BOOK REVIEWS
Gas Chromatography. Orion Edwin Schupp III. xxi + 437 pages. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, Ν. Υ. 10016. 1968. $16.50 Reviewed by H. W. Habgood, Re search Council of Alberta, Edmonton 7, Alberta, Canada
This book is published as Volume XIII of the well-known series, "Tech nique of Organic Chemistry," edited by Weissberger and Perry. From Volume V, "Adsorption and Chromatography," through Volume X, "Fundamentals of Chromatography," both by Cassidy, Volume XII, "Thin-Layer Chromatog raphy" by Kirchner, and now the pres ent volume, the series reflects the increasing importance of various chro matographic methods to the practicing organic chemist. The chemist in the laboratory is particularly concerned with the separation and identification of organic products and, in my opinion, is reasonably well served by Schupp's book which is strongest in these aspects. The treatment of liquid phases is particularly comprehensive. Trade names, chemical names, and maximum temperatures are given for over 200 liquids, and relative polarities—as de termined by four different methods— are given for 60. Mixed column pack ings and liquid mixtures are treated as well. Following all of this, the over whelmed reader is reassured by the author's admission that 95% of the problems in his own laboratory are handled by only two liquids. Neverthe less, for those few difficult cases, the information in this section should be of great value. The chapter on qualitative analysis is excellent on chemical tests (both precolumn and post-column), but rather skimpy on such physical tests as coupled infrared or mass spectrometry. Correlations and homologous relations for retention volumes are extensively covered, but the retention index system is not given the detailed treatment war ranted by its being recommended as the preferred system. There is much useful information on equipment and its operation but there are also some surprising omissions. In the long discussion on detectors, fol lowing a good general discussion on sensitivity and limits of detection, no values are given for detectors in prac tical use. With the growing importance of mechanical and electronic integrators
one would also have expected more ad vice concerning their choice and appli cation. Perhaps the least satisfying section is the chapter on theory. A brief clas sification of types of chromatography is marred by some errors in the sche matic figures (for example the concen tration of a solute in the gas phase does not increase as the gas leaves the column). The bulk of the chapter is concerned with peak broadening effects —a particularly difficult subject to do justice to in a short space. Reference is made to most of the important papers in the literature but the reader will have difficulty in following the chapter without going to the original sources. The important subject of temperature effects is treated in a very incomplete fashion, and the questions of resolution and optimization of conditions are postponed to a short section under quantitative analysis, five chapters later. Coverage of the literature beyond 1966 is spotty although there are a few references to 1967 and 1968. I found relatively few typographical errors and my only complaint with the format is that the captions to the figures were often inadequate and required excessive reference to the text. The Computer and Chemistry: An In troduction to Programming and Nu merical Methods. T. R. Dickson, xi - f 216 pages. W. H. Freeman & Co., 660 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 91404. 1968. $5.75 Reviewed by Roger E. Anderson, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Univer sity of California, Livermore, Calif. 94550
According to the author, this text was written to teach computer pro gramming to the second-year chemistry undergraduate. Accordingly, the prob lems and examples were picked from the introductory chemical field. The book is split into two parts, the first section dealing with the Fortran lan guage and the second with selected topics from numerical methods applied to chemical problems. The author has presented program ming with a general introduction to Fortran, pointing out the differences between Fortran II and IV as they occur. I n addition, he has listed the
specifics, such as word length, of cer tain implementations where they ap ply. This section is not too unlike most programming texts except that the names and illustrations were chosen from the field of chemistry. This broad approach may confuse the student. The second section on numerical analysis includes a range of topics from least squares analysis to matrix diagonalization. The author has picked problems from the field of chemistry, but some appear to be too advanced for the sophomore level. One chapter deals with numerical integration and another chapter with matrix inversion. Al though these techniques are used in chemistry, such problems would nor mally be solved using standard avail able library routines rather than being individually written by the student. The chapter on least squares data fit ting is the only reference to treatment of experimental data. The more modern techniques of digital filters or convolu tion for such applications have not been included. In addition, no mention was made of errors, either in the calcula tion or the solution. This, I feel, is the book's greatest deficiency. The final chapter, entitled "Miscel laneous Applications," is probably the best. In it, the author has picked a number of current applications in chemistry and described them in vary ing detail. They range from NMR to mass spectra calculations, and most include current references. These ap plications will give the student the best insight into the use of the computer in chemical calculations. In the appendices are discussions of operating systems, error statements, and control language. These will be fine for anyone with a computer system similar to that of the author, but will be of no \ralue to anyone else. In general, the book is a nice small handbook to accompany the IBM 1620 system and to present computing in the chemist's language. Primary emphasis is on solving mathematical equations rather than on the processing of ex perimental data. Although it is not complete, it should present numerous applications to the beginning student. However, I do not feel that it will be a good reference for the advanced worker or the researcher because of its reference to a specific implementation and its lack of completeness. VOL. 4 1 , NO. 3, MARCH 1969 .
