BRIEF CONTENTS

Contents

v

BRIEF CONTENTS UNIT

0 the Community

Getting to Know Chemistry in

Section A The Central Science Section B Living Within Communities Section C Inquiry and Investigation Section D Learning and Applying Chemistry

UNIT

1

Section A Section B Section C Section D

UNIT

2

3


ACS_ChemCom_ED6_FM_i_to_xx.indd 5

4


5

Water: Exploring Solutions Sources, Uses, and Properties of Water Looking at Water and Its Contaminants Reactions in Solution Water Purification and Treatment

Materials: Formulating Matter

UNIT

Building Blocks of Chemistry Periodic Trends Minerals and Moles Conservation and Chemical Equations

Section A Providing Nutrients for Agriculture Section B Industrial Production of Ammonia Section C Generating Electrical Energy from Chemical Reactions Section D Industrial Production of Batteries

Air: Designing Scientific Investigations

UNIT

Section A Properties of Gases Section B Physical Behavior of Gases Section C Interactions of Matter and Energy in Atmospheres Section D Human Impact on Air Quality

UNIT

UNIT

6


7

Industry: Applying Chemical Reactions

Atoms: Nuclear Interactions The Nature of Atoms Nuclear Radiation Using Radioactivity Nuclear Energy: Benefits and Burdens

Petroleum: Breaking and Making Bonds

UNIT

Petroleum—What Is It? Petroleum: A Building-Material Source Petroleum: An Energy Source Alternatives to Petroleum

Section A Food as Energy Section B Carbohydrates and Fats Section C Proteins Section D Vitamins, Minerals, and Additives

Food: Matter and Energy for Life

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Contents

vi

CONTENTS PREFACE

UNIT

0

GETTING TO KNOW CHEMISTRY IN THE COMMUNITY

xi

2

Section A The Central Science Concept Check 1 A.1 What in the World Is Chemistry? A.2 Making Decisions Why Study Chemistry?

4 4 5

Section B Living Within Communities CHEMQUANDARY: Visions of Community

7 7

Section C Inquiry and Investigation C.1 Investigating Safely C.2 Developing Skills Safety in the Laboratory and Everyday Life C.3 Investigating Matter Density of Solids and Liquids

8 8

Section D Learning and Applying Chemistry Concept Check 2 D.1 Learning Activities in a ChemCom Unit D.2 Developing Skills Exploring the Structure of a ChemCom Unit Putting It All Together Welcome to Chemistry

UNIT

1

6

10 11 15 15 16 17 19

Section B Periodic Trends Concept Check 3 B.1 Making Decisions Grouping the Elements B.2 Early Periodic Tables B.3 The Electrical Nature of Matter B.4 The Modern Periodic Table B.5 Developing Skills Counting Subatomic Particles B.6 Developing Skills Periodic Variation in Properties B.7 Organization of the Periodic Table B.8 Developing Skills Predicting Properties B.9 Investigating Matter Periodic Trends Concept Check 4 B.10 Ions and Ionic Compounds B.11 Modeling Matter Ionic Compounds B.12 Investigating Matter Relative Reactivities of Metals B.13 Metal Reactivity CHEMQUANDARY: Discovery of Metals B.14 Developing Skills Trends in Metal Reactivity B.15 Making Decisions Characteristics of Currency Section B Summary CHEMISTRY AT WORK: Pyrotechnic Chemistry

MATERIALS: FORMULATING MATTER

20

Section A Building Blocks of Chemistry Concept Check 1 A.1 Investigating Matter Exploring Properties of Matter A.2 Properties Make the Difference A.3 Developing Skills Physical and Chemical Properties A.4 Properties Matter: Designing the Penny Concept Check 2 A.5 The Particulate View of Matter A.6 Symbols, Formulas, and Equations A.7 Developing Skills Chemical Symbols and Formulas

24 25


A.8 Modeling Matter Pictures in the Mind A.9 The Elements A.10 Investigating Matter Metal or Nonmetal A.11 Making Decisions It’s Only Money Section A Summary

