaxial electrospinning methodology, where the polymer sheath provides a shielding effect that will render good thermal stability. In a study, Malek and co-workers employed coaxial electrospinning, where PEG and cellulose acetate acted as core and sheath material, respectively. The onset degradation temperature achieved for the core−sheath structure was 162 °C higher than that of the blended composite fibers.154 However, although the core−shell structure renders exceptional thermal stability, it comes with an inherent drawback of lower heat storage values, in contrast to pure PCM, as shown in Table 12. 6.2. Material Compatibility. Since a majority of the PCMs are oil-based, their compatibility with the biopolymeric shell material and final application must be assessed, wherein the evaluation must include PCM, along with shell material and the material employed for final application. One of the prime factors is the solubility and permeability of PCM with shell material. If solubility is considered, the occurrence of seepage (which is caused by physical stress, i.e., pressure, vibration, etc.) through biopolymeric shell walls could damage their functioning in diverse appliances. If the encapsulating shell is incompatible with core PCM, permeation of PCM can

7. FUTURE PROSPECTS Considering literature analysis, it can be perceived that cellulose-based (and their derivatives) frameworks are being extensively explored, because of their excellent thermal cyclic stability, stiff and complex structure, negligible seepage, excellent thermal stability, and good latent heat storage values, in contrast to other biopolymer-based frameworks. Amalgamation of hybrid nanofluids, along with various cellulose derivatives for the augmentation of thermal conductivity, which increases the nucleation rate and enhances the heattransfer rate can be a future direction to biopolymer framework-based PCMs. Another key direction for the application of shape-stabilized PCM can be accomplished with the aid of porous structures of frameworks and nanomaterials (such as aerogels and activated carbons) for the construction of PCMs possessing high TES, superior thermal conductivity, higher amount (wt %) of PCM loading, and negligible seepage. Also, biobased PCM has attracted researchers in recent years, because of its low flammability, superior latent heat, economic efficiency, and stability up to 1000 thermal cycles as they are deprived of oxidation, since they are full hydrogenated. Thus, in the concluding remarks, it can be uttered to construct a completely shape-stabilized biobased PCMs, with the aid of biobased PCM and a biopolymer, that can be utilized in potential textile applications, attaining biocompatibility with the human body as it diminishes skin hazards caused by other PCMs upon longterm exposure.

Table 12. Thermal Properties of Coaxial Electrospun Phase Change Fibers sheath material

core material

melting point (°C)

enthalpy(J/g)

enthalpy of PCM(J/g)

ref

cellulose acetate polyvinyl alcohol cellulose acetate polycaprolactum

polyethylene glycol paraffin wax emulsion polyethylene glycol PVOH/Rubitherm RT5

44 52 62 8

14.77 48.35 60.6 48.6

164 141.5 177 144.7

154 169 153 173

10670



■

8. CONCLUSIONS Shape stabilization of organic PCMs has been a focus of study over the past decade; however, a hazardous impact factor exists in synthetic polymer-based shell material, because of toxic monomers. As a result, this review provides insight into various biopolymers utilized as a skeleton for avoiding the leakage issues; however, a biopolymeric framework arises with the limitation of low thermal conductivity, which can be overwhelmed by the amalgamation of conductive fillers and nanomaterials. Nanoparticles, since they possess an excellent surface:volume ratio, are being doped in PCMs for augmenting thermal conductivity as well as increasing the nucleation rate during the charge−discharge of thermal energy. Recently, a trend of integrating hybrid nanofillers, especially hybrid nanofluids with combined nanoparticles, has been the prime focus, because it enriches the heat-transfer rate as well as renders a shape-stabilized effect. Upon analyzing the results of different biopolymer-framework based PCMs, the following observations can be made: (i) PLA-based framework provides excellent stability to short thermal cycles and can attain a maximum enthalpy of 176 J/g with paraffin as PCM; (ii) dual functional shape-stabilized PCM can be achieved using a chitosan-based framework, and a maximum enthalpy of 220 J/g with 1-hexadecanol as the PCM can be achieved; (iii) PCL can be employed for subzero temperature applications, and an enthalpy of 140 J/g with Rubitherm-RT5 as the PCM can be reached; (iv) PVOH, because of its water solubility, forms less strong shells; however, they provide good spinnability for forming shape-stabilized PCM, and a maximum enthalpy of 262 J/g with erythritol as PCM can be achieved; and (v) strong hydrogen bonding in cellulose can be utilized for the construction of strong and rigid skeletons, and a maximum enthalpy of 166 J/g with PEG as the PCM is acquired. Thus, it can be perceived that cellulose-based frameworks (and their derivatives) are being extensively explored, because of their excellent thermal cyclic stability, stiff and complex structure, negligible seepage, excellent thermal stability, and good latent heat storage values, in contrast to other biopolymer-based frameworks.

■

Review

REFERENCES

(1) Paschalidou, A.; Tsatiris, M.; Kitikidou, K.; Papadopoulou, C. Using Energy Crops for Biofuels or Food: The Choice. Green Energy and Technology 2018, 35−38. (2) Rau, G. H.; Willauer, H. D.; Ren, Z. J. The Global Potential for Converting Renewable Electricity to Negative-CO2-Emissions Hydrogen. Nat. Clim. Change 2018, 8, 621. (3) Popp, J.; Lakner, Z.; Harangi-Rákos, M.; Fári, M. The Effect of Bioenergy Expansion: Food, Energy, and Environment. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2014, 32, 559. (4) Chu, S.; Majumdar, A. Opportunities and Challenges for a Sustainable Energy Future. Nature 2012, 488, 294. (5) Khare, S.; Dell’Amico, M.; Knight, C.; McGarry, S. Selection of Materials for High Temperature Sensible Energy Storage. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2013, 115, 114. (6) Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy Technologies; Chandra, L., Dixit, A., Eds.; Springer Proceedings in Energy; Springer Singapore: Singapore, 2018. (7) Sarier, N.; Onder, E. Organic Phase Change Materials and Their Textile Applications: An Overview. Thermochim. Acta 2012, 540, 7. (8) Sharma, A.; Tyagi, V. V.; Chen, C. R.; Buddhi, D. Review on Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials and Applications. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2009, 13, 318. (9) Al-Abidi, A. A.; Bin Mat, S.; Sopian, K.; Sulaiman, M. Y.; Lim, C. H.; Th, A. Review of Thermal Energy Storage for Air Conditioning Systems. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 5802. (10) Gil, A.; Medrano, M.; Martorell, I.; Lázaro, A.; Dolado, P.; Zalba, B.; Cabeza, L. F. State of the Art on High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage for Power Generation. Part 1-Concepts, Materials and Modellization. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 31. (11) Shin, Y.; Yoo, D. Il; Son, K. Development of Thermoregulating Textile Materials with Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCM). II. Preparation and Application of PCM Microcapsules. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 96, 2005. (12) Zhang, Q.; Uchaker, E.; Candelaria, S. L.; Cao, G. Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 3127. (13) Bal, L. M.; Satya, S.; Naik, S. N. Solar Dryer with Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Drying Agricultural Food Products: A Review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 2298. (14) Hyun, D. C.; Levinson, N. S.; Jeong, U.; Xia, Y. Emerging Applications of Phase-Change Materials (PCMs): Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 3780. (15) Abhat, A. Low Temperature Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage: Heat Storage Materials. Sol. Energy 1983, 30, 313. (16) Royon, L.; Guiffant, G.; Flaud, P. Investigation of Heat Transfer in a Polymeric Phase Change Material for Low Level Heat Storage. Energy Convers. Manage. 1997, 38, 517. (17) Shchukina, E. M.; Graham, M.; Zheng, Z.; Shchukin, D. G. Nanoencapsulation of Phase Change Materials for Advanced Thermal Energy Storage Systems. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 4156. (18) Alva, G.; Lin, Y.; Liu, L.; Fang, G. Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials in Thermal Energy Storage: A Review. Energy Build. 2017, 144, 276. (19) Alkan, C.; Sarı, A.; Karaipekli, A.; Uzun, O. Preparation, Characterization, and Thermal Properties of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93, 143. (20) Alkan, C.; Sarı, A.; Karaipekli, A. Preparation, Thermal Properties and Thermal Reliability of Microencapsulated N-Eicosane as Novel Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage. Energy Convers. Manage. 2011, 52, 687. (21) Li, X.; Liu, K. L.; Li, J.; Tan, E. P. S.; Chan, L. M.; Lim, C. T.; Goh, S. H. Synthesis, Characterization, and Morphology Studies of Biodegradable Amphiphilic Poly[(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate]- a Lt -Poly(ethylene Glycol) Multiblock Copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7, 3112.