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New Books Photoluminescence of Solutions with Applications to Photochemistry and Analytical Chemistry. C. A. Parker, xvi -f- 544 pages. American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, Ν. Υ. 10017. 1968. $30 Reviewed by E. L. Wehry, Depart ment of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. 47401 Fluorescence and phosphorescence continue to receive increasing applica tion to both photochemistry and ana lytical chemistry; textual material pro viding a "unified" approach to these topics is, therefore, most welcome. Parker's book deals, cohesively and authoritatively, with all fundamental luminescence phenomena, including energy transfer, excimer emission, de layed fluorescence, excited-state equi libria, polarization, and environmental effects. Instrumentation and applica tions (to both photochemistry and analysis) are considered. Throughout his discussions of funda mental luminescence phenomena, P a r k e r makes extensive use of kinetic arguments. This approach is sound, and necessary, if one is to develop a thorough understanding of lumines cence and of the processes with which it competes. While the book purports to be "readily assimilated b y the new comer to the field," such individuals m a y find the going a bit rough in t h e early chapters. However, those readers who persevere through the treatment of luminescence kinetics will find the effort rewarding, and will be well pre pared to read the research literature in this area. T h e t r e a t m e n t of fundamentals, while thorough, is not especially well balanced. Photoluminescence of aro matic hydrocarbons, heteroaromatics, and carbonyls is considered in detail, while that of other important chemical species (notably coordination com pounds and biological molecules) is rather neglected. T h e space devoted to delayed fluorescence is considerably greater than justified b y its present or likely future importance in photochem istry or analysis; for example, t h e chapter on luminescence kinetics con sists of 58 pages, 28 of which are de voted to an excessively detailed exposi tion on delayed fluorescence. More detailed examination of a few topics, especially energy transfer and environ mental effects, would be welcome. Of particular note is a superb treat ment of a p p a r a t u s and experimental methods; it is safe to assert t h a t every individual using luminescence (whether he considers himself a neophyte or an expert) will profit from careful study 62 A ·
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A few Eastman chemicals that analytical labs will buy and why: New-chemicals man: E A S T M A N 10705, 10702, and an oldie, 1208, as standards for calibrating excitation and emission readings from a spectrofluorometer.
3 -Aminophthalimide (EASTMAN 10705) 4-DimethyIamino-4'-nitrostilbene (EASTMAN 10702) N,N-Dimethyl-m-nitroaniline (EASTMAN 1208) Also known as
Reporter: Who brought that up? N.-c. m.: Professor Charles E. White, Uni versity of Maryland. R.: Probably can't use his name in com mercially motivated advertising. We'll sum marize the paper. N.-c. m.: Maybe he wouldn't mind.
New-chemicals man: EASTMAN 10674, re agent for Zr and Hf. Reporter: Does the world still need a re agent for Zr and Hf? N.-c. m.: Yes. One of the most success ful industrial firms in the state of Ohio believes that brom o m a n d e l i c acid m i g h t be b e t t e r than chloromandelic acid, which we h a v e offered for years. Want to know who? R.: No. N o time to explain to their public relations people. We'll cite the literature.
