World-Wide Chemistry1 Canada Seeks to Widen Her Markets S. J . C o o k , 110 B r o a d w a y A v e , Ottawa, Canada
S
PEAKING o n t h e b u d g e t w h i c h w a s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e C a n a d i a n Parliament o n February 2 5 , 1937, H o n . C . A . D u n ning, Minister of Finance, said regarding t h e D o m i n i o n t r a d e w i t h t h e United States: I am sure it will be a matter of special in terest to the house t o observe the growth in our trade with the United States, as we n o w have a full year's experience under the op eration of the agreement which established new schedules of rates o n January 1, 1930. During the year our total trade with the United States, including commercial gold, amounted t o $787,000,000 as compared w i t h $683,000,000 for 1935. an increase of $104,000,000, or 15 per cent. If w e exclude c o m mercial gold entirely from the figures for the two years under comparison w e find that the trade increase in 1936 w a s just over 22 per cent. Calculated o n this same basis exports to the United States were greater by 26 per cent, while imports from the United States were higher by 18 per cent. I t will be noted that these percentage increases are appre ciably above the corresponding increases in our trade w i t h all countries. The increase in trade with our nearest neighbor is ample evidence of t h e benefits which follow a policy of seeking wider markets through trade agreements. Referring t o t h e s e v e r a l trade agree ments concluded between Canada a n d various o t h e r countries, a n d particularly t o t h e c h a n g e s effected in t h e n e w agree m e n t b e t w e e n C a n a d a a n d G r e a t Britain he s a i d : The present agreement is in no sense a simple renewal of t h e trade agreement be tween C a n a d a a n d the United Kingdom signed at O t t a w a in 1932. From the be ginning, however, it should be clearly under stood that throughout the negotiations which resulted in t h e present agreement, the Cana dian Government has insisted on broadening the opportunities of international trade, without impairing the practical effectiveness of the British preferential system, and has endeavored t o apply within that system the principles of commercial policy which it hopes to see realized in the economic relat ions of Canada w i t h t h e rest of the world. The goal of both the United Kingdom and the Canadian Government in intra-imperial, as in international trade, is the lowering of tariff barriers and the freeing of trade from fettering restrictions; and the preamble to the agreement is evidence of a new emphasis on the importance of increasing the volume of international and intra-imperial trade, and a departure from some of the earlier forms of preferential policy, which were too much concerned w i t h diverting a diminishing volume of trade into unfamiliar and uneco nomic channels. It will be found, in comparing the tariff items on whieh the preferential rate i s re duced, with those of tho Canada-United States trade agreement, in which special re ductions below t h e intermediate tariff were accorded the United States, that there are > Those interested in further details should address the correspondent whose name and ad dress appear for each country, and enclose suf ficient international coupons to prepay the reply. United States stamps should not be sent.
very few items which occur in both schedules. The explanation of the fact that enumerated tariff concessions t o the United Kingdom and to the United States are largely made on different commodities lies in the complementary rather than competitive character of the bulk of Canadian imj>orts from our two chief customers and sources of supply. T h e following table s h o w s t h e c h a n g e s m a d e in t h e C a n a d i a n tariff o n i t e m s of interest t o c h e m i s t s . T h e n e w rates c a m e
i n t o effect o n presentation of t h e b u d g e t s p e e c h February 2 5 , 1937. F o r c o n v e n ience, t h e former rates are also g i v e n i n parentheses under each item, British preference rates a p p l y o n g o o d s from countries of t h e ttritish C o m m o n w e a l t h ; intermediate rates, to g o o d s from certain countries with which t r a d e a g r e e m e n t s authorizing these rates h a v e b e e n arranged; a n d t h e general rates a p p l y t o g o o d s imported into C a n a d a from a l l other countries.
