C–O Bond Formations

Nov 10, 2014 - A highly efficient method for the synthesis of oxazole derivatives from simple amides and ketones has been established via a Pd(II)-cat...
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Palladium-Catalyzed Sequential C−N/C−O Bond Formations: Synthesis of Oxazole Derivatives from Amides and Ketones Meifang Zheng, Liangbin Huang, Huawen Huang, Xianwei Li, Wanqing Wu, and Huanfeng Jiang* School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China S Supporting Information *

ABSTRACT: A highly efficient method for the synthesis of oxazole derivatives from simple amides and ketones has been established via a Pd(II)-catalyzed sp2 C−H activation pathway in one step. The reaction is supposed to proceed through a C− N bond formation followed by a C−O bond formation closing the ring. Because of the simple and readily available starting materials, easy operation, and high bioactivity of oxazoles, this strategy can be broadly applied to medical chemistry.

T

acyclic reaction, however, this methodology suffers from some disadvantages, such as the requirement of Brønsted acid catalysts, Lewis acid reagents, or previously prepared substrates, which limit the overall functional group tolerance of the transformation (Scheme 1 (1)).9 For example, the Buchwald

he activation of a C−H bond by transition-metal catalysis has received increasing attention recently and constitutes one of the most significant arenas of modern organic chemistry.1 In this regard, various metals, such as Rh,2a Ru,2b Fe,2c Cu,2d Ag,2e and Pd2f have made tremendous contributions. However, much less work has been reported for the preparation of oxygen-containing heterocycles via palladiumcatalyzed C−H activation/C−O cyclization compared with that of C−H activation/C−N cyclization.3 For example, the Yu group reported the first example for Pd-catalyzed aliphatic alcohol-directed C−H activation/C−O cyclization for the synthesis of dihydrobenzofurans.3d Herein, we present a new method for the synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted or 2,4,5trisubstituted oxazoles using palladium acetate as the catalyst, K2S2O8 as the stoichiometric oxidant, and CuBr2 additive as the crucial promoter via Pd-catalyzed sp2 C−H activation, followed by C−O bond cyclization of the condensation resulting in enamide in one pot. Oxazoles are one of the common substructures in a wide variety of biologically active compounds, synthetic intermediates, and pharmaceuticals (Figure 1).4 Therefore, various synthetic methods have been developed for the concise and efficient synthesis of highly substituted oxazole structures.5 Classical synthetic methods for oxazoles can be typically classified into three aspects: the cyclization of acyclic precursors,6 oxidation of oxazolines,7 and the C−C coupling of oxazoles with other reagents.8 In regard to the annulation of

Scheme 1. Synthesis of Oxazoles via Prepared Amides

group reported a method for the cyclization of enamides to oxazoles, which is effective with preparation of enamide and equivalent loading of Cu catalyst (Scheme 1 (2)).10 Therefore, the direct usage of stable and easily accessible starting materials can serve as a more direct and convenient method to afford oxazoles. In this context, we present a method for the synthesis of oxazole fragments using simple amides and ketones with great selectivity and a broad substrate scope.

Figure 1. Selected examples for oxazole-containing fluorescent materials and pharmaceutical compounds. © 2014 American Chemical Society

Received: October 2, 2014 Published: November 10, 2014 5906

dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol502916a | Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 5906−5909

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Letter

We began our studies by subjecting benzamide (1a) and acetyl acetone (2a) to a catalytic amount of PdCl2 and 1.2 equiv of copper(II) bromide as an oxidant in DCE at 120 °C for 24 h (Table 1, entry 1). However, most of the 1a remained,

Table 2. Pd-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Oxazoles from Amides and 2,4-Pentanedionea

Table 1. Optimization of Reaction Conditionsa

entrya

catalyst

additive

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9d 10e 11 12 13 14f

PdCl2 PdCl2 PdCl2 PdCl2 PdCl2 PdCl2 PdCl2 PdCl2 PdCl2 PdCl2 PdCl2

CuBr2 CuBr2 CuBr2 CuBr2 CuBr2 CuBr2 CuBr2 CuBr2 CuBr2 CuBr2 LiBr CuBr2

PdCl2 PdCl2

CuBr2

oxidant

solvent

yieldb (%)