New-chemicals man: EASTMAN 10587 and 10589, substrates for cholinesterase deter mination, big subject according to our own laboratory of industrial medicine.
Reporter: In addition to keeping cute rab bits, they suggest products to sell? N.-c. m.: Yes. It is a well integrated and highly motivated operation we have. R.: Let us summarize.
m-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline Fluorescent compounds suggested for a simple and relatively inexpensive method of calibrating the emission spectra of a spectrophotofluorometer. Previously suggested as standards for use with prism spectrofluorometers where emitted light was viewed from the front surface, these compounds are applicable as standards for measuring the fluorescence at a 90° angle to the excitation source. Because of their ready availability they should prove advantageous over the more ex pensive mechanical methods of calibra tion. Anal. Chem., 56:368 (1964). p-Bromomandelic Acid (EASTMAN 10674) p-Bromo- and p-Chloromandelic Acid (EASTMAN 7139) are preferred to mandelic acids for the direct determina tion of zirconium in steels and related alloys. And the mandelate method is generally preferred over the cupferron phosphate method for this determination because it is simpler, much less timeconsuming, results in larger precipitates, allows the use of distilled water as the wash solution, and makes possible the direct weighing of the zirconium precipi tates. Anal. Chem., 24:1861 (1952). p-Bromomandelic Acid is the choice of many chemists for determining zirco nium-hafnium ratios to an accuracy of ± 0.5% for samples containing > 1 0 % hafnium. The mandelate method for this determination is much faster than the selenite method (5-6 hours vs 25-30 hours). Anal. Chem., 25:1259 (1951). For a procedure to extract complexes of zirconium and hafnium see Zhur. Neorg. Khim., 6:2062 (1961) and for a more re cent review of the many uses of p-Bromomandelic Acid, see Ind. Chem., 38: 429 (1962). Acetylthiocholine Iodide (EASTMAN 10587) Butyrylthiocholine Iodide (EASTMAN 10589) A method for the colorimetric deter mination of acetylcholinesterase activ ity [Biochem. Pharmacol., 7:88 (1961)] uses Acetylthiocholine Iodide as sub strate and 3,3'-Dithiobis(6-nitrobenzoic Acid) (EASTMAN 10212). The enzyme in tissues or blood hydrolyzes the acetyl thiocholine, producing thiocholine which is then continuously reacted with the dithiobisnitrobenzoate ion to produce the yellow anion of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid. A photometer measures the rate of color production at 412 nm. Advantages of the method are that it can be run on very small samples of blood or tissues and that it can be used when only low concentrations of enzyme are present. By recording the output of the photom-
New-chemicals man: EASTMAN 10538 and 10641, high-priced estrogenic isoflavones, which we have tried with some success to bring down in price for the biochemists.
Reporter: Says here that natural estrogens were demonstrated in subterranean clover in 1946. N.-c. m.: Subterranean clover? R.: Subterranean clover. We shall review the literature, omitting the 1946 paper in the Australian Veterinary Journal that might have shed light on the subterranean clover.
New-chemicals man: EASTMAN 10604, a nematic liquid crystal that serves as an orienting solvent for NMR. Refresh your self on oriented N M R in Science, Dec. 20, '68, page 1337. Reporter: Too tutorial for the needs of commerce?
N.-c. m.: No, ma'am. Merely prepares the customer for a 45-item bibliography. I put it together in a spare moment. R.: To reduce attention from the idly curi ous, we'll use no coupon. Somewhere in this chatter we'll bury an offer for "Bibliography on Liquid Crystals in NMR," available on request from Eastman Kodak Company, Eastman Organic Chemicals, Rochester, N.Y. 14650.*
New-chemicals man: EASTMAN 9965, solvatochromic dye for grading solvents ac cording to polarity.
Reporter: Takes me back to Analytical Chemistry for October, 1966, page 100A, my first big break. N.-c. m.: You ought to smile more. R.: I'll review the literature.
eter, a continuous record of the activ ity of the enzyme and its kinetics can be obtained.
