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S&S Membrane Filter Folder Detailed information a n d simple directions for use of membrane filters. This folder describes the new S&S "Bac· T-FIex"*, flexible membrane filter with a larger, green-col ored grid designed for easier, more accurate bacteria count.
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S&S Filtration Chart T h i s d e s k - s i z e d chart shows at a glance which filter paper t o use for a given analysis. Gives rela tive retention values of ^ S&S Analytical Filter V_ Papers and other brands.
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S&S Filter Paper Sampler S&S Analytical Filter Papers are known for their consistent accuracy, physical uniformity, and a wide variety of types. Make your own tests. Com pare. Send for your free sam- . pier of many S&S grades. *'*Bac-T-FlexM is a trademark
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where 94% of the research was basic, and was low only in the agricultural sciences. Staff research accounted for 14%, health agencies 10% (nearly all for medical research), a n d "other agencies" 2 3 % . T h e latter consisted chiefly of welfare a n d coordinating organizations and spent their funds mostly for social research. T h e 6% going to individuals is explained by t h e policy of many foundations against maKing grants to individuals, Individuals apply through their organizations, saving t h e foundation the necessity of handling unscreened individual applications. Considering this, a n d t h e fact that research funds allocated to health agencies and to several research councils often were reallocated to university investigators, N S F concludes that scientists at educational institutions were the ultimate recipients of somewhat more than 4 7 % of the funds for scientific research in 1953. Eleven of t h e 77 foundations made grants to individuals; the Ford, Rockefeller, and John Simon Guggenheim Foundations accounted for 9 3 % of t h e $1.5-million total. · T h e 11 gave -78% of their grants to college personnel; faculty recipients almost exactly equaled in number predoctoral and postdoctoral students combined. Average grants to professors were t h e highest for a n y group, $3900, as compared with a n average for all recipients of $3720. T h e report, "Scientific Research Expenditures b y t h e Larger Private Foundations," was prepared for N S F by F. Emerson Andrews, of t h e Russell Sage Foundation. T h e survey was undertaken without cost t o N S F , with the understanding the data would also
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be used in t h e Sage Foundation's current study, "Philanthropic Foundations." T h e report is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 2 5 , D . C . Price is 25 cents.
Body Chemistry Complete experimental data are needed to establish chemical conditions in the human body ATLANTA.—Chemically, the human b o d y is in a steady state and n o t necessarily in equilibrium. Hence, a clinical chemist cannot safely predict t h e level of any particular constituent from knowledge of others in t h e body, Samuel Natelson of Rockford (111.) Memorial Hospital told a recent meeting here of American Association of Clinical Chemists. Physiochemical studies, however, are important in helping t o give a clear insight to those forces acting in t h e b o d y a n d which t h e body uses or combats in its struggle for existence. Also to b e stressed, says Natelson, are factors w h i c h inhibit, accelerate, o r counteract physicochemical forces. Simply stated, w e cannot truly understand t h e workings of a constant temperature b a t h just from studying t h e heating coil a n d heat radiation rate. W e must also study the thermoregulator. In t h e body, circulation, breathing, kidney function, stimulus or i n hibition of certain hormone secretion, and emotional changes influence biological solutions. T h e clinical chemist needs instru-
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Completion of the Sinclair Aromatics Unit at Marcus Hook, Pa., Refinery means that a new and dependable source of supply of important petro-chemicals is now available to you. Designed for quantity production of high-purity Toluol, Xylol, ParaXylene and Higher boiling aromatics, this new Sinclair unit is a big step forward in meeting a basic industrial need. If your manufacturing processes call for reliable supplies of these aromatic hydrocarbons, Sinclair is ready to serve you. For complete information call or write to . . .
SINCLAIR CHEM1CALSJNC» (Subsidiary of Sinclair Oil Corporation) 600 Fifth Avenue, New York 20, Ν. Υ., Clrc!e-6-3600 FEB.