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: [email protected]. ORCID

Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian: 0000-0003-4257-8807 Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

■

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Dr. C. P. Ramanarayanan, Vice-Chancellor, DIAT (DU), Pune, for constant encouragement and support. The authors would also like to acknowledge Mr. Prakash Gore, Mr. Swaroop Gharde, Mr. Jay Korde, and Mr. Rushikesh Ambekar for technical discussions and support. The authors are also thankful to anonymous reviewers for improving the quality of the manuscript by their valuable suggestions and comments. 10671


Review


(43) Hong, H.; Pan, Y.; Sun, H.; Zhu, Z.; Ma, C.; Wang, B.; Liang, W.; Yang, B.; Li, A. Superwetting Polypropylene Aerogel Supported Form-Stable Phase Change Materials with Extremely High Organics Loading and Enhanced Thermal Conductivity. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 174, 307. (44) Liang, W.; Chen, P.; Sun, H.; Zhu, Z.; Li, A. Innovative Spongy Attapulgite Loaded with N-Carboxylic Acids as Composite Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 38535. (45) Liang, W.; Zhang, G.; Sun, H.; Zhu, Z.; Li, A. Conjugated Microporous Polymers/n-Carboxylic Acids Composites as FormStable Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 18022. (46) Liang, W.; Zhang, G.; Sun, H.; Chen, P.; Zhu, Z.; Li, A. Graphene−nickel/ N -Carboxylic Acids Composites as Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 132, 425. (47) Mu, P.; Sun, H.; Zhu, Z.; He, J.; Liang, W.; Li, A. Monolithic Nanofoam Based on Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanotubes with Ultrahigh Mechanical Strength and Flexibility for Energy Storage. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 11676. (48) Wu, B.; Liu, Z.; Jiang, L.; Zhou, C.; Lei, J. Preparation and Characterization of Thermoplastic Poly(urethane-Urea) Solid-Solid Phase-Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2018, 37, 2997. (49) Garg, H. P.; Mullick, S. C.; Bhargava, A. K. Solar Thermal Energy Storage; Springer: Netherlands, 1985. (50) Hasnain, S. M. Review on Sustainable Thermal Energy Storage Technologies, Part I: Heat Storage Materials and Techniques. Energy Convers. Manage. 1998, 39, 1127. (51) He, Y.; Wang, X. PCM Cooling Device, Cooling System, Controlling Method and Controlling Unit for Controlling the System. Int. Patent No. WO2015078245A1, October 2014. (52) Lian, Q.; Li, Y.; Sayyed, A. A. S.; Cheng, J.; Zhang, J. Facile Strategy in Designing Epoxy/Paraffin Multiple Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Applications. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 3375. (53) Sami, S.; Sadrameli, S. M.; Etesami, N. Thermal Properties Optimization of Microencapsulated a Renewable and Non-Toxic Phase Change Material with a Polystyrene Shell for Thermal Energy Storage Systems. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2018, 130, 1416. (54) Chen, J.; Ling, Z.; Fang, X.; Zhang, Z. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Form-Stable Dodecane/hydrophobic Fumed Silica Composite Phase Change Materials for Cold Energy Storage. Energy Convers. Manage. 2015, 105, 817. (55) Fang, G.; Li, H.; Yang, F.; Liu, X.; Wu, S. Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Encapsulated N-Tetradecane as Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage. Chem. Eng. J. 2009, 153, 217. (56) Sharma, S. D.; Sagara, K. Latent Heat Storage Materials and Systems: A Review. Int. J. Green Energy 2005, 2, 1. (57) Xia, Q.; Chen, Y.; Yang, C.; Zhang, T.; Zang, Y. A New Model of Phase Change Process for Thermal Energy Storage. Int. J. Energy Res. 2018, 42, 3877. (58) Sarı, A.; Alkan, C.; Karaipekli, A. Preparation, Characterization and Thermal Properties of PMMA/n-Heptadecane Microcapsules as Novel Solid−liquid microPCM for Thermal Energy Storage. Appl. Energy 2010, 87, 1529. (59) Qiu, X.; Li, W.; Song, G.; Chu, X.; Tang, G. Microencapsulated N-Octadecane with Different Methylmethacrylate-Based Copolymer Shells as Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. Energy 2012, 46, 188. (60) Kahraman Döğüsç ü, D.; Kızıl, Ç .; Biçer, A.; Sarı, A.; Alkan, C. Microencapsulated N -Alkane Eutectics in Polystyrene for Solar Thermal Applications. Sol. Energy 2018, 160, 32. (61) Arshad, A.; Ali, H. M.; Yan, W.-M.; Hussein, A. K.; Ahmadlouydarab, M. An Experimental Study of Enhanced Heat Sinks for Thermal Management Using N-Eicosane as Phase Change Material. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2018, 132, 52.