New Books
Biochanin A (EASTMAN 10538) Also known as 5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone Genistein (EASTMAN 10641) Also known as 4',5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone Much interest has been expressed in the last few years in the estrogenic activity of isoflavone derivatives. Compounds such as Genistein and Biochanin A, whose estrogenic activity is low com pared to that of diethylstilbestrol or es tradiol, are nevertheless present in forage in amounts sufficiently large to influence the endocrine state of farm animals. Studies of the isoflavones present in plants such as red clover and soybeans and how they are metabolized by the animal have led to estrogenic supple mentation of some animal feeds. Acta Physiol. Scand., 56:230 (1962). For the results of an examination of the NMR spectra of these compounds, see A ustrat ion J. Chem., 77:428 (1964). For the thin-layer chromatographic separation (on silica gel) of these compounds from soybean proteins, see J. Agr. Food Chem., 15:102 (1967).
of this section. I t is strongly hoped t h a t Parker's suggestions for calibration of spectrofluorometers and for reporting emission spectra will be extensively adopted. T h e chapter dealing with a p plications, which is not a catalog, is likewise outstanding; its perusal is al most guaranteed to generate new ideas and viewpoints. T h e book's organization is, in some respects, cumbersome. T h e r e is a frustratingly large number of cross-refer ences, m a n y topics being considered in some depth at several different loca tions. T h e r e a p p e a r terms—e.g., transi tion moment, water prism, Shpol'skii spectrum, achromatic lens—unfamiliar to the neophyte, which are defined (if at all) only some pages following their initial use. T h e a u t h o r also has a dis tracting tendency to disdain t h e use of punctuation to break up long sentences. This is an i m p o r t a n t book. I t is t h e only modern treatment of photolumi nescence by a single a u t h o r ; it is ex ceedingly thorough and authoritative. It should be widely acquired and read by individuals. T h e assigned price might be a p p r o p r i a t e for an obscure symposium volume destined to accu mulate dust on library shelves. How ever, for a book such as this, which should be easily accessible to m a n y in dividual workers, the price is incredible (the more emphatic adjectives which occur to this reviewer do not conven tionally appear in scientific journals).
p- [(p-Methoxybenzylidene)amino] phenyl Benzoate (EASTMAN 10604) By measuring the NMR spectra of ori ented molecules dissolved in liquid crys tals it is possible to determine the bond angles, the relative atomic distances, anisotropy of chemical shift, intermolecular reactions of host and guest molecules, and sign of the scalar coupling constants. By using mixtures of liquid crystals, the melting points (between 70 and 80 C for single compounds) can be lowered to 30 to 40 C to achieve desirable experimental conditions. A l o n g with E A S T M A N 10604, other nematic liquid crystals re ported for use in these eutectic mixtures are Butyl p-(p-Ethoxyphenyloxycarbonyl)phenyl Carbonate (EASTMAN 10482), p-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)phenyl Hexanoate (EASTMAN 10537), p-(pEthoxyphenylazo)phenyl Undecylenate ( E A S T M A N 1 0 5 4 1 ) , and p - [ ( p Methoxybenzylidene)amino] phenyl Ace tate (EASTMAN 9966). Angew. Chem., Intern. Ed., 6:450 (1967). l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2,4,6-triphenyIpyridinium Betaine (EASTMAN 9965) A very stable member of a class of solvatochromic compounds having the wid est range of solvatochromism known. The bands of solvatochromism are lo cated in the visible region of the spec trum thus making it possible to deter mine immediately the polarity of a solvent. An advantage is that this and other betaine compounds can be used with a wide range of solvents, extremely nonpolar solvents such as the aliphatic hydrocarbons being the exceptions. A 37-page report on the use of betaine compounds for the characterization of the polarity of solvents can be found in Ann., 661:1 (1963).