Items of Chemical Interest i n Which Changes Have Been Made i n Canadian Tariff (Effective February 25, 1937) BRITISH PREFERBNCE TARIFF
ITEM
Ieopropyl alcohol, per gal Alcoholic perfumes and perfumed spirits, bay rum, cologne. and lavender waters, lotions, hair, tooth, and skin washes, and other toilet preparations containing spirits of any kind: (a) When in bottles or flasks containing not more than 4 os. each Sensitized negative film. 1.125 inches in width or over, for exposure in motion picture cameras Nonalcoholic preparations or chemicals, such as are used for disinfecting, dipping, spraying, or fumigating, n. o. p.: (»') When in packages not exceeding 3 lb. each, gross weight . Λ , Hi) Otherwise Cbloropicrin, ethylene oxide, methyl bromide, methyl formate, or cyanides, or mixtures containing any of these, for use in combating destructive insects and pests Casein and per lb (α) Synthetic resin molding compositions containing syn thetic resin derived from phenol and formaldehyde or their homolog or mixtures thereof, in powder or granular form.... ,.% β 4 U .· m· ··· Λ (6) Synthetic resin molding compositions, n. o. p., in powder or granular form , ι
ο
.u .·
·
,.
-Λ
.
(c) Synthetic resins, n. o. p., in liquid, powder, granular, or lump form; or in tubes, cylinders, strips, sheets, plates, blocks, bars, rods, angles, channels, tees, or other shapes or sections, when for use in Canadian manufactures .* * *Λ Λ > , u. » .u · (d) laminated products of which any synthetic resin or resin-like substance is the chief binding agent, in tubes, cylinders, strips, sheets, plates, blocks, bars, rods, angles, channels, tees, or other shape» or sections, n. o. p.: (t) With a base of paper or of fiber board
GENERAL TARIFF
Free (Free)
50c (25%)
$1.00 (25%)
30% (60%)
90% (90%)
90% (90%)
Free (15%)
10% (25%)
15% (30%)
5% < 5%> Free (Free)
25% (25%) 15% (15%)
25% (25%) 15% (15%)
Free ί (Free) t (Free) 17.5% dj.5%) 2* ( 2é)
Free (Free) (15%) 25% (25%) 2.5* ( 2.5(f)
Free (Free) (15%) 27.6% (27.5%) 3é ( 3é)
10% ™
20% « β )
20%
Free
Free
(lS
Free
( 1 δ % )
Free ( (Free) I (15%>
15% (17.5%) With a base of cotton fabric or other woven fabric. 20% and per lb { (25%> Cellulose nitrate or pyroxylin plastics, in tubes, cylinders, balls, strips, sheets, plates, blocks, bars, rods, angles, channels, tees, or other shapes or sections, not further manufactured than molded or pressed, when for use in Canadian manufactures Free C (Free) J (Free) ( (Free) Molding compositions of cellulose acetate or other derivatives of cellulose, in powder or granular form Free (15%) Cellulose acetate in sheets not less than 0.005 inch in thick ness, and in rods, bars, tubes, and other shapes or sections, not further manufactured than molded or pressed, when for use in Canadian manufactures Free (Free) Regenerated cellulose, and cellulose acetate, transparent, in sheets, not printed, and manufactures of regenerated cellulose or of cellulose acetate, η. ο. ρ 20% (20%) Interlined sheet stock, composed of sheets of celluloee plastics cemented to cotton fabric 10% 1(10%) ((12.5%) Synthetic plastic materials with a basis of casein, soybean, gelatin, or starch, in tubes, cylinders, strips, sheets, plates, blocks, bars. rods, angles, channels, tees, or other shapes or sections, when fur use in Canadian manufactures Free ( !i?%> \ (Free) Litharge, which may contain up t o 2% of carbonaceous matter, and mixtures or combinations of such litharge with lead or other products of lead, litharge being the chief 152 (it)
INTEBMEDIATE TARIFF
ί2
*Λ>
(2δ
^>
Free (Free) (2δ ^>
Free (Free) (25 %>
20% (22.5%) 25% {»^}
25% (25%) 30% &*f?