(22) Zalba, B.; Marin, J. M.; Cabeza, L. F.; Mehling, H. Review on Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change: Materials, Heat Transfer Analysis and Applications. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2003, 23, 251. (23) Farid, M. M.; Khudhair, A. M.; Razack, S. A. K.; Al-Hallaj, S. A Review on Phase Change Energy Storage: Materials and Applications. Energy Convers. Manage. 2004, 45, 1597. (24) Mondal, S. Phase Change Materials for Smart Textiles − An Overview. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2008, 28, 1536. (25) Kuznik, F.; David, D.; Johannes, K.; Roux, J.-J. A Review on Phase Change Materials Integrated in Building Walls. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 379. (26) Fan, L.; Khodadadi, J. M. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 24. (27) Zhao, C. Y.; Zhang, G. H. Review on Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (MEPCMs): Fabrication, Characterization and Applications. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 3813. (28) Rathod, M. K.; Banerjee, J. Thermal Stability of Phase Change Materials Used in Latent Heat Energy Storage Systems: A Review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2013, 18, 246. (29) Yuan, Y.; Zhang, N.; Tao, W.; Cao, X.; He, Y. Fatty Acids as Phase Change Materials: A Review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2014, 29, 482. (30) Jamekhorshid, A.; Sadrameli, S. M.; Farid, M. A Review of Microencapsulation Methods of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) as a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Medium. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2014, 31, 531. (31) Ma, T.; Yang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, L.; Wang, X. Using Phase Change Materials in Photovoltaic Systems for Thermal Regulation and Electrical Efficiency Improvement: A Review and Outlook. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2015, 43, 1273. (32) Safari, A.; Saidur, R.; Sulaiman, F. A.; Xu, Y.; Dong, J. A Review on Supercooling of Phase Change Materials in Thermal Energy Storage Systems. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2017, 70, 905. (33) Jaguemont, J.; Omar, N.; Van den Bossche, P.; Mierlo, J. PhaseChange Materials (PCM) for Automotive Applications: A Review. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2018, 132, 308. (34) Abuelnuor, A. A. A.; Omara, A. A. M.; Saqr, K. M.; Elhag, I. H. I. Improving Indoor Thermal Comfort by Using Phase Change Materials: A Review. Int. J. Energy Res. 2018, 42, 2084. (35) Umair, M. M.; Zhang, Y.; Iqbal, K.; Zhang, S.; Tang, B. Novel Strategies and Supporting Materials Applied to Shape-Stabilize Organic Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy storage−A Review. Appl. Energy 2019, 235, 846. (36) Nazir, H.; Batool, M.; Bolivar Osorio, F. J.; Isaza-Ruiz, M.; Xu, X.; Vignarooban, K.; Phelan, P.; Inamuddin; Kannan, A. M. Recent Developments in Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage Applications: A Review. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2019, 129, 491. (37) Hauer, A. Storage Technology Issues and Opportunities. Presented at the CERT Energy Storage Workshop, Paris, Feb. 15, 2011; International Energy Agency. (38) Sebarchievici, C.; Sarbu, I. A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage. Sustainability 2018, 10, 191. (39) Wang, Z.; Dai, Z. Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors: An Overview. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 6420. (40) Fang, X.; Fan, L.-W.; Ding, Q.; Wang, X.; Yao, X.-L.; Hou, J.-F.; Yu, Z.-T.; Cheng, G.-H.; Hu, Y.-C.; Cen, K.-F. Increased Thermal Conductivity of Eicosane-Based Composite Phase Change Materials in the Presence of Graphene Nanoplatelets. Energy Fuels 2013, 27, 4041. (41) Wu, Q.; Zhao, D.; Jiao, X.; Zhang, Y.; Shea, K. J.; Lu, X.; Qiu, G. Preparation, Properties, and Supercooling Prevention of Phase Change Material N -Octadecane Microcapsules with Peppermint Fragrance Scent. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015, 54, 8130. (42) Liang, W.; Wang, L.; Zhu, H.; Pan, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Sun, H.; Ma, C.; Li, A. Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Phase Change Material Nanocomposites Based on MnO2 Nanowires and Nanotubes for Energy Storage. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 180, 158. 10672


Review

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (62) Guo, X.; Zhang, S.; Cao, J. An Energy-Efficient Composite by Using Expanded Graphite Stabilized Paraffin as Phase Change Material. Composites, Part A 2018, 107, 83. (63) Chaiyasat, A. Innovative Bifunctional Microcapsule for Heat Storage and Antibacterial Properties. GEOMATE 2018, 14, DOI: 10.21660/2018.45.7311. (64) Popelka, A.; Sobolčiak, P.; Mrlík, M.; Nogellova, Z.; Chodák, I.; Ouederni, M.; Al-Maadeed, M. A.; Krupa, I. Foamy Phase Change Materials Based on Linear Low-Density Polyethylene and Paraffin Wax Blends. Emergent Mater. 2018, 1, 47. (65) Fukai, J.; Kanou, M.; Kodama, Y.; Miyatake, O. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Energy Storage Media Using Carbon Fibers. Energy Convers. Manage. 2000, 41, 1543. (66) Sadrameli, S. M.; Motaharinejad, F.; Mohammadpour, M.; Dorkoosh, F. An Experimental Investigation to the Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Paraffin Wax as a Phase Change Material Using Diamond Nanoparticles as a Promoting Factor. Heat Mass Transfer 2019, 55, 1. (67) Ma, T.; Li, L.; Wang, Q.; Guo, C. High-Performance Flame Retarded Paraffin/epoxy Resin Form-Stable Phase Change Material. J. Mater. Sci. 2019, 54, 875. (68) Seitz, S.; Ajiro, H. Self-Assembling Weak Polyelectrolytes for the Layer-by-Layer Encapsulation of Paraffin-Type Phase Change Material Icosane. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2019, 190, 57. (69) Zhang, Y.; Wang, L.; Tang, B.; Lu, R.; Zhang, S. Form-Stable Phase Change Materials with High Phase Change Enthalpy from the Composite of Paraffin and Cross-Linking Phase Change Structure. Appl. Energy 2016, 184, 241. (70) Abdulrahman, R. S.; Ibrahim, F. A.; Dakhil, S. F. Development of Paraffin Wax as Phase Change Material Based Latent Heat Storage in Heat Exchanger. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2019, 150, 193. (71) Ambekar, R. S.; Kandasubramanian, B. A Polydopamine-Based Platform for Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery. Biomater. Sci. 2019, 7, 1776. (72) Wang, W.; Fan, X.; Qiu, J.; Umair, M. M.; Ju, B.; Zhang, S.; Tang, B. Extracorporeal Magnetic Thermotherapy Materials for SelfControlled Temperature through Phase Transition. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 358, 1279. (73) Sarı, A.; Bicer, A.; Karaipekli, A.; Al-Sulaiman, F. A. Preparation, Characterization and Thermal Regulation Performance of Cement Based-Composite Phase Change Material. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 174, 523. (74) Sarı, A.; Bicer, A.; Al-Ahmed, A.; Al-Sulaiman, F. A.; Zahir, M. H.; Mohamed, S. A. Silica Fume/capric Acid-Palmitic Acid Composite Phase Change Material Doped with CNTs for Thermal Energy Storage. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 179, 353. (75) Wang, R.; Ren, M.; Gao, X.; Qin, L. Preparation and Properties of Fatty Acids Based Thermal Energy Storage Aggregate Concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 165, 1. (76) Nazir, H.; Batool, M.; Ali, M.; Kannan, A. M. Fatty Acids Based Eutectic Phase Change System for Thermal Energy Storage Applications. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2018, 142, 466. (77) Inoue, T.; Hisatsugu, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Wang, Z.; Zheng, L. Solid−liquid Phase Behavior of Binary Fatty Acid Mixtures. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2004, 132, 225. (78) Feldman, D.; Shapiro, M. M.; Banu, D.; Fuks, C. J. Fatty Acids and Their Mixtures as Phase-Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. Sol. Energy Mater. 1989, 18, 201. (79) Sarı, A.; Kaygusuz, K. Thermal Performance of Myristic Acid as a Phase Change Material for Energy Storage Application. Renewable Energy 2001, 24, 303. (80) Hörmansdörfer, G. Latent Heat of Storage Material and Use Thereof. Eur. Patent No. EP0236382B1, September 1989. (81) Sanderson, H.; Belanger, S. E.; Fisk, P. R.; Schäfers, C.; Veenstra, G.; Nielsen, A. M.; Kasai, Y.; Willing, A.; Dyer, S. D.; Stanton, K.; et al. An Overview of Hazard and Risk Assessment of the OECD High Production Volume Chemical categoryLong Chain Alcohols [C6−C22] (LCOH). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2009, 72, 973.