* Address from which to request Cumulative Supplement 44-6 for EASTMAN Organic Chemicals catalog. Any Eastman laboratory chemical, as well as EASTMAN Chromagram® products for thin-layer chromatography, can be ordered from your local branch of B&A/CURTIN/FISHER HOWE & FRENCH/NORTH-STRONG/SARGENT-WELCH V A N WATERS & ROGERS/WILL
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Survey of Analytical Chemistry. Sidney Siggia. xiii -f- 304 pages. McGrawHill Book Co., 330 W. 42nd St., New York, Ν. Υ. 10036. 1968. $9.95 Reviewed by J. C. White, Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,* Oak Ridge, Tenn. * Operated by the Union Carbide Cor poration for the U. S. Atomic E n e r g y Commission. As a father of three teenagers who exhibit more or less normal contempo rary teen-age behavior, I have been impressed by the pristine simplicity of some of their language, as expressed in some phrases indigenous to our time. IT must hasten to add I am not so impressed, but am indeed bewildered, by some of these expressions.) One of the oft-repeated remarks t h a t has in trigued me with its direct, no-nonsense message is "Tell it like it is." Although he uses rather more sophis ticated prose in the preface of this book, Professor Siggia has a t t e m p t e d to "Tell it like it i s ! " H e has written this survey of analytical chemistry to describe the field of analytical chemVOL. 4 1 , NO. 3, MARCH 1969
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New Books
Isa still still the best source of high-purity water for the laboratory? When a laboratory needs high-purity water to use as a s o l v e n t , d i l u e n t , reagent or cleaning agent, there has been no good reason to question that distilled water is the logical choice. Now there is a good reason. The Millipore Super-Q System does about everything a still can do and, in many cases, does it more effectively and more efficiently.
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enough to fit comfortably in the labo ratory, under laboratory control. A still with this capability would take at least five times the space. Because of its high output rate, the Super-Q System usually eliminates the need to store water. Storage is often necessary with stills, introduc ing the problem of contamination by containers and lines. Maintenance is negligible with the Super-Q System because it uses dis p o s a b l e c a r t r i d g e s . Stills must be meticulously maintained; and when water is supplied from a central still, maintenance (and water quality) is beyond the control of the laboratory. Millipore filtration, the final Super-Q cartridge, removes all particles and microorganisms larger than filter pore size (typically 0.45 micron). Stills can only reduce particulate contamination. Good reasons why you should in v e s t i g a t e the p o s s i b i l i t y that the Super-Q System might be a better source of high-purity water for your laboratory.
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The Super-Q System consists es sentially of disposable cartridges for prefiltration, organic adsorption, deionization and Millipore filtration. It can produce 18 megohm water from tap water. A still ordinarily pro duces V2 megohm water. 20 succes sive distillations in quartz would be r e q u i r e d to e q u a l the ionic purity achieved by the Super-Q mixed-bed ion exchange cartridge. (It's easier to remove one part impurity from 10 mil lion parts of water rather than the reverse.) The Super-Q System produces 20 gallons of water an hour and is small
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
fluids
istry as it exists today. Whether he has succeeded is open to conjecture, but he has presented his view. I bravely predict that this book will be rather nonuniformly received. As in the oft-told tale of the three blind men describing their version of what an elephant looks like, scientists, ad ministrators, and particularly acade micians, are seeing analytical chemistry in different ways. Consequently at tempts "to tell it like it is" are going to vary considerably (hopefully not as widely as in the blind men-elephant case). In this book Professor Siggia is see ing analytical chemistry from the van tage point of a long career as an in dustrial analytical chemist involved primarily with organic chemicals who is now training professional analytical chemists. Observers from other angles will not view the picture in quite the same way. Because modern analytical chemistry is operating primarily at the boundary of other disciplines—bio chemistry, materials science (frought with complex boundaries itself)—to mention only two, to describe the modern-day practice of analytical chemistry that fits all these areas is difficult, if not essentially impossible. This does not and should not stop the courageous from trying, however. Wellplanned and expressed ideas should be at the least welcomed, if not accepted. Professor Siggia has presented his case in this survey. He starts out by defining analytical chemistry as basically "problem solv ing," and devotes several pages to the thought processes that must be con sidered before the plan of attack is decided. The end result, he says, should be the resolution or elucidation of a situation. The remainder of the book consists of chapters on Elemental Anal ysis, Functional Group Analysis, Iden tification and Structure Determination, Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution Physical Proper ties, Gross and Surface Examination of Materials, Analysis for Trace Quanti ties, Assay in the Range of High Purity, Tracers, Analytical Separation, and Automatic Analysis. Portions of these chapters have been written by contributing authors. In these chapters mention is made of essentially all the techniques and instrumentation that analytical chemists use. Little if any thing is left out. The coverage is very brief (304 pages in all) but two sets of references are given in each chapter— specific references, those common to all books, plus a detailed, categorized list of suggested readings. These refer ences are quite thorough and a welcome addition to the book.