Free ( 5%) (7.5%) (Free)
Free ( 5%) (10%) (Free)
Free (26%)
Free (25%)
Free (Free)
Free (Free)
30% (30%)
35% l35%)
15% (12.5%) (17.5%)
17.5% (15%) (20%)
Free (25%) (Free)
Free (25%) (Free)
NEWS EDITION
APRIL 10, 1937
ITEM
153
Barnes
INTER-
PBSFBBBNCB TARIFF
MBDIATB TARIFF
GENBBAL TARIFF
Free (Free) (25%)
Free (Free) (25%)
constituent by weight when imported by manufacturers of electric storage batteries, for use exclusively in the manu· facture of storage battery plates, in their own factories
Free f (Free) X (15%)
Dry red lead; orange mineral; antimony oxide, titanium oxide, and sine oxide, such as sine white and lithopone; white pigments containing not less than 14% by weight of titanium dioxide
Free (Free) Stains and oxides, valued at not less than 204 per lb., for use exclusively as coloring constituents in the manufacture of vitreous enamels and pottery glazes; finely divided metals or compounds of metals, whether dry or suspended or dissolved in a liquid, for use exclusively in the manufacture of tableware of china, porcelain, or semi-porcelain Free f(Free) 1(20%) Gums—viz., Australian, copal, dammar, elemi, kauri, mastic· eandarac, Senegal, tragacanth, Gedda, and barberry; lac, crude, seed, button, stick and shell; ambergris; pontianao; gums and blends of gums, η. ο. ρ Free i (Free) I (15%) Saggers, when fob use in the manufacture of ceramic products. Free (12.5%) Λ11 tableware of china, porcelain, semi-porcelain, or white granite, but not to include teapots, jugs, and similar articles of the type commonly known as earthenware Free (Free) Plate glass, not beveled, in sheets or panes not exceeding 7 sq. ft. each, η. ο. ρ Free (Free) Plate glass, not beveled, in sheets or panes· exceeding 7 sq. ft. each, and not exceeding 25 sq. ft. each, η. ο. ρ Free (Free) Copper alloys containing boron, for use exclusively as a flux or a deoxidicer in melting nonferrous metals Free (15%) Bottles or cylinders of steel for use a» high-pressure containers for gas Free ί (Free) I (15%) Steel wool, including steel wool impregnated with soap or in retail packages containing a cake of soap Free ((Free) ( (15%) Papier tiiâchf· shoe buttons, shoe eyelets, corset eyelets, and corset rivets, shoe eyelet hooks, shoe lace wire fasteners Free I (Free) 1(20%) Rubber, crude, caoutchouc or India rubber, unmanufactured; powdered rubber and rubber or gutta-percha waste or junk; and recovered rubber and rubber substitute Free (Free) Hard rubber, in strips or sheets, not less than 0.0625 inch in thickness, or in rods or tubes but not further manufactured. Free f (Free) ((5%) Hard rubber, in strips or sheets less than 0.0625 inch in thickness, but not further manufactured Free (Free) Comb blanks of hard rubber, not further manufactured than pressed and vulcanized, when imported by manufacturers of hard rubber combs, for use exclusively in the manufacture of hard rubber combs, in their own factories Free (Free) Toilet or dressing combs, n. o. p.; fancy combs, not being jewelery 10% ((15%) Λ (15%) I (15%) Bags, barrels, bottles, boxes, carboys, cartons, casks, crates, cylinders, drums, tarpaulins, and other usual containers or coverings, n. o. p., filled or empty, and impact registers or recorders for use in railway care, upon which duty has once been paid Free (Free) Or dutiable Extracts of meat and fluid beef, not medicated 10% (15%) Preparations of cocoa or chocolate, n. o. p., and confectionery, coated with or containing chocolate, the weight of the wrap pings and cartons to be included in the weight for d u t y . . . 12.5% (20%) and per lb 2.5* ( 2.5*) Jellies, jams, marmalades, preserves, fruit butters, and con densed mince meats, per lb 2* ( 2.75*) Fruits and peels, crystallized, glarf. candied, or drained; * cherries and other fruit or crème de menthe, maraschino, or other flavor 20% (22.5%) Sugar candy and confectionery, n. o. p., including sweetened gums, candied popcorn, candied nuts, flavoring powders, custard powders, jelly powders, sweetmeats, sweetened breads, cakes, pies, puddings, and all other confections containing sugar, the weight of the wrappings and cartons to be included in the weight for duty, per lb 0.5* ( 0.5*) and 15% (22.5%) Cigarets. the weight of the paper covering to be included in the weight for duty, per lb $3.50 ($3.50) and (25%)
15% (15%)
(159?)