25 31 32 34 35 35 36 38

38 41 42 45 47 50 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 61 62 63 65 65 67 71 73 74 75 76 77 80

Section C Minerals and Moles 82 Concept Check 5 83 C.1 Making Decisions Metal Resources, Production, and Use 83 C.2 Sources and Uses of Metals 86 C.3 Investigating Matter Extracting Zinc 89 C.4 Composition of Materials 91 C.5 Developing Skills Applications of Percent Composition 92 C.6 Introduction to the Mole Concept 93 C.7 Developing Skills Molar Masses 98 Concept Check 6 98 C.8 Moles and Percent Composition 99 C.9 Developing Skills Percent Composition 100

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Contents C.10 Mining and Refining 101 C.11 Modeling Matter Electrons and Redox Processes 105 C.12 Investigating Matter Copper Plating 107 C.13 Electroplating 108 C.14 The Life Cycle of a Material 110 C.15 Making Decisions Life Cycle of a Coin 111 Section C Summary 112 Section D Conservation and Chemical Equations Concept Check 7 D.1 Examining Chemical Equations D.2 Modeling Matter Representing Reactions D.3 Keeping Track of Atoms D.4 Developing Skills Accounting for Atoms D.5 Nature’s Conservation: Balanced Chemical Equations D.6 Developing Skills Writing Chemical Equations Concept Check 8 D.7 Investigating Matter Striking It Rich D.8 Combining Atoms: Alloys CHEMQUANDARY: Five Cents’ Worth D.9 Conservation in the Community D.10 Making Decisions Rethinking, Reusing, Reducing, and Recycling Section D Summary Putting It All Together Making the Case for Currency

UNIT

116 116 117 118 121 124 126 129 131 132 134 134 136 139 140 143

2

AIR: DESIGNING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS Section A Properties of Gases Concept Check 1 A.1 Investigating Matter Properties of Gases A.2 Pressure Concept Check 2 A.3 Developing Skills Applications of Pressure A.4 Atmospheric Pressure A.5 Pressure–Volume Behavior of Gases A.6 Developing Skills Predicting Gas Behavior: Pressure–Volume


A.7 Designing Scientific Investigations: Getting Started A.8 Developing Skills Designing an Experiment to Investigate Temperature– Volume Relationships A.9 Investigating Matter Exploring Temperature–Volume Relationships A.10 Temperature–Volume Behavior of Gases A.11 Developing Skills Predicting Gas Behavior: Temperature–Volume Concept Check 3 A.12 Temperature–Pressure Behavior of Gases A.13 Developing Skills Using Gas Relationships A.14 Making Decisions Asking Questions and Gathering Evidence Section A Summary Section B Physical Behavior of Gases Concept Check 4 B.1 Atoms and Molecules in Motion B.2 Modeling Matter Understanding Kinetic Molecular Theory B.3 Scientific Theories, Models, and Laws B.4 The Ideal Gas Law B.5 Developing Skills Using the Ideal Gas Law Concept Check 5 B.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior B.7 Temperature, Heat, and Phase Changes B.8 Investigating Matter Phase Changes B.9 Making Decisions Using KMT to Refine Your Air-Quality Investigation Section B Summary CHEMISTRY AT WORK: Historic Preservation

146 151 152 152 156 158 159 160 161 164

Section C Interactions of Matter and Energy in Atmospheres Concept Check 6 C.1 Gases in Our Atmosphere CHEMQUANDARY: Traveling the Atmosphere C.2 Developing Skills Graphing Atmospheric Data C.3 Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere C.4 Modeling Matter Mixtures of Gases Concept Check 7 C.5 Collision Theory C.6 Reactions of Gases C.7 Developing Skills Stoichiometry in Reactions of Gases

vii

165 167 168 170 172 173 174 174 175 177 180 180 181 184 185 186 189 190 190 191 193 195 196 200 202 203 203 203 204 206 208 210 211 213 214