New Books
Another quite useful scheme used by Siggia is the detailed summary evalua tion of available methods pertaining to the topics under discussion. Many ana lytical chemists and particularly those scientists at the boundaries will find these tables the high point of the book. If a student learns all that is in these summaries, he will certainly be able to speak a knowledgable game of modern analytical chemistry. Because the vari ous assessments in these summaries must be arbitrary to some degree, there will be no unanimity of opinion here. Nevertheless, this source of disagree ment is beneficial because such judg ments do stimulate thought on the reader's part. Despite a consistent high grade treatment of most topics, there are por tions of the book that are puzzling, however. Some of the data in tables given in the chapter on elemental analysis—particularly those on lines and bands used for visual spectrochemical analysis, the data on flame spectra of elements and polarographic data— are rather old, dating back to 1950. More recent tables of these data are available that would seemingly repre sent the latest information published. The section on radioactive elements is very short, only one paragraph in length. Such light treatment could pos sibly be rationalized but the absence of any suggested readings in this field cannot and is regrettable. Automatic analysis is rather summarily dismissed in a short chapter. In view of the tremendous impact that automated analysis is beginning to effect on ana lytical chemistry, a survey of this type seems incomplete without a more emphatic treatment. In this connection the omission of mention of computer processing of data and even computer control of analytical equipment is an oversight that should have been cor rected.
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The topography is excellent. I noted few errors, one exception was the use of the dagger symbol in Table 8.3 on gas chromatographic detectors with no explanation of this call-out being given. From the standpoint of one who has been involved in "big" analytical chem istry at a national laboratory for nearly 20 years, I recommend this book par ticularly to scientists who have a need for analytical chemistry—those who re quire an understanding of what goes on, what is used, and how it is used in solving the problems they generate. They cannot fail to be impressed by what they read. Inside the family among analytical chemists the book will be beneficial as a broad reference book to industrial analytical chemists. Those involved in training our pro
fessional analytical chemists of the future will make their own judg ments as to its use. Whatever their decision, I hope that all fledgling analytical chemists get a solid dose of this medicine on "how it really is" as told by Siggia. They will undoubtedly benefit from reading how analytical chemistry does function in real life.
Polarography. D. R. Crow and J. V. Westwood. χ + 174 pages. Barnes and Noble, Inc., 105 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003. 1968. $5.00 Reviewed by Louis Meites, Depart ment of Chemistry, Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, N.Y. 13676
Polarography is an extremely versa tile technique and one that has been in use for many years, during which it and a host of other techniques closely related to it have commanded the at tention of an extraordinary number of outstandingly imaginative scientists. Their sophistication and scope are therefore very great. More than one book about them has already suc cumbed to elephantiasis. Several smaller ones have appeared in the last year or two, but none has been greeted with much enthusiasm by its reviewer for this journal. The present attempt to provide a short introduction to this embarrassment of riches, though not entirely free from flaws, certainly deserves the serious consideration of those for whom it was intended. There are nine chapters. The first (5 pages) is an introduction; the second (15 pages) describes the diffusion and residual currents. The third (27 pages), entitled "Current-Voltage