20% (20%) (27.5%)
22.5% (22.5%) (30%)
10% (15%) (25%) Free (20%) 35% (35%) 20% (25%) 20% (25%)
(25^)
Free (25%) 20% (25%> (20%) 15% ( 7.5%) (25%)
20% (10%) (27.5%)
Free (Free) (27.5%)
Free (Free) (30%)
Free (Free)
Free (Free)
15% (Free) ( 7.5%)
20% (Free) (10%)
Free (Free)
Free (Free)
Free ( 7.5%)
Free (10%)
25% (32.5%) (25%) (25%)
(27.5%) (25%)
27.5%
Free Free (Free) at various rates.(Free) 30% (359?) (30%)
(Continued in last two columns of page 154)
27.5% (27.5%) 2.5* ( 2.5*) 3.75* ( 3.75*) 35% (35%)
0.5* ( 0.5*) 35% (35%) $4.10 ($4.10) 25% (25%°)
(35%)
0.5* (
357*} (35%) $4.10 ($4.10)
Petroleum Production in Austria Increases Sharply Jakob Pollak, Vienna, Austria
A
T THE time of m y last report ( N E W S
E D . , 15, 50 (1937)] the daily output was approximately 40 metric tons. In addition to The wells already existing at Zistersdorf, the previously" started inclined boring, "Gosting VÏI," of the Petroleum Production Gesellschaft, m. b. H., which has a 2 per cent slope and is located near "Gosting VI," came in at a depth of 899 t o 906 meters on January 21. On the 22nd it produced 55 metric tons, on the 23rd 145, and reached 211 metric tons o n the 24th. Up t o February 2 the entire production was 1520 metric tons. It is noteworthy that production reached 320 metric tons in 22.5 hours and that the above total production is only 7 days' output, owing to the fact that operation had to be interrupted several times for lack of storage reservoirs. The other wells during this time were producing about 65 metric tons, so that even in the absence, for the time being, of any yield from new soundings the total daily production would amount to more than 380 metric tons. This would meet an important fraction of the Austrian requirements. The oil from "Gosting VII" is similar in chemical composition to that from the well "(rusting I I . " The oil is very viscous and heavy. It consists of one-third each of gas oil, lubricating oil, and asphalt. It contains no paraffin and seems, therefore, t o be especially suited for the production of high-grade lubricating oils. Translation by COLIN W. WHITTAKER February 5, 1937
British Research o n Light Alloys C. H. S . T u p h o l m e , K u n c t o n C o t t a g e , Lower B o u r n e , F a r n h a m , Surrey· E n g l a n d REPORT has been prepared b y the A Department of Scientific and Industrial Research describing the mechanical
properties of magnesium alloys a t elevated temperatures. Arising from some preliminary work described in a previous report, an alloy containing 8 per cent cadmium, 8 per cent aluminum, 2 per cent silver was considered suitable for stressed parts up to 150° C. It was found that further additions of silver did not increase the strength beyond 250° C. t and for this reason experiments on other alloys containing various elements have been conducted. The most promising elements appear to be aluminum, manganese, silver, calcium, and cerium. In ternary alloys the best combination of elements is aluminum and silver for temperatures up t o 150° C. and cerium and calcium for temperatures up t o 200° t o 250° C. An alloy containing 6 per cent cerium, 2 per cent calcium, press-forged and heat-treated at 500° for one hour and quenched had an ultimate tensile stress of 15 tons per square inch and an elongation of 4 per cent at 200° C. This alloy might be suitable for stressed parts at temperatures up to 250° C. A monograph on magnesium and its alloys is in press. It consists of a compendium of information on the several aspects of the subject with special attention to work carried out at the National Physical Laboratory, and is divided into sections which include a summary of the methods of production, uses, and more important physical properties, melting and casting, plastic deformation, mechanical working and heat treatment, corrosion, mechanical properties, and constitution.