(82) Zeng, J. L.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Y. Y.; Cao, Z. X.; Zhang, Z. H.; Xu, F.; Sun, L. X. Polyaniline/1-Tetradecanol Composites. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2008, 91, 455. (83) Yavari, F.; Fard, H. R.; Pashayi, K.; Rafiee, M. A.; Zamiri, A.; Yu, Z.; Ozisik, R.; Borca-Tasciuc, T.; Koratkar, N. Enhanced Thermal Conductivity in a Nanostructured Phase Change Composite due to Low Concentration Graphene Additives. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 8753. (84) Mu, B.; Li, M. Fabrication and Thermal Properties of Tetradecanol/graphene Aerogel Form-Stable Composite Phase Change Materials. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 8878. (85) Moon, G. D.; Choi, S.-W.; Cai, X.; Li, W.; Cho, E. C.; Jeong, U.; Wang, L. V.; Xia, Y. A New Theranostic System Based on Gold Nanocages and Phase-Change Materials with Unique Features for Photoacoustic Imaging and Controlled Release. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 4762. (86) Wang, C.; Feng, L.; Li, W.; Zheng, J.; Tian, W.; Li, X. ShapeStabilized Phase Change Materials Based on Polyethylene Glycol/ porous Carbon Composite: The Influence of the Pore Structure of the Carbon Materials. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012, 105, 21. (87) Pielichowski, K.; Flejtuch, K. Differential Scanning Calorimetry Studies on Poly(ethylene Glycol) with Different Molecular Weights for Thermal Energy Storage Materials. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2002, 13, 690. (88) Min, X.; Fang, M.; Huang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Wen, R.; Qian, T.; Wu, X. Enhanced Thermal Properties of Novel ShapeStabilized PEG Composite Phase Change Materials with Radial Mesoporous Silica Sphere for Thermal Energy Storage. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 12964. (89) Qian, T.; Li, J.; Ma, H.; Yang, J. The Preparation of a Green Shape-Stabilized Composite Phase Change Material of Polyethylene glycol/SiO2 with Enhanced Thermal Performance Based on Oil Shale Ash via Temperature-Assisted Sol−gel Method. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 132, 29. (90) Mehling, H.; Cabeza, L. F. Solid-Liquid Phase Change Materials. In Heat and Cold Storage with PCM; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008; pp 11−55. (91) Sun, K.; Kou, Y.; Zheng, H.; Liu, X.; Tan, Z.; Shi, Q. Using Silicagel Industrial Wastes to Synthesize Polyethylene Glycol/silicaHydroxyl Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Applications. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 178, 139. (92) Zhang, D.; Chen, M.; Wu, S.; Liu, Q.; Wan, J. Preparation of Expanded Graphite/polyethylene Glycol Composite Phase Change Material for Thermoregulation of Asphalt Binder. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 169, 513. (93) Zhao, Y.; Min, X.; Huang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Wu, X.; Fang, M. Honeycomb-like Structured Biological Porous Carbon Encapsulating PEG: A Shape-Stable Phase Change Material with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity for Thermal Energy Storage. Energy Build. 2018, 158, 1049. (94) Liu, Z.; Wei, H.; Tang, B.; Xu, S.; Shufen, Z. Novel Light− driven CF/PEG/SiO2 Composite Phase Change Materials with High Thermal Conductivity. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 174, 538. (95) Sundararajan, S.; Samui, A. B.; Kulkarni, P. S. Thermal Energy Storage Using Poly(ethylene Glycol) Incorporated Hyperbranched Polyurethane as Solid−Solid Phase Change Material. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2017, 56, 14401. (96) Wang, Y.; Tang, B.; Zhang, S. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Phase Change Material Composites: Sunlight-Driven, Reversible, Form-Stable Phase Transitions for Solar Thermal Energy Storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 4354. (97) Zhou, Y.; Liu, X.; Sheng, D.; Lin, C.; Ji, F.; Dong, L.; Xu, S.; Wu, H.; Yang, Y. Polyurethane-Based Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials with in Situ Reduced Graphene Oxide for Light-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 338, 117. (98) Xiang, H.; Wang, S.; Wang, R.; Zhou, Z.; Peng, C.; Zhu, M. Synthesis and Characterization of an Environmentally Friendly PHBV/PEG Copolymer Network as a Phase Change Material. Sci. China: Chem. 2013, 56, 716. 10673


Review

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (99) Frigione, M.; Lettieri, M.; Sarcinella, A.; de Aguiar, J. B. Mortars with Phase Change Materials (PCM) and Stone Waste to Improve Energy Efficiency in Buildings. In International Congress on Polymers in Concrete (ICPIC 2018); Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp 195−201. (100) Sukontasukkul, P.; Sutthiphasilp, T.; Chalodhorn, W.; Chindaprasirt, P. Improving Thermal Properties of Exterior Plastering Mortars with Phase Change Materials with Different Melting Temperatures: Paraffin and Polyethylene Glycol. Adv. Build. Energy Res. 2018, 1. (101) Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Qiu, J.; Jin, X.; Umair, M. M.; Lu, R.; Zhang, S.; Tang, B. Ag-graphene/PEG Composite Phase Change Materials for Enhancing Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage Capacity. Appl. Energy 2019, 237, 83. (102) Sarı, A.; Bicer, A.; Al-Sulaiman, F. A.; Karaipekli, A.; Tyagi, V. V. Diatomite/CNTs/PEG Composite PCMs with Shape-Stabilized and Improved Thermal Conductivity: Preparation and Thermal Energy Storage Properties. Energy Build. 2018, 164, 166. (103) Zhang, Y.; Xiu, J.; Tang, B.; Lu, R.; Zhang, S. Novel SemiInterpenetrating Network Structural Phase Change Composites with High Phase Change Enthalpy. AIChE J. 2018, 64, 688. (104) Sundararajan, S.; Kumar, A.; Chakraborty, B. C.; Samui, A. B.; Kulkarni, P. S. Poly(ethylene Glycol) (PEG)-Modified Epoxy PhaseChange Polymer with Dual Properties of Thermal Storage and Vibration Damping. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2018, 2, 688. (105) Kang, Y.; Jeong, S.-G.; Wi, S.; Kim, S. Energy Efficient BioBased PCM with Silica Fume Composites to Apply in Concrete for Energy Saving in Buildings. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 143, 430. (106) Yu, S.; Jeong, S.-G.; Chung, O.; Kim, S. Bio-Based PCM/ carbon Nanomaterials Composites with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2014, 120, 549. (107) Mathis, D.; Blanchet, P.; Landry, V.; Lagière, P. Thermal Characterization of Bio-Based Phase Changing Materials in Decorative Wood-Based Panels for Thermal Energy Storage. Green Energy Environ. 2019, 4, 56. (108) Hu, W.; Yu, X. Encapsulation of Bio-Based PCM with Coaxial Electrospun Ultrafine Fibers. RSC Adv. 2012, 2, 5580. (109) Ebadi, S.; Humaira Tasnim, S.; Abbas Aliabadi, A.; Mahmud, S. Geometry and Nanoparticle Loading Effects on the Bio-Based Nano-PCM Filled Cylindrical Thermal Energy Storage System. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2018, 141, 724. (110) Németh, B.; Németh, Á . S.; Ujhidy, A.; Tóth, J.; Trif, L.; Gyenis, J.; Feczkó, T. Fully Bio-Originated Latent Heat Storing Calcium Alginate Microcapsules with High Coconut Oil Loading. Sol. Energy 2018, 170, 314. (111) Liu, P.; Gu, X.; Bian, L.; Cheng, X.; Peng, L.; He, H. Thermal Properties and Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Capric Acid/ Diatomite/Carbon Nanotube Composites as Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 2964. (112) Cao, R.; Wang, Y.; Chen, S.; Han, N.; Liu, H.; Zhang, X. Multiresponsive Shape-Stabilized Hexadecyl Acrylate-Grafted Graphene as a Phase Change Material with Enhanced Thermal and Electrical Conductivities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 8982. (113) Zhang, L.; Zhou, K.; Wei, Q.; Ma, L.; Ye, W.; Li, H.; Zhou, B.; Yu, Z.; Lin, C.-T.; Luo, J.; et al. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Phase Change Materials with 3D Porous Diamond Foam for Thermal Energy Storage. Appl. Energy 2019, 233−234, 208. (114) Venkitaraj, K. P.; Suresh, S. Effects of Al2O3, CuO and TiO2 Nanoparticles Son Thermal, Phase Transition and Crystallization Properties of Solid-Solid Phase Change Material. Mech. Mater. 2019, 128, 64. (115) Sheng, N.; Dong, K.; Zhu, C.; Akiyama, T.; Nomura, T. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Erythritol Phase Change Material with Percolated Aluminum Filler. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2019, 229, 87.