Relation ships," includes the equations of vari ous reversible and irreversible waves, as well as descriptions of maxima and of electrostatic repulsion in the double layer, and also, unexpectedly, outlines of the behaviors of limiting currents of catalytic, kinetic, and adsorption waves. The fourth (15 pages) deals with instrumentation and includes dif ferential, derivative, and "Tast" pola rography; the fifth (17 pages) sum marizes methods for investigating inorganic complexation, including the DcFord-Hume, Schwarzenbach, and Ringbom-Eriksson techniques, and also describes kinetic waves of complex ions and correlations of half-wave potentials with spectroscopic data. Chapter 5 contains more references (40) than any other and is the only one that contains references to the authors' own work. The sixth chapter (22 pages) covers organic polarography, including
the $1195* Monochromator with better than 1Å resolution" =Φ 0.2«Α
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some important kinds of mechanisms and the behaviors of a number of common functional groups, as well as an exposition of linear free-energy relationships; t h e seventh chapter (19 pages) covers amperometric titrations and includes mention of rotating and vibrating platinum electrodes, indicator methods, and biamperometric titrations. T h e eighth chapter (23 pages) covers ac polarography, tensammetry, and square-wave, pulse, and rf polarography; the ninth chapter (18 pages) covers single-sweep, multisweep, and cyclic triangular-wave oscillographic polarography and oscillopolarography. Finally there are an a p pendix (giving a derivation of the llkovic equation), an author index, and a subject index. In all, there are 176 literature references, of which 85 bear dates between 1951 and 1960, inclusive, while 20 are still more recent. I n keeping with its origin as a M e t h u e n monograph, the volume is well and a t t r a c tively printed and bound; it contains only a few trivial typographical errors, and its price is commensurate with its size.
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how much better? We do not intend to praise the resolution of the H e a t h / M a l m s t a d t - E n k e EU-700 M o n o c h r o m a t o r b y n u m b e r s . The optical performance of the "700" is better illustrated by the degree of separation of a typical first order profile of a 3131 Hg line and by the sharp, coma-free line p r o d u c e d from a copper hollow-cathode lamp, enabling you to judge its resolving p o w e r against the criteria you generally use. If you think your M o n o c h r o m a t o r is as good as the "700" try the above tests on your instrument, compare them with the "700" . . . and see if you don't need a n e w Monochromator. The optical system is of the CzernyTurner type w i t h a focal length of 350 mm. To prevent aberration of the images and minimize coma, the "700" has parabolic mirrors, coated with MgF2 for m a x i m u m reflectance in the UV. Image deterioration is virtually nonexistant. The plane diffraction grating features 1180 lines per mm and a blaze wavelength of 25€0 Â. Continuously variable «lits b e t w e e n 5 and 2000 microns have ground and polished knife edges with heights from 0.5 to 12 mm. Stray light is minimized b y t h e use of high For more information on the "700" send for the NEW HEATH Scientific Instrumentation Catalog. A Manual is also available for $2.
quality optical components. Special two-stage light baffles prevent offaxis light from entering or being dispersed. All "700" M o n o c h r o m a t o r s will produce t h e 0.3 A resolution s h o w n above, despite the fact that Heath conservatively states only "better t h a n 1 A." This high performance, versatile and stable M o n o c h r o m a t o r also features: • ± 1 A tracking accuracy • Modular versatility integrates the "700" into a series of spectrophotometers available soon • In-line entrance and exit b e a m s • Electronic Programmable Digital Scanning 0 • W a v e l e n g t h : zero order to 10,000 A • High Mechanical Stability with portability . . . all for just $1195.