154
INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Czechoslovakia ITEM
L. A. Hellwich, K o m e n s k e h o 295, Nachod Tellurium Electrode Found G o o d I n d i c a t o r o f o i l Values The practical application of the tellurium elect rode1 was studied by O. Tomicek and F. Poupè, who have found it very advantageous for pH determinations in wide ranges. The tellurium employed must be chemically pure. Klectrodes prepared by electrodeposition of tellurium on blank platinum or tellurium electrodeposited on platinum black gave unstable readings. Experience showed that the best form of tellurium electrode was a rod 7 to 9 mm. in diameter, the dry surface of which had been mechanically cleaned and polished and made into a glass tube. The applications of the tellurium electrode are numerous. In some cases it is more suitable than the antimony electrode for the determination of the concentrations of hydrogen ions. Its advantage is that it is applicable in the presence of oxidizing agents, such as nitric acid, potassium permanganate, and perchloric acid or organic anions. It may also be used for potentiometric titrations as an indicating electrode, even in nonaqueous solutions. The tellurium elect rode may be used as reliable indicator of pH within the limits from 0 to 12, even in the presence of oxidizing agents and organic acids, such as tartaric acid (here particularly more suitable than antimony electrode). B a u x i t e Is Discovered A bauxite deposit, the first in Czechoslovakia, was found at Mojtin near Zilina. Slovakia, and has been studied b y geologists and mineralogists. The importance of this discovery is being stressed, because if the ore output is sufncient th« imports o n which the aluminum industry is solely dependent will be reduced. Exports o f R u b b e r Tires Are I n c r e a s i n g The manufacture of tires and tubes is progressing rapidly and exports are growing. In 1929 record tire imports totaled 16,820.000 kc.; in 1935, 4,200,000 kc.; and the figures cont inue to decline. In the first half of 1936 automobile tire imports were valued at 1,150,000 ko., as compared with 1,840,000 in the corresf>onding period of 1935. Automobile tubes were 80,000 kc. against 110,000 kc. On the other hand, imports of cycle tires and tubes increased—the former from 90,000 kc. to 120,000 kc. and the latter from 16,000 kc. t o 20,000 kc. Totals for exports were several times higher than for the same period of 1935; automobile tires exported amounted to 1.380,000 kc. against 520,000 ko.; automobile tubes, 180,000 ko. against 40,000 kc.; cycle tires, 120,000 kc. against 40,000 kc.; and cycle tubes 90,000 kc. against 30,000 kc. On the Other hand, the most important article of export, rubber shoes, tell from 2,983.000 pairs to 2,806,000 pairs, although the value rose from 16,435,000 kc. to 19,017,000 kc. New R a i l r o a d Signal Glasses are Developed The color of glass for the railway signaling service is of great importance for the safety of railway traffic, especially with the higher speeds introduced. The light must be clearly visible and the color easily distinguishable, even in fog and rain. Since the signal glasses employed b y the Czechoslovakian state railways (red, green, and blue) have not been en> Collection dec hosloe Che m Commun., 8, 520-31 (1936).