13. 1956
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RESEARCH NITROIWIETHAME C H 3 N 0 2
ments a n d procedures for direct meas tivity and slow d o w n others. Since urement of various electrolytes' ionic enzymes work as a team, it is apparent, activity. And, continues Natelson, an Natelson points out, that chaos would NITROETHANB other important n e e d is t o study emo- result at t h e cell level if hydrogen and CH3CH2N02 i tional changes as they affect chemo- other ion concentrations were to get 1-NITROPROPANE regulator concentration changes and in out of control. CH3CH2CH2N02 turn chemoregulator effects on ion con In studies on t h e relation between centration in living organism. bicarbonate, p H , a n d C 0 2 in blood, 2 - NITROPROPAN Ε • Fluid Imbalance a n d Disease. If Natelson finds equations (HendersonCH3CHISJ02CH3 medicine's aim is to find rational pro Hasselbalch, a m o n g others) based on cedures to treat disease involving fluid equilibrium considerations describing or electrolyte imbalance, then a clear conditions which a r e approached b u t understanding is n e e d e d of those never achieved in t h e normal individ mechanisms regulating this balance in ual. His research shows t h a t bicar t h e body. Only then c a n observed bonate level cannot b e estimated with chemical abnormalities b e interpreted any degree of accuracy from p H and intelligently. total C 0 2 in a living organism. H e The modern approach to under- also finds normal cell metabolism and AND D E R I V A T I V E S ! standing fluid a n d electrolyte balance breathing rate are most important fac I began with studies of acidosis i n 1917. tors in determining blood p H , b u t A practical instrument to measure t h e neither is taken into account in com blood's carbon dioxide level w a s d e monly used equations. veloped. Then followed studies on cal Other work on sodium, calcium, chlo cium a n d phosphorus levels in t h e blood ride, a n d phosphate ions, a n d sugar by the solubility p r o d u c t principle. shows wide variations between blood Later studies on other ions used t h e level and intake. Some pathological same idea and it seemed t o fit h u m a n conditions may cause a n e w balance blood conditions. "Normal" values b e point to b e established—brain injuries came established for many ions. often show a hyperchloremia p h e However, many inaccuracies have nomenon. become apparent recently in using Thus it is apparent, Natelson says, "normal'* values and calculating other that i n t h e h u m a n body, one is dealing ion concentrations from solubility prod with a complex system of balance which uct. Clinical tests of b o d y conditions is under constant regulation a n d re SOLVENTS show m a n y inconsistencies i n this adjustment. T h e state of t h e system I method for finding body chemical com can onlv b e estimated after data are position. Even w h e n a disease is di available—including both clinical and REDUCING AGENTS agnosed, o n e ion cannot b e positively chemical data. predicted from others* • Blood pH. Studies have been E M U L S I F Y I N G AeEIMTS made on t h e relation between C 0 2 in blood a n d its pH, illustrating compensaI tory mechanisms working in living or New Anticancer Agents R A W MATERIALS ganisms. I n a h u m a n , d e p t h a n d rate Thiadiazole derivatives ac of breathing control loss of C 0 2 , cell FUELS metabolic rate controls carbonic acid tive against tumors in ex pouring into the system, and m e t a b perimental animals, but t o x olism also controls other organic pro icity poses clinical problems DISPERSING AGENTS duction a n d removal. Kidney action affects t h e system. These in t u r n are controlled b y plasma p H through ac jt\ NEW CLASS OF COMPOUNDS, tion on enzyme systems, and certain 2-aminol-l,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives, brain centers control gland action. shows activity against several trans Thus, t h e body has a carefully regulated planted animal tumors in studies by Learn how the Nitroparaffins servomechanism designed to maintain American Cyanamid researchers. constant p H . I n t h e human, t h e or may be of help in improving yozvr While clinical trials h a v e not progressed ganism is in constant activity t o avoid present product or in creating to t h e point of indicating potential establishment of equilibrium. Instead, new products. interest in treating h u m a n cancer, a t h e body maintains certain selected new class of active compounds is con steady states where it functions best. zorite: sidered significant i n t h e search for Thus it is not surprising t o find a wide a n effective chemotherapeutic agent. variety of values for various blood con COMMERCIAL JT1 According t o J. J. Oleson and co stituents with a particular pH in dis C 0 R P workers of t h e Lederle Labs Division SOLVENTS -1^SW ease, Natelson says. (JACS, D e c . 2 0 ) , three tumors were Enzyme chemists find p H a n d salt studied in mice: melanoma, a glio 260 MADISON AVE. Η»£&Πΐ concentration must b e maintained blastoma, and a lymphosarcoma. The NEW YORK 16, N.Y. B f 3 j 5 * a L within n a r r o w limits to have normal parent compound, 2-arninol-1,3,4cell metabolism. A 0.1 unit shift in thiadiazole, appears to b e t h e most Branches in principal cities I p H will speed u p some enzyme's a c active. T h e 2-lower alkylamino and
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