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Contents

Investigating Matter Generating and Analyzing CO2 Concept Check 8 C.9 The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Solar Radiation CHEMQUANDARY: Always Harmful? C.10 Earth’s Energy Balance C.11 Developing Skills Solar Radiation C.12 Making Decisions Making Claims and Providing Evidence Section C Summary C.8

Section D Human Impact on Air Quality Concept Check 9 D.1 Sources of Air Pollutants D.2 Investigating Matter Detecting Pollutants in Air D.3 Monitoring and Identifying Air Pollutants D.4 Developing Skills Drawing Conclusions from Air Pollution Data Concept Check 10 D.5 Smog: Hazardous to Your Health D.6 Developing Skills Vehicles and Smog CHEMQUANDARY: Controlling Air Pollution D.7 Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale D.8 Acid Rain D.9 Investigating Matter Effects of Acid Rain D.10 Consequences and Control of Acid Rain CHEMQUANDARY: The Rain in Maine . . . D.11 Making Decisions Improving Earth’s Air Quality Section D Summary Putting It All Together Investigating Air-Quality Claims

UNIT

216 220 220 223 225 227 228 230 234 234 235 238 241 243 245 245 247 248 248 251 252 254 257 257 258 261

3

PETROLEUM: BREAKING AND MAKING BONDS Section A Petroleum—What Is It? Concept Check 1 A.1 Investigating Matter Properties of Petroleum A.2 Petroleum: A Source of Energy and Hydrocarbons A.3 Origin and Distribution of Petroleum A.4 Developing Skills Your Carbon Footprint A.5 Investigating Matter Separation by Distillation


264 268 269 269 271 273 276 277

A.6 Petroleum Refining Concept Check 2 A.7 Examining Petroleum’s Molecules A.8 Developing Skills Hydrocarbon Boiling Points A.9 Modeling Matter Modeling Alkanes A.10 Developing Skills Trends in Alkane Boiling Points Concept Check 3 A.11 Intermolecular Forces A.12 Modeling Matter Alkane Isomers A.13 Developing Skills Boiling Points of Alkane Isomers CHEMQUANDARY: Fuels and Climate A.14 Making Decisions Who Has the Oil? Section A Summary Section B Petroleum: A BuildingMaterial Source Concept Check 4 B.1 Making Decisions Life Cycle of a Polymer B.2 Chemical Bonding B.3 Developing Skills Predicting and Representing Chemical Bonds Concept Check 5 B.4 Creating New Options: Petrochemicals B.5 Modeling Matter Polymer Structure and Properties B.6 Beyond Alkanes B.7 Modeling Matter Builder Molecules Concept Check 6 B.8 Carbon Rings as Builder Molecules B.9 Builder Molecules Containing Oxygen B.10 Investigating Matter Condensation B.11 Condensation Polymers B.12 Making Decisions Builder Molecules in Transportation Section B Summary

280 281 282 282 283 286 288 288 289 291 292 292 294 297 297 298 299 303 305 305 307 310 311 314 314 316 317 321 322 324

CHEMISTRY AT WORK: Environmental Chemistry

328

Section C Petroleum: An Energy Source Concept Check 7 C.1 Investigating Matter Comparing Fuels C.2 Energy From Fossil Fuels C.3 Developing Skills Energy in Chemical Reactions C.4 Investigating Matter Combustion Concept Check 8 C.5 Using Heats of Combustion C.6 Developing Skills Heats of Combustion

330 330 331 333 336 337 341 341 342

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Contents Modeling Matter Incomplete Combustion C.8 The Carbon Cycle C.9 Developing Skills Trends in Atmospheric CO2 Levels C.10 Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change C.11 Response to Global Climate Change C.12 Making Decisions Fuel for Transportation Section C Summary C.7

Section D Alternatives to Petroleum Concept Check 9 D.1 Energy: Past and Present D.2 Developing Skills Fuel Sources Over the Years D.3 Energy Efficiency D.4 Developing Skills Energy Conversion Efficiency Concept Check 10 D.5 Altering Fuels D.6 Making Decisions Oxygenated Fuels D.7 Alternative Fuels and Energy Sources D.8 Investigating Matter Synthesizing and Evaluating Biodiesel Fuel D.9 Making Decisions Biodiesel as a Petroleum Substitute Concept Check 11 D.10 Alternative-Fuel Vehicles D.11 Alternative Sources for Builder Molecules D.12 Making Decisions Evaluating Alternative-Fuel Options Section D Summary Putting It All Together Getting Mobile