DBTP TBHP PhI(OAc)2 DDQ K2S2O8 Ag2O BQ O2 K2S2O8 K2S2O8 K2S2O8 K2S2O8 K2S2O8

DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE DCE

10 60 33 34 trace 76 (73)c 55 24 34 12 15 trace 13 86 (82)c

a

Reaction conditions: unless otherwise noted, the reaction was carried out with 0.5 mmol of amide, 10 mol % of PdCl2, 20 mol % of CuBr2, 0.6 mmol of K2S2O8, 0.75 mmol of NaHCO3, and 0.6 mmol of acetyl acetone in DCE (1 mL) at 120 °C for 24 h.

a

Reaction conditions: Unless otherwise noted, the reaction was carried out with 0.5 mmol of benzamide and 1.2 equiv of acetyl acetone in solvent (1 mL) at 120 °C for 24 h. bDetermined by GC−MS based on 1a. cIsolated yield. dReaction was carried at 80 °C. e1 mol % PdCl2 was added. f0.75 mmol NaHCO3 was added.

aryl-functionalized amides could undergo the transformation smoothly, and thiophene-2-carboxamide could be tolerated in this transformation, generating 3ja in good yield. This aerobic Pd-catalyzed oxidative annulation was further expanded to a range of substituted ketones. A series of oxazoles could be obtained in good to excellent yields from different ketones (Table 3). We examined the reaction with a series of 1,3-dicarbonyls, and it was found that various substrates were converted into the corresponding products in moderate to good yields under the optimized conditions. For example, βketo esters with different alkyl substitutes could provide the corresponding products with high yields regardless of the difference of the substituent (3ab to 3ad and 3ai), which means steric effects and electronic effects had little influence on the reaction. When the substrates were switched to β-keto amide (N,N-diethyl-3-oxobutanamide), the reaction gave the product with a lower yield of 31% (3aj). Furthermore, simple ketones could be smoothly transformed into the desired products with good yields (3ae−ah,ak). Specifically, with the substrate benzylacetone, 65% yield of 2,4-diphenyloxazole (3ah) was obtained.11 The present method provides a simple and easily operable protocol for the preparation of 2,4-di or 2,3,5trisubstituted oxazoles from simple and readily available starting materials. To further demonstrate the synthetic application of our developed protocol (Scheme 2), benzothioamide was subjected to the system instead of benzamide, and excellent results were obtained under the standard conditions. 1-(4-Methyl-2-phenylthiazol-5-yl)ethan-1-one 4 was obtained in 56% yield. Naturally occurring and synthetic thiazole rings are both biologically active and pharmaceutically useful.12 In addition, we applied the method to the synthesis of a fluorescent material 5 as the target

and only a trace amount of 2-methyl-3-acetyl-5-phenyloxazole (3aa) was detected. Later, extra oxidants such as di-tert-butyl peroxide (DBTP) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) were used. To our delight, 60% yield and 33% yield of the desired product were obtained, respectively (entries 2 and 3). Further investigation revealed that using K2S2O8 as an oxidant gave the best results (entries 2−9). When LiBr was added instead of Cu catalyst, 15% yield of 3aa was detected (entry 11). However, the reaction still resulted in 13% yield even without CuBr2 (entry 13), and no 3aa was detected without Pd catalyst (entry 12). Interestingly, upon addition of 1.5 equiv loading of NaHCO3, a slightly better yield was achieved (entry 14). With the optimal reaction conditions in hand, we subsequently explored the reaction scope. To explore the scope of the oxidative cyclization reaction, we examined the steric and electronic effects of the aryl substituents adjacent to the amide group 1 using 2,4-pentanedione (2a) as the model substrate (Table 2). The results indicated that reactions of amides with electron-donating groups, such as methoxy, methyl, and alkyl at the aryl ring, proceeded well with moderate to good yields (3da−3ha). For example, addition of 4methylphenylamide in the reaction system led to 85% yield of 4-methyl-5-acetyl-2-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)oxazole (3da). Moreover, substituents at different positions of reactions of chloro- and bromo-substituted benzamides with 2a proceeded well and gave the corresponding oxazole derivatives 3ba, 3ca, and 3ia in 91%, 86%, and 79% yields, respectively. Specifically, the desired product 3ea was obtained in 82% yield when 4(trifluoromethyl)benzamide was used as the substrate. Other 5907