(116) Arunachalam, S. Latent Heat Storage: Container Geometry, Enhancement Techniques and Applications-A Review. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2019, 141, 050801. (117) Choi, D. H.; Lee, J.; Hong, H.; Kang, Y. T. Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer Performance Enhancement of Phase Change Materials (PCM) Containing Carbon Additives for Heat Storage Application. Int. J. Refrig. 2014, 42, 112. (118) Li, M. A Nano-Graphite/paraffin Phase Change Material with High Thermal Conductivity. Appl. Energy 2013, 106, 25. (119) Khyad, A.; Samrani, H.; Bargach, M. N.; Tadili, R. Energy storage with PCMs: Experimental analysis of paraffin’s phase change phenomenon & improvement of its properties. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 2016, 7, 2551. (120) Ş ahan, N.; Fois, M.; Paksoy, H. Improving Thermal Conductivity Phase Change materialsA Study of Paraffin Nanomagnetite Composites. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 137, 61. (121) Xiao, X.; Zhang, P.; Li, M. Preparation and Thermal Characterization of Paraffin/metal Foam Composite Phase Change Material. Appl. Energy 2013, 112, 1357. (122) Huang, L.; Günther, E.; Doetsch, C.; Mehling, H. Subcooling in PCM emulsionsPart 1: Experimental. Thermochim. Acta 2010, 509, 93. (123) Fan, Y. F.; Zhang, X. X.; Wang, X. C.; Li, J.; Zhu, Q. B. SuperCooling Prevention of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material. Thermochim. Acta 2004, 413, 1. (124) Günther, E.; Schmid, T.; Mehling, H.; Hiebler, S.; Huang, L. Subcooling in Hexadecane Emulsions. Int. J. Refrig. 2010, 33, 1605. (125) Pielichowska, K.; Pielichowski, K. Crystallization Behaviour of PEO with Carbon-Based Nanonucleants for Thermal Energy Storage. Thermochim. Acta 2010, 510, 173. (126) Li, W.; Zhang, X.-X.; Wang, X.-C.; Niu, J.-J. Preparation and Characterization of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material with Low Remnant Formaldehyde Content. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2007, 106, 437. (127) Li, W.; Wang, J.; Wang, X.; Wu, S.; Zhang, X. Effects of Ammonium Chloride and Heat Treatment on Residual Formaldehyde Contents of Melamine-Formaldehyde Microcapsules. Colloid Polym. Sci. 2007, 285, 1691. (128) Fashandi, M.; Leung, S. N. Preparation and Characterization of 100{%} Bio-Based Polylactic Acid/palmitic Acid Microcapsules for Thermal Energy Storage. Mater. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2017, 6, 14. (129) Roy, J. C.; Giraud, S.; Ferri, A.; Mossotti, R.; Guan, J.; Salaün, F. Influence of Process Parameters on Microcapsule Formation from chitosanType B Gelatin Complex Coacervates. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018, 198, 281. (130) Pielichowska, K.; Pielichowski, K. Novel Biodegradable Form Stable Phase Change Materials: Blends of Poly(ethylene Oxide) and Gelatinized Potato Starch. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 3, 1725. (131) Singh, N.; Balasubramanian, K. An Effective Technique for Removal and Recovery of uranium(VI) from Aqueous Solution Using Cellulose−camphor Soot Nanofibers. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 27691. (132) Sharma, S.; Balasubramanian, K.; Arora, R. Adsorption of Arsenic (V) Ions onto Cellulosic-Ferric Oxide System: Kinetics and Isotherm Studies. Desalin. Water Treat. 2016, 57, 9420. (133) Yu, L.; Lin, J.; Tian, F.; Li, X.; Bian, F.; Wang, J. Cellulose Nanofibrils Generated from Jute Fibers with Tunable Polymorphs and Crystallinity. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 6402. (134) Bhalara, P. D.; Punetha, D.; Balasubramanian, K. Kinetic and Isotherm Analysis for Selective thorium(IV) Retrieval from Aqueous Environment Using Eco-Friendly Cellulose Composite. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 12, 3095. (135) Rule, P.; K, B.; Gonte, R. R. Uranium(VI) Remediation from Aqueous Environment Using Impregnated Cellulose Beads. J. Environ. Radioact. 2014, 136, 22. (136) Ş entü rk, S. B.; Kahraman, D.; Alkan, C.; Gö kçe, I.̇ Biodegradable PEG/cellulose, PEG/agarose and PEG/chitosan Blends as Shape Stabilized Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Energy Storage. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84, 141. 10674