UNIT

4

WATER: EXPLORING SOLUTIONS Section A Sources, Uses, and Properties of Water Concept Check 1 A.1 Town in Crisis CHEMQUANDARY: Water, Water Everywhere A.2 Making Decisions Uses of Water A.3 Investigating Matter Properties of Water A.4 Physical Properties of Water


343 345 346 348 351 353 354 358 358 359 360 361 362 364 364 368 369 371 374 375 375 381 382 383 386

388 393 393 394 394 395 396 399

A.5 Mixtures and Solutions A.6 Modeling Matter Representing Mixtures Concept Check 2 A.7 Water Supply and Demand A.8 Making Decisions Water-Use Analysis A.9 Where Is the World’s Water? A.10 Making Decisions Riverwood Water Use Section A Summary Section B Looking at Water and Its Contaminants Concept Check 3 B.1 Investigating Matter What Substances Dissolve in Water? B.2 Dissolving Ionic Compounds in Water B.3 Dissolving Molecular Compounds in Water Concept Check 4 B.4 Modeling Matter The Dissolving Process B.5 Solution Concentration B.6 Developing Skills Describing Solution Concentration Concept Check 5 B.7 Investigating Matter Measuring Solution Concentration B.8 Factors That Affect Solubility of Solids in Water B.9 Developing Skills Solubility and Solubility Curves B.10 Factors That Affect Solubility of Gases in Water B.11 Modeling Matter Solubility and Concentration B.12 Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Life B.13 Making Decisions The Riverwood Water Mystery: Considering Dissolved Oxygen Section B Summary Section C Reactions in Solution Concept Check 6 C.1 Investigating Matter Combining Solutions C.2 Precipitation Reactions C.3 Developing Skills Writing Net Ionic Equations C.4 Investigating Matter Water Testing C.5 Acids and Bases in Solution C.6 Developing Skills Acids and Bases Concept Check 7 C.7 Solution Concentration and pH

ix 402 403 404 404 406 409 410 412 415 415 416 419 422 424 424 427 428 430 430 435 436 438 439 441 443 444 447 447 448 449 451 452 454 456 457 457

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Contents

Developing Skills Interpreting the pH Scale C.9 Making Decisions Sources of Acidic and Basic Contamination C.10 Strengths of Acids and Bases C.11 Modeling Matter Strong Versus Concentrated Concept Check 8 C.12 Buffers C.13 Investigating Matter Acids, Bases, and Buffers C.14 Making Decisions Analyzing WaterQuality Data Section C Summary C.8

459 460 460 462 462 463 464 468 471

CHEMISTRY AT WORK: Water-Quality Chemistry

474

Section D Water Purification and Treatment Concept Check 9 D.1 Making Decisions Considering Contaminants in Water Supplies D.2 Investigating Matter Foul Water D.3 Natural Water Purification D.4 Drinking-Water Treatment D.5 Developing Skills Water Purification Concept Check 10 D.6 Disinfection of Drinking Water D.7 Developing Skills Benefits and Risks of Disinfection CHEMQUANDARY: Bottled Water Versus Tap Water D.8 Home Water Treatment D.9 Making Decisions Searching for Solutions Section D Summary

477 477

Putting It All Together Fish-Kill—Finding the Solution

UNIT

478 479 482 484 486 486 487 488 489 490 493 495 498

5

INDUSTRY: APPLYING CHEMICAL REACTIONS Section A Providing Nutrients for Agriculture Concept Check 1 A.1 Investigating Matter Fertilizer Components A.2 Fertilizer and the Nitrogen Cycle A.3 Making Decisions Plant Nutrients A.4 Modeling Matter The Nitrogen Cycle Concept Check 2