(Continued on page 165)
VOL. IS, N O . 7
Ale. beer, porter, and stout, when imported in bottles, per sal.. (provided, that 6-quart bottle» or 12-pint bottles shall be held to contain 1 gal.) Albumenised and other papers and films chemically prepared for photographers' use, η. ο. ρ Sandpaper, glass, or flint paper, and emery paper or emery cloth Electrical insulating pressboard, not less than 0.040 inch in thickness Solutions of peroxides of hydrogen, η. ο. ρ AU medicinal, chemical, and pharmaceutical preparations, compounded of more than one substance, including patent and proprietary preparations, tinctures, pills, powders, troches, lozenges, sirups, cordials, bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, liniments, salves, ointments, pastes, drops, waters, essences and oils. n. o. p. : (o) When dry (6) Liquid, when containing not more than 2.50% of proof spirit Soap powders, powdered soap, mineral soap, and soap, n. o. p.. Mucilage and adhesive paste and per lb Perfumery, including toilet preparations, nonalcoholic—vis., hair oils, tooth and other powders and washes, pomatums. and all other perfumed preparations, n. o. p., used Î>astes, or the hair, mouth, or skin Manufactures of pyroxylin plastics, or of which pyroxylin plastic is the component of chief value, η. ο. ρ Dry white lead White lead ground in oil Oxides, fi reproof β. rough stuff, fillers, laundry bluing, and colors, dry, η. ο. ρ Liquid fillers, anticorrosive and antifouling paints, and ground and liquid paints, η. ο. ρ Paints and colors, ground-in spirits, and all spirit varnishes and lacquers, per gal Varnishes, lacquers, japans, japan driers, liquid driers, and oil finish, n. o. p., per gal and Par» green, dry Shoe blacking: shoemakers* ink; shoe, harness, and leather dressing, and knife or other polish or composition, n. o. p . . . . Halibut liver oil, crude or refined Firebrick, n . o . p Incandescent lamp bulbs and glass tubing for use in the manu facture of incandescent lamps, and mantle stocking for gas light Plate glass, η. ο. ρ Silvered glass, beveled or not and framed or not. η. ο. ρ (Λ Demijohns or carboys, bottles, flasks, phials, jars, and balls, of glass, not cut, n. o. p.; lamp chimneys of glass, n. o. p.; decanters ana machine-made tumblers of glass, not cut or decorated, η. ο. ρ (t'O Opal glassware, glass tableware, cut glassware, and illuminating glassware, η. ο. ρ Manufactures of glass, η. ο. ρ Collapsible tubes of lead or tin or lead coated with tin Britannia metal, nickel, silver, Nevada and German silver, manufactures of, not plated, η. ο. ρ Cellulose acetate film reinforced with wire mesh Garnetted material wholly of silk, artificial silk, or similar synthetic fibers, produced by chemical processes, obtained by disintegrating cocoons, yarns, or fabrics, prepared for use; filaments or loose fibers wholly of silk, artificial silk, or similar synthetic fibers produced by chemical processes, not more advanced than in the form of silk; waste portions of unused fabrics, wholly of silk, artificial silk, or similar synthetic fibers, n. o. p., not t o include remnants or mill ends Woven fabrics wholly or in part of artificial silk or similar synthetic fibers, produced by chemical processes, not to contain wool, not including fabrics in chief part by weight of ailk. η. ο. ρ
INTER MEDIATE TARIFF
BRITISH PRÉFÉRENCE TARIFF
GÊNERAI. TARIFF·
15* 50* (30c) (50e> ι ale and beer))
504 (50έ)
Free (15%)
(25%)
1*30%)
22.5% (22.5%)
(25%)
12.5% (15%) Free (15%) 12. δ% U5%>
17.5% 22.5% (22.5%>
(35%)
(25%)
(25%)
40% (40%) 32.5% (32.5%) (25%) 2.54 ( 2.5*>
40% (40%) 32.5% (32.5%) 27.5% (27 5 % ) 34 ( 34)
(40%)
(40%)
32.5% (32.5%) 27.5% (27.5%)
(25%)
(40%)
(35%)
(30%) 37.6% (37.5%)
(20%)
22.5% (22.5%)
27.5% (27.5%)
30% (30%)
$1.25 ($1.25)
$1.25 ($1.25)
204 (20^)
204 (204)
754 ($1.25)
(25%)
(30%)
(
(10%)
154 (204) 10% (15%) Free ( 5%)
25% (25%)
10% (15%) 15% (20%) 20% (30%) 12.5% (15%) 17.5% (20%)
12.5% (15%) Free (12.5%) 7.5% (12.5%) Free ( 5%) 17.5% (20%) 20% (22.5%) 15% (15%) 10% (15%) 10% (15%) 10% (20%) 15% (25%) Free (10%)
7!δ%)
(20%)
27.5% (27.5%) 22.5% (22.6%) 22.6% (22.5%)
(
(10%)
(20%)
7.5%)
(30%)
(35%)
(30%)
(35%)
(30%)
32.6% (32.5%)
30% (30%) (20%) 27.5% (27.5%)
(40%)
25% (27.5%)
(36%)
( 7 r:Sl
(10%)
40
.%[£%
(30%)
(35?S)
%
(40%) 404 (404) Free (5%)
32.5% (32.5%) 22.5% (22.6%)
(45%) 404 (404)
NEWS EDITION
A P R I L 10. 193? ITEM
BRITISH PBCFBBBNCB TABirr
India-rubber clothing and clothing made from water-proofed eotton fabrics · And· in addition, on raincoats, esoh. Film of standard width (1.126 inch and over) when imported for the sole purpose of bavins 16-nam. reproductions made therefrom and provided that the original i s reexported within 3 months from date of importation, per linear foot Photographic dry plates Iodised mineral salts, for use exclusively in t h e feeding of animals Grinding wheels, stones, or blocks, manufactured by the bonding together of either natural or artificial abrasives; manufactures of emery or of artificial abrasives, n. o. p.