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Table 3. Pd-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Oxazoles from Benzamide and Ketonesa

Scheme 3. Possible Catalytic Cycle

and Pd(II) presumably led to a Pd−O adduct, which would coordinate with C−C double bond to give intermediate B. Followed by insertion of C−C double bond, metallacycle C was obtained by sp2 C−H activation of intermediate B.3d,18 Subsequent reductive elimination from intermediate C resulted in the target product 3aa and the reduced Pd(0) species was oxidized to Pd(II) to complete the catalytic cycle. Alternatively, it is possible to undergo an electrophilic C−H palladation from B to C.19 In conclusion, a novel and effective method has been developed to construct highly substituted oxazoles via a palladium-catalyzed dehydration/C−H functionalization/C−O bond-forming reaction between amides and ketones. This process requires only inexpensive reagents and a wide range of functionalities could be tolerated, and it may find applications in natural product synthesis and medicinal chemistry.

a

Reaction conditions: unless otherwise noted, the reaction was carried out with 0.5 mmol of benzylamide, 10 mol % of PdCl2, 20 mol % of CuBr2, 0.6 mmol of K2S2O8, 0.75 mmol of NaHCO3, and 0.6 mmol of ketone in DCE (1 mL) at 120 °C for 24 h.

Scheme 2. Application of Our Methodology

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molecule.13 The reaction of acetamide with 1,2-diphenylethan1-one gave 73% yield of 5 in one operation. To gain a deeper insight into the mechanism of this cascade oxidative cyclization, several control experiments were conducted (see the Supporting Information for details).14 The desired product 3aa was obtained only in relative low yield when TEMPO or BHT was added.15 With the addition of PdCl2 and K2S2O8, amide and ketones would undergo dehydration followed by imine and enamine isomerization, and an 80% yield of 3aa′ N-(4-oxopent-2-en-2-yl)benzamide was obtained.16 In addition, starting material benzamide totally remained in the absence of Pd or Cu catalyst, which suggested the role of Pd catalyst (as well as shown in Table 1, entries 11 and 13). Moreover, the intermediate 3aa′ was stable in the system without Cu catalyst. However, 40% of intermediate 3aa′ would be recovered to benzamide, and no 3aa was detected in the standard conditions without Pd catalyst. On the basis of the experimental results and previous reports,3d,12−14,17 a plausible mechanism for this transformation is proposed in Scheme 3. First, in the presence of Pd catalyst and K2S2O8, amide and ketones would undergo dehydration condensation to form the intermediate A. The interaction of A

ASSOCIATED CONTENT

S Supporting Information *

Typical experimental procedure and characterization for all products. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: [email protected]. Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21172076 and 21202046), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2011CB808600), the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (10351064101000000 and S2012040007088), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2014ZP0004 and 2014ZZ0046) for financial support. 5908

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(16) (a) Chen, C.; Hong, L.; Xu, Z.-Q.; Liu, L.; Wang, R. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 2277−2280. (b) Basa, P. N.; Bhowmick, A.; Horn, L. M.; Sykes, A. G. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 2698−2701. (c) Wittig, G.; Reiff, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1968, 7, 7−14. (17) (a) Wang, G.-W.; Yuan, T.-T.; Wu, X.-L. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4717−4720. (b) Desai, L. V.; Malik, H. A.; Sanford, M. S. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 1141−1143. (18) (a) Inamoto, K.; Saito, T.; Katsuno, M.; Sakamoto, T.; Hiroya, K. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 2931−2934. (b) Tsang, W. C. P.; Zheng, N.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14560−14561. (19) (a) Nishikata, T.; Abela, A. R.; Huang, S. L.; Lipshutz, B. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4978−4979. (b) Nishikata, T.; Abela, A. R.; Lipshutz, B. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 781−784. (c) Boele, M. D. K.; van Strijdonck, G. P. F.; de Vries, A. H. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; de Vries, J. G.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 1586−1587. (d) Zheng, M.; Huang, L.; Wu, W.; Jiang, H. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1838−1841.

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NOTE ADDED AFTER ASAP PUBLICATION The toc/abstract graphic was replaced on November 13, 2014.

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