502 506 506 507 512 515 515 517

A.5 Fixing Nitrogen by Oxidation–Reduction A.6 Developing Skills Determining Oxidation States A.7 Products of the Chemical Industry A.8 Making Decisions Chemical Processing in Your Life Section A Summary Section B Industrial Production of Ammonia Concept Check 3 B.1 Kinetics and Equilibrium B.2 Investigating Matter Le Châtelier’s Principle B.3 Developing Skills Chemical Systems at Equilibrium B.4 Industrial Synthesis of Ammonia B.5 Nitrogen’s Other Face B.6 Developing Skills Explosive Nitrogen Chemistry Concept Check 4 B.7 From Raw Materials to Products B.8 Ammonia and Energy Use B.9 Green Chemistry B.10 Making Decisions What Does Riverwood Want? Section B Summary Section C Generating Electrical Energy from Chemical Reactions Concept Check 5 C.1 Converting Chemical Energy into Electricity C.2 Investigating Matter Voltaic Cells C.3 Voltaic Cells and Half-Reactions CHEMQUANDARY: Energy Cells: Are They All Created Equal? C.4 Developing Skills Getting Charged by Electrochemistry Concept Check 6 C.5 Equilibrium in Electrochemical Systems C.6 Modeling Matter Visualizing Changes Within Voltaic Cells C.7 Making Decisions What Do We Need to Know about WYE? Section C Summary CHEMISTRY AT WORK: Materials Science Section D Industrial Production of Batteries Concept Check 7 D.1 Investigating Matter Building a Voltaic Pile D.2 Cell Potential

517 520 522 523 524 527 527 528 532 535 536 536 540 540 541 542 543 544 545 548 548 549 551 553 553 554 555 555 556 557 558 560 562 562 563 564

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Contents Developing Skills Determining Potential in Electrochemical Cells D.4 Primary Batteries CHEMQUANDARY: Battery Sizes D.5 Secondary Batteries Concept Check 8 D.6 Manufacturing and Recycling Batteries D.7 Modeling Matter Life Cycle of a Battery CHEMQUANDARY: Commodity or Specialty D.8 Moving Toward Greener Methods and Products D.9 Making Decisions Asset or Liability? Section D Summary D.3

Putting It All Together A Chemical Plant for Riverwood?

UNIT

6

566 567 568 569 572 572 574 575 576 577 580 582

ATOMS: NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS

584

Section A The Nature of Atoms Concept Check 1 A.1 Investigating Matter Exploring Ionizing Radiation A.2 The Great Discovery CHEMQUANDARY: Scientific Discoveries A.3 Nuclear Radiation A.4 The Gold-Foil Experiment A.5 Architecture of Atoms A.6 Developing Skills Interpreting Isotopic Notation A.7 Modeling Matter Isotopic Pennies Concept Check 2 A.8 Isotopes in Nature A.9 Developing Skills Molar Mass and Isotopic Abundance A.10 Making Decisions Fact or Fiction? Section A Summary

588 588

Section B Nuclear Radiation Concept Check 3 B.1 Exposure to Ionizing Radiation CHEMQUANDARY: Radiation Exposure Standards B.2 Making Decisions Your Yearly Ionizing Radiation Dose B.3 Ionizing Radiation—How Much Is Safe? B.4 Investigating Matter Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation B.5 Natural Radioactive Decay


589 590 594 594 597 599 601 601 602 602 603 605 606 609 609 610 612 613 615 617 621

xi

Developing Skills Nuclear Balancing Act 624 Concept Check 4 625 B.7 Radon 626 B.8 Nuclear Radiation Detectors 628 B.9 Investigating Matter Cloud Chambers 630 B.10 Making Decisions Ensuring Public Safety 632 Section B Summary 633 B.6