INTBBMBDIATB TABIFF
155 _ GENBBAL· TARIFF
(30%) 60é (60*)
(36%) 60é (60*)
3é ( 3c)
(20%)
3e ( 3*) 27.6% (27.6%)
Free (16%)
(26%)
(26%) (50*)
Free ( 1.6*)
(16%)
25?
(2δ4
(3θ1) (26%) (30%)
of laboratory glassware is confined t o those manufacturers who have been (Continued) producing it since 1931 at least. Any new manufacturer of laboratory glass must tirely satisfactory· t h e Glass Research have a special official permit. The regula Institute at Hradec Kralove has con tions concern blown laboratory glassware, ducted research t o develop and standard raw glass tubes serving for laboratory ap ize suitable color shades which would paratus and equipment, tubes for medical work with all light sources employed and pharmaceutical packages, neon tubes, for the signaling service—e. g., electric thermometers, and tubes for technical light, acetylene, and kerosene. Most armatures. trouble was experienced with the green C l a s s I n d u s t r y Makes New P r o d u c t s chromium-colored glass. The visibility is good but the yellowish color is n o t suf Attention is being paid to the so-called ficiently distinguishable and there is the At hernial glass which retains the beat danger of possibly mistaking this green radiation of the sun passing only the light light for the yellow light of a kerosene ravs. The glass mill of Engels & Co., lamp or an electric bulb which is rated as a Billin, has introduced t h e manufacture white signal light. It was therefore of such special glass, which is already necessary to reject the chromium-green being applied in the building industry to glass. On t h e other hand, tests have secure "cold light." T h e glass has a shown that copper-colored glass appearing light bluish green tinge and its ability to blue a t daylight shows in combination retain the heat, has been proved to be very with all three light sources a pure blue- good. The same company is also intro green signal which cannot be mistaken ducing the manufacture of glass wool and for yellow. It was further recognized filaments according t o new patents which that selenium and cadmium sulfide colored are to be the first in the state. red glasses represent an ideal type for the The exports of glass products for the 9 red signal light, being superior t o t h e months of 1936 totaled 415,537,000 kc. f copper suboxide colored shade. For t h e which is hieher b y 20,085,000 kc. (18.8 blue signal glass the copper-colored was per cent) than the value for the corre found very satisfactory; on the other sponding period of 1935. Some glass hand, cobalt glass seems entirely out of works, shut down during the depression, the question because of its violet to purple have reopened. shade. E n a m e l e d Hardware In collaboration with t h e glass indus Developed 100 Y e a r s A g o try, new satisfactory qualities of green The daily press recalls the successful and blue signal glass have been developed work of a Prague professor of chemistry, and their properties standardized. T h e Martin Pleischel, who at Christmastime in red shade will be standardized later when a 1836 successfully tried o u t his invention, suitable quality of selenium glass is avail- the enameled pot. I t was the result of able in the proper and constant quality. his long effort t o make a n enamel which The optical properties of the green signal would not splinter b y heat, which gave light were standardized a s follows: T h e rise t o a n e w progressive industry of glass must pass only the portion of t h e enameled hardware. spectrum from the violet margin (4000 A.) Specifications for A n t i t o the orange color (6000 A. to 6200 Α.). corrosion P a i n t s Are I s s u e d From this point up t o the red margin i t The Czechoslovakian Society for Nor must pass practically no light (permea malization, in collaboration with the bility below 0.005). The maximum per industrial branches, has issued under the meability t o light must lie a t 5200 A . file number C S N 1198-1936 standard within the value limits 0.190 to 0.345. specifications for rust-proof paints. The The second lower maximum lies at 4000 A. specifications contain