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
I j EK-268R | _ J >
As the above summary indicates, there are not m a n y topics of importance in modern polarography t h a t are altogether absent from this volume, and there will be those who will especially applaud the authors' having devoted a full quarter of it to topics like ac, oscillographic, and T a s t polarograplw. Of course brevity, like everything else, has its price; the authors chose to pay this price b y condensing their discussions. Few will fault this choice in a book intended, as this one is, for " t h e undergraduate . . . (who) wants a book which gets to grips with essentials quickly and in a form t h a t he can appreciate and use." T o have included fewer topics and discussed them more fully would have yielded a quite different book for a quite different audience. One's opinion of this introduction to polarography will reflect his estimates of what is essential; the following summary provides some guide to the authors' estimates in several randomly chosen areas. T h e discussion of c ν curves for reversible and irrevers ible systems occupies only 15 pages because it includes only two criteria, of reversibility (one is t h a t "a transition from cathodic to anodic process takes place without any inflection on the current-voltage curve" if the half-reac tion is reversible, and the other is t h a t the value of η computed from the slope of a log plot "comes out to be almost a whole n u m b e r " for a reversible wave b u t "does not usually approximate to a whole n u m b e r " for an irreversible one), and because no space is allotted
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to the effect of the drop time on the half-wave potential of an irreversible wave. Similarly, the discussion of maxima occupies only 4 pages because it does not mention the role of the rate of flow of mercury into the drop or the tangential surface velocity of the solu tion, and that of the residual current is confined to 2 pages by asserting that it varies linearly with potential and passes through zero at the potential of the electrocapillary maximum. This book will give its reader some idea of the kinds of problems to which polarography can be applied. It may stimulate his interest and curiosity to such an extent that he goes on to master a much fuller and more exact treatment of the subject as well. But until he has done so he is unlikely to meet with much success if he attempts to obtain, interpret, or appreciate polarographic data. If a good book on polarography is one that enables its users to do these things, then the authors' failure to write one probably means that it is no longer possible to write a good short book on polarog raphy. New Books
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Electronic and Vibrational Spectra of Molecules. Vol. 35. D. V. Skobel'tsyn, Editor, vii + 217 pages. Plenum Publishing Corp., 227 West 17th St., New York, Ν. Υ. 10011. 1968. Paperbound. $22.50
This special research report of the Proceedings (Trudy) of the P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute has been translated from the original Russian text which was published in 1966. I t has been corrected by the editor for this edition. Three major sections, of five to seven chapters each, discuss the fol lowing: (1) Experimental Determina tion of the Dipole Moment of Transi tion of the y and β Systems of Nitric Acid, (2) Experimental Determination of the Matrix Element of the Dipole Moment of Electronic Transition of the Violet System of Cyanogen Bands, and (3) Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Line Intensities in the Vibration Spectra of Organogermanium Compounds and Some Hydrocarbons.
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
The Microscope. A Practical Guide. G. H. Needham. xi + 115 pages. Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 3 0 1 327 E. Lawrence Ave., Springfield, III. 1968. $6.50
The author has provided detailed information on the many types of microscopes, objectives, accessories, and attachments which are new in the
field. Topics of discussion range from the dissection of the simple and com pound microscope to the necessary ob jectives for general work in micropro jection and drawing with the micro scope. Included also is a Microscopical Glossary, Subject Index, and 51 figures. Thin-Layer Chromatography: An Anno tated Bibliography: 1964-1968. B. J. Haywood. 284 pages. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., P. 0. Box 1425, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106. 1968. Paperbound. $15
This 1000-reference annotated bibli ography has been designed as a labora tory analysis aid for those involved in clinical chromatography. The abstracts are useable, with most of them provid ing sufficient information to perform most of the experiments without re searching the original work. Thin-layer electrophoresis is also included, and an alphabetical index is provided at the back of the book. Nuclear Chemistry. Vol. II. L. Yaffe, Editor, xi + 409 pages. Academic Press, Inc., I l l Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003. 1968. $22
Volume II completes the treatise which is a topical approach to impor tant problems associated with nuclear chemistry. I t continues the treatment of theoretical and experimental topics, but also deals with some modern tools and techniques now available to the nuclear chemist. There are six chapters, one of which (Modern Rapid Radio chemical Separations by Saadia Amiel) will be of particular interest to ana lytical chemists. Also included is a detailed author/subject index. The Research Society. E. Glatt and M. W. Shelly, Editors. 556 pages. Gordon & Breach, Science Pub lishers, Inc., 150 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10011. 1969. $28
This collection of papers is primarily concerned with the management of so cial relationships in a research and development laboratory. Its scope, however, encompasses a wider range of topics and the work emphasizes the solution, or future solution, to problems rather than concentrating on simple delineation of the problem itself. Sev eral of the papers included—such as "Group Age vs. Technical Perform ance" and "Technical Obsolescence and Obsolescence of Spirit"—will be of in terest to those dealing with manage ment problems in a variety of fields.