CHEMISTRY AT WORK: Nuclear Chemistry

636

Section C Using Radioactivity Concept Check 5 C.1 Half-Life: A Radioactive Clock C.2 Modeling Matter Understanding Half-Life C.3 Developing Skills Applications of Half-Lives CHEMQUANDARY: Carbon-14 Dating C.4 Radioisotopes in Medicine CHEMQUANDARY: Using Radioisotopes in Medicine C.5 Nuclear Medicine Technologies Concept Check 6 C.6 Artificial Radioactivity CHEMQUANDARY: Transmutation of Elements C.7 Developing Skills NuclearBombardment Reactions C.8 Extending the Periodic Table C.9 Making Decisions Opinions About Radioactivity Section C Summary

638 638 638

Section D Nuclear Energy: Benefits and Burdens Concept Check 7 D.1 Unleashing Nuclear Forces D.2 Modeling Matter Chain Reactions D.3 Nuclear Power Plants D.4 Nuclear Fusion Concept Check 8 D.5 Making Decisions The Safest Journey CHEMQUANDARY: Risk-Free Travel? D.6 Radioactive Waste D.7 Developing Skills Disposing of High- and Low-Level Wastes D.8 Making Decisions Discussing Nuclear Energy Section D Summary Putting It All Together Communicating Scientific and Technological Information

640 642 644 644 646 647 649 649 650 651 652 654 655 658 658 659 662 663 667 669 670 671 671 675 676 677

680

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xii

UNIT

Contents

7

FOOD: MATTER AND ENERGY FOR LIFE

682

Section A Food as Energy Concept Check 1 A.1 Food Groups A.2 Making Decisions Diet and Food Groups A.3 Investigating Matter Energy Contained in a Snack Concept Check 2 A.4 Energy Flow—From the Sun to You CHEMQUANDARY: How Does Your Garden Grow? A.5 Energy Release and Storage A.6 Developing Skills Energy in Action A.7 Energy In—Energy Out A.8 Developing Skills Gain Some, Lose Some A.9 Making Decisions Energy Intake and Expenditure Section A Summary

686 686 687

Section B Carbohydrates and Fats Concept Check 3 B.1 Carbohydrates: One Way to Combine C, H, and O Atoms B.2 Fats: Another Way to Combine C, H, and O Atoms B.3 Saturated and Unsaturated Fats B.4 Developing Skills Calories from Fat B.5 Hydrogenation B.6 Developing Skills Fats in the Diet CHEMQUANDARY: Fat-Free Food? Concept Check 4 B.7 Limiting Reactants B.8 Modeling Matter Limiting-Reactant Analogies B.9 Limiting Reactants in Chemical Reactions B.10 Developing Skills Using Chemical Equations to Find Limiting Reactants B.11 Making Decisions Analyzing Fats and Carbohydrates Section B Summary CHEMISTRY AT WORK: Flavor Chemistry


688 689 691 691 693 694 696 698 698 700 701 704 704 705 708 710 711 712 714 714 715 715

Section C Proteins Concept Check 5 C.1 Proteins—Function and Structure C.2 Modeling Matter Molecular Structure of Proteins C.3 Protein in Your Diet C.4 Developing Skills Daily Protein Requirements Concept Check 6 C.5 Investigating Matter Enzymes C.6 How Enzymes Work CHEMQUANDARY: A Problem to Chew On C.7 Investigating Matter Amylase Tests C.8 Making Decisions Protein Content Section C Summary Section D Vitamins, Minerals, and Additives Concept Check 7 D.1 Vitamins D.2 Developing Skills Vitamins in the Diet D.3 Investigating Matter Vitamin C D.4 Minerals: Essential Within All Diets D.5 Developing Skills Minerals in the Diet Concept Check 8 D.6 Food Additives D.7 Investigating Matter Analyzing Food-Coloring Additives D.8 Regulating Additives CHEMQUANDARY: Nitrite Additives D.9 Artificial Sweeteners D.10 Developing Skills Food Additive Survey D.11 Making Decisions Analyzing Vitamins and Minerals Section D Summary

728 728 729 731 733 737 738 738 740 742 742 745 746 748 748 749 752 754 757 760 761 761 764 766 768 768 770 770 772

Putting It All Together Guiding the PTSA’s Decisions

776

APPENDICES

A-1

721 722

GLOSSARY

G-1

726

INDEX

716 718 719

I-1

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