Review


Application in Building Envelopes. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 185, 156. (158) Qian, Y.; Han, N.; Bo, Y.; Tan, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, X. Homogeneous Synthesis of Cellulose Acrylate- G -Poly (N-Alkyl Acrylate) Solid−solid Phase Change Materials via Free Radical Polymerization. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018, 193, 129. (159) Sundararajan, S.; Samui, A. B.; Kulkarni, P. S. Shape-Stabilized Poly(ethylene Glycol) (PEG)-Cellulose Acetate Blend Preparation with Superior PEG Loading via Microwave-Assisted Blending. Sol. Energy 2017, 144, 32. (160) Hu, X.; Huang, Z.; Zhang, Y. Preparation of CMC-Modified Melamine Resin Spherical Nano-Phase Change Energy Storage Materials. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 101, 83. (161) Feczkó, T.; Kardos, A. F.; Németh, B.; Trif, L.; Gyenis, J. Microencapsulation of N-Hexadecane Phase Change Material by Ethyl Cellulose Polymer. Polym. Bull. 2014, 71, 3289. (162) Ding, E.-Y.; Jiang, Y.; Li, G.-K. Comparative Studies of the Structures and Transition Characteristics of Cellulose Diacetate Modified with Polyethylene Glycol Prepared by Chemical Bonding and Physical Blending Methods. J. Macromol. Sci., Part B: Phys. 2001, 40, 1053. (163) Chen, C.; Wang, L.; Huang, Y. Crosslinking of the Electrospun Polyethylene Glycol/cellulose Acetate Composite Fibers as Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials. Mater. Lett. 2009, 63, 569. (164) Li, Y.; Wu, M.; Liu, R.; Huang, Y. Cellulose-Based Solid−solid Phase Change Materials Synthesized in Ionic Liquid. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93, 1321. (165) Chen, C.; Wang, L.; Huang, Y. Electrospun Phase Change Fibers Based on Polyethylene Glycol/cellulose Acetate Blends. Appl. Energy 2011, 88, 3133. (166) Phadungphatthanakoon, S.; Poompradub, S.; Wanichwecharungruang, S. P. Increasing the Thermal Storage Capacity of a Phase Change Material by Encapsulation: Preparation and Application in Natural Rubber. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 3691. (167) Mengjin, J.; Xiaoqing, S.; Jianjun, X.; Guangdou, Y. Preparation of a New Thermal Regulating Fiber Based on PVA and Paraffin. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 92, 1657. (168) Zdraveva, E.; Fang, J.; Mijovic, B.; Lin, T. Electrospun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Phase Change Material Fibers: Morphology, Heat Properties, and Stability. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015, 54, 8706. (169) Lu, Y.; Xiao, X.; Mo, J.; Huan, C.; Qi, S.; Zhan, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Xu, G. Green Nano-Encapsulation Technique for Preparation of Phase Change Nanofibers Mats with Core-Sheath Structure. Colloids Surf., A 2018, 555, 501. (170) Sari, A.; Kaygusuz, K. Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Fatty Acid Blends for Thermal Energy Storage. Energy Sources, Part A 2007, 29, 873. (171) Shi, H.; Li, J.; Jin, Y.; Yin, Y.; Zhang, X. Preparation and Properties of Poly(vinyl Alcohol)-G-Octadecanol Copolymers Based Solid−solid Phase Change Materials. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2011, 131, 108. (172) Wang, F.; Fang, X.; Zhang, Z. Preparation of Phase Change Material Emulsions with Good Stability and Little Supercooling by Using a Mixed Polymeric Emulsifier for Thermal Energy Storage. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 176, 381. (173) Chalco-Sandoval, W.; Fabra, M. J.; López-Rubio, A.; Lagaron, J. M. Development of an Encapsulated Phase Change Material via Emulsion and Coaxial Electrospinning. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, DOI: 10.1002/app.43903. (174) Che, H.; Chen, Q.; Zhong, Q.; He, S. The Effects of Nanoparticles on Morphology and Thermal Properties of Erythritol/ polyvinyl Alcohol Phase Change Composite Fibers. e-Polym. 2018, 18, 321. (175) Zhou, X.-M. Preparation and Characterization of PEG/MDI/ PVA Copolymer as Solid-Solid Phase Change Heat Storage Material. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 113, 2041. (176) Li, Z.; He, W.; Xu, J.; Jiang, M. Preparation and Characterization of in Situ Grafted/crosslinked Polyethylene

(137) Pielichowska, K.; Pielichowski, K. Biodegradable PEO/ cellulose-Based Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2011, 22, 1633. (138) Kuru, A.; Aksoy, S. A. Cellulose−PEG Grafts from Cotton Waste in Thermo-Regulating Textiles. Text. Res. J. 2014, 84, 337. (139) Sharma, S.; Balasubramanian, K. Molecularly Imprinted and Nanoengineered Camphor Soot Functionalized PAN-Nanofibers for Effluent Treatment. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 31732. (140) Gore, P.; Khraisheh, M.; Kandasubramanian, B. Nanofibers of Resorcinol−formaldehyde for Effective Adsorption of As (III) Ions from Mimicked Effluents. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 11729. (141) Yadav, R.; Balasubramanian, K. Metallization of Electrospun PAN Nanofibers via Electroless Gold Plating. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 24990. (142) Balasubramanian, K.; Sharma, S.; Badwe, S.; Banerjee, B. Tailored Non-Woven Electrospun Mesh of Poly-EthyleneoxideKeratin for Radioactive Metal Ion Sorption. J. Green Sci. Technol. 2015, 2, 10. (143) Badhe, Y.; Balasubramanian, K. Nanoencapsulated Core and Shell Electrospun Fibers of Resorcinol Formaldehyde. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015, 54, 7614. (144) Simon, S.; Malik, A.; Kandasubramanian, B. Hierarchical Electrospun Super-Hydrophobic Nanocomposites of Fluoroelastomer. Mater. Focus 2018, 7, 194. (145) Gore, P. M.; Kandasubramanian, B. Heterogeneous Wettable Cotton Based Superhydrophobic Janus Biofabric Engineered with PLA/functionalized-Organoclay Microfibers for Efficient Oil−water Separation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 7457. (146) Simon, S.; Balasubramanian, K. Facile Immobilization of Camphor Soot on Electrospun Hydrophobic Membrane for OilWater Separation. Mater. Focus 2018, 7, 295. (147) Tahalyani, J.; Rahangdale, K. K.; Aepuru, R.; Kandasubramanian, B.; Datar, S. Dielectric Investigation of a Conducting Fibrous Nonwoven Porous Mat Fabricated by a OneStep Facile Electrospinning Process. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 36588. (148) Tahalyani, J.; Datar, S.; Balasubramanian, K. Investigation of Dielectric Properties of Free Standing Electrospun Nonwoven Mat. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46121. (149) Balasubramanian, K.; Yadav, R.; Prajith, P. Antibacterial Nanofibers of Polyoxymethylene/gold for pro-Hygiene Applications. Int. J. Plast. Technol. 2015, 19, 363. (150) Ambekar, R. S.; Kandasubramanian, B. Advancements in Nanofibers for Wound Dressing: A Review. Eur. Polym. J. 2019, 117, 304. (151) Ambekar, R. S.; Kandasubramanian, B. Progress in the Advancement of Porous Biopolymer Scaffold: Tissue Engineering Application. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 6163. (152) Prajapati, D. G.; Kandasubramanian, B. Progress in the Development of Intrinsically Conducting Polymer Composites as Biosensors. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2019, 220, 1800561. (153) Chen, C.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, W. Electrospun Polyethylene Glycol/ cellulose Acetate Phase Change Fibers with Core−sheath Structure for Thermal Energy Storage. Renewable Energy 2013, 60, 222. (154) Rezaei, B.; Ghani, M.; Askari, M.; Shoushtari, A. M.; Malek, R. M. A. Fabrication of Thermal Intelligent Core/Shell Nanofibers by the Solution Coaxial Electrospinning Process. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2016, 35. DOI: 10.1002/adv.21534 (155) Cai, Y.; Hou, X.; Wang, W.; Liu, M.; Zhang, J.; Qiao, H.; Huang, F.; Wei, Q. Effects of SiO2 Nanoparticles on Structure and Property of Form-Stable Phase Change Materials Made of Cellulose Acetate Phase Inversion Membrane Absorbed with Capric-MyristicStearic Acid Ternary Eutectic Mixture. Thermochim. Acta 2017, 653, 49. (156) Cao, L.; Tang, Y.; Fang, G. Preparation and Properties of Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials Based on Fatty Acid Eutectics and Cellulose Composites for Thermal Energy Storage. Energy 2015, 80, 98. (157) Boussaba, L.; Foufa, A.; Makhlouf, S.; Lefebvre, G.; Royon, L. Elaboration and Properties of a Composite Bio-Based PCM for an 10675


