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Micron-sized Nanoporous Sb/C Anode with High Volumetric Capacity and Fast Charging Performance for Sodium Ion Batteries Baskar Selvaraj, Sheng-Siang Huang, Chang-En Wu, Yu-Hsiang Lin, ChunChieh Wang, Yen-Fang Song, Meng-Lin Lu, Hwo-Shuenn Sheu, and Nae-Lih Wu ACS Appl. Energy Mater., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b00416 • Publication Date (Web): 07 May 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 13, 2018
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ACS Applied Energy Materials
Micron-sized Nanoporous Sb/C Anode with High Volumetric Capacity and Fast Charging Performance for Sodium Ion Batteries Baskar Selvaraj1, Sheng-Siang Huang1,2, Chang-En Wu1, Yu-Hsiang Lin1, Chun-Chieh Wang3, Yen-Fang Song3, Meng-Lin Lu3, Hwo-Shuenn Sheu3, Nae-Lih Wu1,2,* 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
2
Advanced Research Center of Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan 3
National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, No. 101, Hsin-Ann road, Hsinchu Science
Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
*
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to N. -L. Wu.
(
[email protected])
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ABSTRACT
Designing metal/C nanocomposites has been a prevalent strategy to address the volume expansion issue of alloying metal Na-ion battery (NIB) anodes but typically suffers from poor volumetric capacity. Here micron-sized nanoporous Sb/C anode with high volumetric capacity and outstanding electrochemical performance is successfully synthesized using facile synthesis of a new class of solid-state reduction chemistry. The resulting Sb/C composite, containing 10 wt.% C, possesses the combination of unique structural characteristics, including (1) micronsized secondary particle, enabling high particle density; (2) nano-scale Sb crystallites, permitting reversible phase transformation during cycling; and (3) uniformly distributed nano-porosity, providing accommodation for Sb expansion and facile Na-ion diffusion. The Sb/C composite anode, showing outstanding cycling stability, exhibits a gravimetric capacity of 436 mAh g-1(Sb+C), a volumetric capacity of 427 mAh cm-3 and over 80% capacity retention at nearly 5 C rate, all of which substantially excel those of the conventional carbon-based anodes. In situ transmission X-ray microscopy analysis reveals fracture-free reversible and considerably reduced deformation of the composite particles during the sodiation/desodiation cycle. The synthesis method demonstrates general applicability to developing other alloying metal anodes for NIBs, as well as Li-ion batteries.
Keywords: porous Sb anode, volumetric capacity density, sodium ion battery, high-energy ballmilling, tap density.
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ACS Applied Energy Materials
1. Introduction Na-ion batteries (NIBs) are gaining increasing attraction as an alternate to the Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage.1,
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The change in charge carrier requires
development of new sets of electrode materials since the interactions of materials with Li- and Na-ions often differ.3,
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For example, the state of the art LIB graphite anode can not be
intercalated with Na as it is with Li, and the specific capacities of other NIB active C materials, such as hard carbons, are limited (
