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Bisphenol S Interacts with Catalase and Induces Oxidative Stress in Mouse Liver and Renal Cells Rui Zhang, Rutao Liu, and Wansong Zong J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02656 • Publication Date (Web): 10 Aug 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on August 16, 2016
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Bisphenol S Interacts with Catalase and Induces Oxidative Stress in Mouse Liver and Renal Cells
§
Rui Zhang,§ Rutao Liu, *,§ and Wansong Zong†
§
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China
-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, P. R. China †
College of Population, Resources and Environment, Shandong Normal University,
88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Rutao Liu, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, P.R. China. Phone/Fax: 86-531-88365489. Email:
[email protected] Paper Summary Word count: 4998 Number of figures: 11 Number of tables: 3
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Abstract
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Bisphenol S (BPS) is present in multitudinous consumer products and detected in
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both the food and water. It also has been a main substitute for BPA in food packaging
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industry. Yet, toxicity of BPS is not fully understood. The present study of the
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toxicity of BPS was divided into two parts. Firstly, oxidative stress, cell viability,
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apoptosis level and catalase (CAT) activity in mouse hepatocytes and renal cells
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were investigated after BPS exposure. After 12 h incubation with BPS, all of these
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parameters of hepatocytes and renal cells changed more than 15% as the
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concentration of BPS ranged from 0.1 mM to 1 mM. Secondly, the direct interaction
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between BPS and CAT on the molecule level was investigated by multiple spectra
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methods and molecular docking investigations. BPS changed the structure and the
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activity of CAT through binding to Gly 117 residue on the substrate channel of the
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enzyme. The main binding forces were hydrogen bond and hydrophobic force.
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Keywords: bisphenol S, oxidative stress, catalase, hepatocyte, renal cell,
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spectroscopy
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Introduction
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Bisphenols has been detected in food and water. 1As an important component of
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polycarbonates plastics, bisphenols have been widely used in producing plastic toys
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and containers. Among these compounds, bisphenol A (BPA) being primarily used to
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produce dental sealants,
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been well known by researchers for its estrogenic properties in vitro and in vivo.
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Unfortunately, BPA has been detected in human tissues, blood and urinary, which
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means we are all at risk from internal exposure to unconjugated BPA.
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have been taken to replace BPA with BPS in many countries, such as United States,
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Canada, Japan and almost all of the European Union countries. 9-11
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baby bottles,
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epoxy resins and beverage containers has
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4-6
Efforts
Research showed that BPS has similar estrogenic activities with BPA.
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The
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molecular structure of BPS is shown in Scheme 1. Now BPS can be expected in
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thermal receipt paper, food 1 and airplane luggage tags from United States, currency
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bills from 21 countries and in river water (3 g/L).
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thermal receipt paper makes BPS be carried to all recycled paper products and its
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dermal exposure inevitable. Dozens of papers have reported the high concentration
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(nanogram/gram to milligram/gram) of BPS in both products and the environment
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which pointed out the possibility of high levels of daily exposure and the possibility
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of occupational hazards.
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neurodevelopment of zebrafish.
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of resisting environmental degradation. 17 The relative inability to biodegrade of BPS
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13, 14
The high BPS content of the
Even at a very low-dose level BPS could affect the 16
Compared to BPA, BPS exhibits a higher ability
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may lead to its persistence and accumulation in the biota.
BPS can enter the
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human body via many routes. Dermal exposure and dietary food intake are the major
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routes.
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To date, Wang et al. have studied the toxicity of bovine serum albumin exposure
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to BPS, revealing that the BPS exhibits moderate toxicity to bovine serum albumin.
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19
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Kyunghee et al. have studied the reproductive toxicity of BPS to the zebrafish and
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found that BPS decreased gonadosomatic index and egg production of the female
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fish by a large margin, and the testosterone content of the male fish significantly
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decreased as well. 21 However, the potential toxic effects of BPS to the liver, kidney
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and the related enzymes seem not to attract enough attention in the research field of
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BPS toxicity. To fill the gap, we investigated the toxicity of BPS to hepatocytes,
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renal cells and catalase (CAT) in this study.
Mathew et al. proved that BPS could bind with human serum albumin.
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As a main organ containing CAT and an important target of drug toxicity, liver
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can metabolize exogenous compounds into reactive intermediates and the latter
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could lead a severe hepatocyte damage.
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have been detected in the urinary, 24 which means kidney can also be the target organ
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of BPS. Such findings suggest the potential for BPS to cause damages to the liver
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and kidney. In 1900, Loew stated “There seems to exist no plant and no animal
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which is without that peculiar enzyme”.
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CAT plays a part in protecting cells against the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen
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species (ROS). Therefore, it is meaningful to select CAT as the target enzyme of
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Importantly, BPS and other bisphenols
As an ubiquitous antioxidant enzyme,
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BPS. 26
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The objective of this study was to decorticate the BPS-derived detrimental
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effects in hepatocytes and renal cells and characterize the molecular mechanism of
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the BPS-CAT interaction. In the present study, we investigated the oxidative stress,
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cell viability, apoptosis and CAT response of primary hepatocytes and renal cells
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after BPS exposure. The enzyme activity assay of purified CAT was performed to
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evaluate the direct impact of BPS on CAT. Multiple spectroscopic methods and
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molecular modeling studies were implied to study the molecular mechanism of the
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interaction between CAT and BPS. In order to be relevant to the environmental
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exposure, we used BPS in a range from milli- to micro-molar. Given the
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concentration of BPS detected in average persons (about 10-6 mM) is less than 0.1
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mM,
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lower concentration (0-0.1mM) and results was showed in supporting information.
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Materials and Methods
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Materials
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we also investigated the negative effects of BPS to the liver and kidney in
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Bisphenol S (BPS; 99% purity) was purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China).
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Ca2+ and Mg2+-free Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) was obtained from Beijing
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Solarbio
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3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
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Missouri, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum
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and penicillin/streptomycin were all obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific
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(Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). H2O2 was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical
Ltd
(Beijing,
China).
CAT,
N-acetyl-L-cysteine
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Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). NaH2PO4·2H2O and Na2HPO4·12H2O
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were purchased by Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). 0.02
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M phosphate buffer (pH=7.4) was applied to control pH.
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Animals
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Seven to eight-week-old male C57 mice were purchased from the Experimental
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Animal Center of Shandong University and housed under standard laboratory
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conditions. All rats were provided with Laboratory Rodent Diet and water ad libitum.
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The animal experiments in this research were conducted according to the Guiding
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Principles outlined in the Use of Animals in Toxicology adopted by the Society of
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Toxicology in 1989.
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Cell Isolation and Treatment
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Isolation of mouse hepatocytes and renal cells was carried out as described in
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Seglenand Gupta. 27, 28 The isolated cells were then centrifuged at 150 g for 5 min at
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4 ℃ and washed with cold HBSS for three times and the final concentration of the
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cell was 1×107 /ml. BPS was dissolved in DMSO (final concentration,