Review

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Glycol/polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Thermal Regulating Fiber. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 140, 193. (177) Gupta, R.; Kedia, S.; Saurakhiya, N.; Sharma, A.; Ranjan, A. Composite Nanofibrous Sheets of Fatty Acids and Polymers as Thermo-Regulating Enclosures. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2016, 157, 676. (178) Sirohi, S.; Singh, D.; Nain, R.; Parida, D.; Agrawal, A. K.; Jassal, M. Electrospun Composite Nanofibres of PVA Loaded with Nanoencapsulated N-Octadecane. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 34377. (179) Zhang, M.; Liu, Y. J.; Xu, T. Y.; Sun, D. H. Preparation and Characteristics of Electrospinning PVA/PEG Composite Nanofibers. Adv. Mater. Res. 2011, 332−334, 1472. (180) Xu, W.; Lu, Y.; Wang, B.; Xu, J.; Ye, G.; Jiang, M. Preparation and Characterization of High Latent Heat Thermal Regulating Fiber Made of PVA and Paraffin. J. Eng. Fibers Fabr. 2013, 8, 155892501300800. (181) Sun, D. H.; Xu, T. Y.; Liu, Y. J.; Zhang, M. Preparation of PVA/PEG Phase Change Composite Nanofibers by Electrospinning. Adv. Mater. Res. 2011, 306−307, 37. (182) Bonadies, I.; Izzo Renzi, A.; Cocca, M.; Avella, M.; Carfagna, C.; Persico, P. Heat Storage and Dimensional Stability of Poly(vinyl Alcohol) Based Foams Containing Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015, 54, 9342. (183) Zhang, H.; Li, W.; Huang, R.; Wang, J.; Zhang, X. Effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol Modification on Microstructure, Thermal Properties and Impermeability of Microencapsulated N -Dodecanol as Phase Change Material. ChemistrySelect 2017, 2, 9369. (184) Luo, C. J.; Stoyanov, S. D.; Stride, E.; Pelan, E.; Edirisinghe, M. Electrospinning versus Fibre Production Methods: From Specifics to Technological Convergence. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 4708. (185) Manhas, N.; Balasubramanian, K.; Prajith, P.; Rule, P.; Nimje, S. PCL/PVA Nanoencapsulated Reinforcing Fillers of Steam Exploded/autoclaved Cellulose Nanofibrils for Tissue Engineering Applications. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 23999. (186) Beltrán, A.; Valente, A. J. M.; Jiménez, A.; Garrigós, M. C. Characterization of Poly(ε-Caprolactone)-Based Nanocomposites Containing Hydroxytyrosol for Active Food Packaging. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 2244. (187) Sinha, V. R.; Bansal, K.; Kaushik, R.; Kumria, R.; Trehan, A. Poly-ϵ-Caprolactone Microspheres and Nanospheres: An Overview. Int. J. Pharm. 2004, 278, 1. (188) Chalco-Sandoval, W.; Fabra, M. J.; López-Rubio, A.; Lagaron, J. M. Optimization of Solvents for the Encapsulation of a Phase Change Material in Polymeric Matrices by Electro-Hydrodynamic Processing of Interest in Temperature Buffering Food Applications. Eur. Polym. J. 2015, 72, 23. (189) Chalco-Sandoval, W.; Fabra, M. J.; López-Rubio, A.; Lagaron, J. M. Electrospun Heat Management Polymeric Materials of Interest in Food Refrigeration and Packaging. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, n/ a. (190) Romeo, V.; Vittoria, V.; Sorrentino, A. Development of Nanostructured Thermoregulating Textile Materials. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2008, 8, 4399. (191) Aludin, M. S.; Akmal, S. S. Preparation and Characterization of Form-Stable Paraffin/polycaprolactone Composites as Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. MATEC Web Conf. 2017, 97, 01094. (192) Pérez-Masiá, R.; López-Rubio, A.; Fabra, M. J.; Lagaron, J. M. Use of Electrohydrodynamic Processing to Develop Nanostructured Materials for the Preservation of the Cold Chain. Innovative Food Sci. Emerging Technol. 2014, 26, 415. (193) Sari-Bey, S.; Fois, M.; Krupa, I.; Ibos, L.; Benyoucef, B.; Candau, Y. Thermal Characterization of Polymer Matrix Composites Containing Microencapsulated Paraffin in Solid or Liquid State. Energy Convers. Manage. 2014, 78, 796. (194) Silva, V. O.; Lima, T. B. S.; Aquino, K. A. S.; da Silveira Filho, E. D.; Araujo, E. S.; Araujo, P. L. B. Improving Thermosolar Energy Storage with Biodegradable Polyester Nanocomposite Phase Change Materials. Macromol. Symp. 2019, 383, 1800047.

