Article pubs.acs.org/est
Bromide Sources and Loads in Swiss Surface Waters and Their Relevance for Bromate Formation during Wastewater Ozonation Fabian Soltermann,† Christian Abegglen,‡ Christian Götz,§ and Urs von Gunten*,†,∥,⊥ †
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ERZ Entsorgung + Recycling Zürich, CH-8050 Zürich, Switzerland § Envilab, CH-4800 Zofingen, Switzerland ∥ Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland ⊥ School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland ‡
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ABSTRACT: Bromide measurements and mass balances in the catchments of major Swiss rivers revealed that chemical industry and municipal waste incinerators are the most important bromide sources and account for ∼50% and ∼20%, respectively, of the ∼2000 tons of bromide discharged in the Rhine river in 2014 in Switzerland. About 100 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) will upgrade their treatment for micropollutant abatement in the future to comply with Swiss regulations. An upgrade with ozonation may lead to unintended bromate formation in bromidecontaining wastewaters. Measured bromide concentrations were