general statements where the permeability shows limits of and definitions concerning materials and 0.050 t o 0.220. applications, state 12 standard color The standardized blue glass must corre shades, specify the quality of paints, spondingly pass the rays from 4000 A. t o pigments, binders, thinners, cements, oil the wave length 5580 A. t o 5700 A. T h e paints, asphalt, and tar-asphalt lacquers, maximum o r permeability must lie be give directions for the preparation of steel tween 4300 A. and 4500 A. within t h e construction and application of paints, limits of 0.260 t o 0.480. Between t h e calculation of costs, and methods for judg points 5200 A. and 5700 A. a maximum ing the quality of ready-mixed paints. permeability of only 0.020 i s allowed. From 5700 A. up t o the red spectral margin P a t e n t I s s u e d for Sugar Dénaturant the glass should pass practically n o light According t o a patent of Masata & Co., (permeability below 0.005). Prague (Patent 5649-35), a sugar dénaturM a n u f a c t u r e o f Laboratory ant suitable for w e a s a n animal foodGlass Subject t o Regulations stuff may be produced b y compounding According to recent regulations of t h e animal carbon or coal dust with the prod· ucts of distillation of birch, beech, or fir Ministry of Commerce, the production
Czechoslovakia
wood, and adding the distillation products of animal bones. Radium Production Again Holds Its P o s i t i o n T h e production of radium compounds at the state's mines a t Jachymov during the past 8 years according t o official statistics was as follows: VBAR
RADIUM SALTS PRODUCED
1928 1029 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935
Mg. 9.260.1 11.356.9 6.517.5 8.650.3 7.462.2 8,232.0 9.693.0 9.761.0
ACTUAL URANIUM RADIUM CONTENT COMPOUNDS
Mg. 3.317.6 3.521.4 3.578.1 3.750.0 3.750.0 3.278.1 2.750.0 2.920.0
Kg. 21.242 23.347 20.267 17.922 19.406 15.201 12.989 13.059
Specifications for G l a s s Are F o r m u l a t e d The Glass Research Institute at Hradec Kralove undertook to standardize the various lead glasses which constitute an important section of Bohemian glass, which also serves as a material for the manufacture of Gablonz goods, imitation precious stones, beads, etc. The investigation of optical constants of a number of samples of lead glasses of Czechoslovakia and foreign origin shows that the lead oxide content in the glass does not fully indicate its optical qualities. As these optical and physical properties are of much greater importance tor the appearance of the finished product than the lead oxide content, the main stress in the specifications is laid on the values of the refractive index and relative dispersion, and the percentage of lead oxide receives second consideration. The specification of the lead oxide content was dropped for the socalled composite glass for the manufacture of Gablonz goods and precious stone imitations, and the minimum limits of the optical properties are required. In addition, a minimum specific gravity is also specified. The new specifications for Czechoslovakian lead glass are as follows: M i n i m u m R e q u i r e m e n t s for Czechoslovakian Lead G l a s s RBLARBFRAC- TIVB TIVB DiePER- SPECIFIC
INDEX MON GRAVITY OXIDE
Bohemian lead glass 1.519 0.017 Bohemian lead crystal glass 1.530 0.020 Composite gl**» for tinware 0 1.61 0.027
LEAD
2.56
9.0%
2.78
20.0%
3.54
° For the manufacture of Gabions goods and gem imitations.
Razor Blades May B e a N e w Export Article The manufacturers of razor blades were successful last year in securing important export quotas. The exports of razor blades for the first 9 months of 1936 are valued at 215,000 k£. as compared with 42,000 ko. for the same period in 1935. The imports in 1936 amounted t o 1,100,000 kc. March 7. 1937
the most satisfactory remedy known S for guarding against one of the most ULFUR DUSTING is considered to
be
troublesome fungus diseases which attacks the rubber tree in Ceylon, according to reports from Colombo. Machines for dusting are being manufactured and sold by a local firm which also handles a spreading sulfur compound imported from England.