(195) Perez-Masia, R.; Lopez-Rubio, A.; Fabra, M. J.; Lagaron, J. M. Biodegradable Polyester-Based Heat Management Materials of Interest in Refrigeration and Smart Packaging Coatings. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 130, 3251. (196) Hudlikar, M.; Balasubramanian, K.; Kodam, K. Towards the Enhancement of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Hydrophobization of Chitosan. J. Chitin Chitosan Sci. 2014, 2, 273. (197) Chen, Y.; Chen, L.; Bai, H.; Li, L. Graphene Oxide−chitosan Composite Hydrogels as Broad-Spectrum Adsorbents for Water Purification. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 1992. (198) Gore, P. M.; Khurana, L.; Siddique, S.; Panicker, A.; Kandasubramanian, B. Ion-Imprinted Electrospun Nanofibers of chitosan/1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate for the Dynamic Expulsion of Thorium (IV) Ions from Mimicked Effluents. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 3320. (199) Luo, Y.; Teng, Z.; Wang, Q. Development of Zein Nanoparticles Coated with Carboxymethyl Chitosan for Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Vitamin D3. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 836. (200) Bari, S. S.; Chatterjee, A.; Mishra, S. Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites: An Overview. Polym. Rev. 2016, 56, 287. (201) Khan, A.; Pervez, M. N.; Saleem, M. A.; Masood, R.; Cai, Y. J. A Novel Synthesis of Solid-Solid (SSMePCM) by In Situ Polymerization. Mater. Sci. Forum 2017, 893, 43. (202) Fang, X.; Hao, P.; Song, B.; Tuan, C.-C.; Wong, C.-P.; Yu, Z.T. Form-Stable Phase Change Material Embedded with ChitosanDerived Carbon Aerogel. Mater. Lett. 2017, 195, 79. (203) Konuklu, Y.; Paksoy, H. O. The Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Gelatin Microcapsules and Microcomposites with Fatty Acids as Thermal Energy Storage Materials. Energy Technol. 2015, 3, 503. (204) Deveci, S. S.; Basal, G. Preparation of PCM Microcapsules by Complex Coacervation of Silk Fibroin and Chitosan. Colloid Polym. Sci. 2009, 287, 1455. (205) Chen, X.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, A.; Li, X.; Liu, L.; Qin, G.; Fang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Y. A Novel Design and Synthesis of Multifunctional Magnetic Chitosan Microsphere Based on Phase Change Materials. Mater. Lett. 2019, 237, 185. (206) Huo, X.; Li, W.; Wang, Y.; Han, N.; Wang, J.; Wang, N.; Zhang, X. Chitosan Composite Microencapsulated Comb-like Polymeric Phase Change Material via Coacervation Microencapsulation. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018, 200, 602. (207) Scacchetti, F. A. P.; Pinto, E.; Soares, G. M. B. Thermal and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Cotton Functionalized with a ChitosanZeolite Composite and Microcapsules of Phase-Change Materials. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46135. (208) Basal, G.; Sirin Deveci, S.; Yalcin, D.; Bayraktar, O. Properties of N-Eicosane-Loaded Silk Fibroin-Chitosan Microcapsules. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 121, 1885. (209) Sabzi, M.; Jiang, L.; Liu, F.; Ghasemi, I.; Atai, M. Graphene Nanoplatelets as Poly(lactic acid) Modifier: Linear Rheological Behavior and Electrical Conductivity. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 8253. (210) Mincheva, R.; Leclère, P.; Habibi, Y.; Raquez, J.-M.; Dubois, P. Preparation of Narrowly Dispersed Stereocomplex Nanocrystals: A Step towards All-Poly(lactic Acid) Nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 7402. (211) Deoray, N.; Kandasubramanian, B. Review on ThreeDimensionally Emulated Fiber-Embedded Lactic Acid Polymer Composites: Opportunities in Engineering Sector. Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng. 2018, 57, 860. (212) Kasirajan, S.; Ngouajio, M. Polyethylene and Biodegradable Mulches for Agricultural Applications: A Review. Agron. Sustainable Dev. 2012, 32, 501. (213) Matsuzawa, Y.; Kimura, Z.-I.; Nishimura, Y.; Shibayama, M.; Hiraishi, A. Removal of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants from Aqueous Solutions by Sorption onto Biodegradable Polyesters. J. Water Resour. Prot. 2010, 02, 214. 10676


Review


presentations on PCMs and thermal energy storage. Cold Chain Technology 2013, 8. (235) Ali, S. Phase Change Materials: Limitations and Improvements; PreScouter: Chicago, IL, USA, 2016.

(214) Boley, A.; Müller, W.-R.; Haider, G. Biodegradable Polymers as Solid Substrate and Biofilm Carrier for Denitrification in Recirculated Aquaculture Systems. Aquac. Eng. 2000, 22, 75. (215) Landis, A. E. Cradle to Gate Environmental Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment of Poly(lactic acid). In Poly(Lactic acid); John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2010; pp 431−441. (216) Garlotta, D. A Literature Review of Poly(lactic acid). J. Polym. Environ. 2001, 9, 63. (217) Pines, E. SyntheMed Device; 2008. (218) Khoddami, A.; Avinc, O.; Ghahremanzadeh, F. Improvement in Poly(lactic Acid) Fabric Performance via Hydrophilic Coating. Prog. Org. Coat. 2011, 72, 299. (219) Wang, J.; Sun, K.; Wang, J.; Guo, Y. Preparation of PLACoated Energy Storage Microcapsules and Its Application in Polyethylene Composites. Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng. 2013, 52, 1235. (220) Darzi, M. E.; Golestaneh, S. I.; Kamali, M.; Karimi, G. Thermal and Electrical Performance Analysis of Co-ElectrospunElectrosprayed PCM Nanofiber Composites in the Presence of Graphene and Carbon Fiber Powder. Renewable Energy 2019, 135, 719. (221) Lu, X.; Huang, J.; Kang, B.; Yuan, T.; Qu, J. Bio-Based Poly (lactic acid)/high-Density Polyethylene Blends as Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage Applications. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2019, 192, 170. (222) Guo, C.; Miao, Y.; Li, L. Synthesis and Characterization of Lauric Acid/carboxymethyl Cellulose Ester and Polylactic Acid Phase Change Material. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 2018, 10, 064102. (223) Fashandi, M.; Leung, S. N. Microencapsulation of Palmitic Acid with Polylactic Acid Shell for Thermal Energy Storage. Presented at SPE ANTEC, Anaheim, CA, May 8−10, 2017; Technical Paper No. 420. (224) Alva, G.; Liu, L.; Huang, X.; Fang, G. Thermal Energy Storage Materials and Systems for Solar Energy Applications. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2017, 68, 693. (225) Rabin, Y.; Bar-Niv, I.; Korin, E.; Mikic, B. Integrated Solar Collector Storage System Based on a Salt-Hydrate Phase-Change Material. Sol. Energy 1995, 55, 435. (226) Fernández, A. I.; Barreneche, C.; Belusko, M.; Segarra, M.; Bruno, F.; Cabeza, L. F. Considerations for the Use of Metal Alloys as Phase Change Materials for High Temperature Applications. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2017, 171, 275. (227) Peng, H.; Zhang, D.; Ling, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yu, Q.; She, X.; Li, Y.; Ding, Y. N -Alkanes Phase Change Materials and Their Microencapsulation for Thermal Energy Storage: A Critical Review. Energy Fuels 2018, 32, 7262. (228) Tang, B.; Wu, C.; Qiu, M.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, S. PEG/SiO2− Al2O3 Hybrid Form-Stable Phase Change Materials with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2014, 144, 162. (229) Saghir, M. Z.; Bayomy, A. M. Experimental Measurements and Numerical Computation of Nanofluid and Microencapsulated Phase Change Material in Porous Material. Int. J. Energy Res. 2019, DOI: 10.1002/er.4360. (230) Rasih, R. A.; Sidik, N. A. C.; Samion, S. Recent Progress on Concentrating Direct Absorption Solar Collector Using Nanofluids. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2019, 1. (231) Alizadeh, M.; Hosseinzadeh, K.; Mehrzadi, H.; Ganji, D. D. Investigation of LHTESS Filled by Hybrid Nano-Enhanced PCM with Koch Snowflake Fractal Cross Section in the Presence of Thermal Radiation. J. Mol. Liq. 2019, 273, 414. (232) Shao, X.-F.; Mo, S.-P.; Chen, Y.; Yin, T.; Yang, Z.; Jia, L.-S.; Cheng, Z.-D. Solidification Behavior of Hybrid TiO2 Nanofluids Containing Nanotubes and Nanoplatelets for Cold Thermal Energy Storage. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2017, 117, 427. (233) Sarı, A.; Karaipekli, A. Thermal Conductivity and Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Characteristics of Paraffin/expanded Graphite Composite as Phase Change Material. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2007, 27, 1271. (234) Formato, R. M. The Advantages & Challenges of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in Thermal Packaging. White papers and 10677


Biodegradable Polymeric Solid Framework-Based Organic Phase

Recommend Documents