Carl S. Marvel at Illinois Wesleyan, 1911-1915 D. Stanley T a h l l and Ann T. Tarbell Vanderbilt University. Nashville. TN 37235
Students are usually attracted into science by an inspiring teacher during their early training. In the current paper we examine the background and college career at Illinois Wesleyan University of CarlS. Marvel (1894-1988).l His interest in organic chemistry was kindled hya young IW professor, A. W.. Homhereer. - -. -- - The Marvel family apparently moved from France t o England around 1100. and the ancestor of the American familv was a cousin of t h e well-known English poet, Andrew Ma; vell (1621-1678). John Marvel is r e ~ o r t e din Virainia in 1652,'~isdescendants, the ancestors i f Carl Marvecmoved in turn to Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, and finally to DeWitt County in central Illinois around 1850. Here Carl's father, John Thomas Marvel (1865-1955) was horn and bought a farm near Waynesville a t an early age.2 He had a year the preparatory school a t IW hut soon started farming, raising corn, wheat, oats, clover, pigs, and sheep. John Marvel's wife, Mary Wasson (1868-1935),3 was from a farm family; she had grade and high school training and taught country school before her marriage. She insisted that her four children, three girls and a boy, have college training. Her father did not allow her t o attend college, although she was qualified for it. The young Carl Marvel loved the outdoors and hunted, fished, and trapped; he was fond of birds and learned t o classify the flowers of central Illinois, knowing them thoroughly. He did his share of the farm work. The farm was on a ridge, and Carl tells of hobsledding in the winter, although the gentle prairie hills could not have provided very violent sport. John T. Marvel was a good far me^;^ his interest in education was shown by the fact that he never kept Carl home from school to help with the farm in the spring and fall work seasons. Carl went t o a district school in Rarnett Townshio. DeWitt County, for the first eight grades, which he compl&: ed in 1907. He mentions with particular gratitude three teachers, the Misses Keys, Barr, and Jeffrey, for their high standards and their encouragement of outside reading - in a wide variety of fields not covered in the classroom. Marvel attended a small private academy in Warnesville of the academy from 1907 t o 1911; he was the only in its last year. I t became the township high school. The teacher was a retired minister, the Rev. W. H. Smith, who taught Marvel English, mathematics, history, Latin, German, and Greek. Because Marvel planned to go to college, Smith suggested hooks for him to read on physics, zoology, The academy was and botany for entrance r~quirements.~ about 4 miles from Marvel's home, and he either rode horsehack or drove a horse and cart to school. Carl Marvel's older sister, Edith, was attending IW in the home economics course from which she graduated in 1912: she taught home economics in high schod as a career.6 he fact that two Marvel children were in college at the same time indicates that the Marvel farm wasreasckahly prosperous. Evidently no other college except IW was considered for Carl. Its location in Bloomington was about 25 miles from the Marvel farm, and a tuition discount was offered for more than one student attending from a family. DeWitt County was one of the 14 counties of the old Eighth Judicial Circuit, which Abraham Lincoln traveled to
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practice law for some years ( I ) , and central Illinois was Lincoln country. Marvel was never particularly interested in Illinois history. The founding of IW occurred in the 1850'9, first as a preparatory school, the advanced colleges being gradually added (2).I t was. as its name indicated. soonsored hv the ~ e t h o d i s church, t and its presidents €0; the rest df the centurv were Methodist ministers who strueeled valiantlv to raise finds to keep the young institutional&;. In 1856 it bas formally designated a college, possessing 10 acres of ground and one building in north Bloomington. In 1857 the total enrollment was 60, hut only seven of these were in college classes. In 1865-1866, the enrollment was a new high of 198 studepartdents, 57 in the collegiate and 141 in the ment. The faculty of six included Major John Wesley Powell, to he renowned~laterfor his pioneer explorations of the Grand Canyon and his long service with the U.S. Geological Survey (3).Watson describes Powell's teaching (4):
' There are numerous autobiographical and biographical sketches of Marvel's career, Including interviews. These collectively are a valuable source for Marvel's early life and college career. Minor Myers, President of Illinois Wesleyan (IW), gave us copies of most of these. Additional material came from the Beckman Center for the Histow of Chemlstrv. courtesv of Steohanle Morris. and from E l l w beth herm man of the National ~ c a d e i vof ~ciences: - - - ~ N -. ~sonardrint -~~ ... . LS a copy of his excellent biograph ca' memoir of Marvel lor NAS in advance of publicatton. The most usefdl of the Marvel soxces are an 13. 1983,a exlens ve interview by C. C. Price ana Leon Gortler. J - I ~ personal history that he submitted to NAS in 1975.and an article. "My 69 Years of Chemistry". published In Chemtech 1980, 10, 6-11.We do not glve detailed refeiences to these sources In this paper. There is also available an extensive genealogy of the Marvel family. Carl Marvel's extraordinary memory ensured that his accounts of his early years, although written many years later, are consistent with each other and are confirmed by what contemporary documentation is availahla We have examined the archives at IW, courtesy of T. R. Rettlch. Chairman of the IW Chemistry Department. The Marvel undergraduate records (schedules, grades, letters) have disappeared through anrition and flre. However, examination of the IW catalogs, the We* Ieyanayearbooks,and the files of the weekly student newspaper. The Illinois-Weslevan Arous. for the vears 1910-1916 allows a mars complete plciure of ;W and ~arie1.sunaergraduate years than is poss#b!efrom h ~ sautoblograph cal writings alone We have also drlven over the area arouno Waynesville. iL, where Marvel grew ~p Carl Marvel reports he bought the farm in 1878,but that would be at the age of 13,and seems a llnle young, even in those days. The dates for J. T. Marvel and hls wife are taken from the gravestones in the Evergreen Cemetery. Waynesville. A resident of Waynesville who lived across the street from J. T. M a ~ einl his old age told us that he was very fondof children and was a very successful farmer. The 1916 Wesleyana class book llsts Marvel as fromMidland Clty and Midland City High School. This must be an error, because all his autobiographical accounts mention Waynesville Academy. His malling address may have been Mldiand City. Waynesville Is now a pleasant town, whose local high school Is closed and students are transported 25 miles to school. The 1912 Wesleyana has a group picture of the graduating class of the Department of Home Economlcs with Edith Mawel as one of the 12 graduates. ~~
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The one-armed major was proving to he a writable dynamo. Resides teaching murses in botany, chemistry, romparativcanntomy and phgriulogy. systemntic zwhgy, natural philosophy, the logic of natural science, geology and mineralogy and giving lectures on cellular histology, the vertebrate skeleton and insects injurious tovegetation, he also began enlarging and improving the museum by adding to it many of the specimens he had collected. Believingss he did that the study of science should he more than a textbook and classroom course, he led his students into the field, there to study the phenomena of nature at first hand and to collect materials for the museum and the science laboratories.. . Years later James B. Taylor, one of Powell's students who was destined tosucceed him in the chair of natural history at Wesleyan, recalled how "textbooks went to the winds with Major Powell. Ordinary views of physics and geology seemed insignificantunder his broad generalization. He made us feel that we had conquered the commonplace,broken ourway through the accepted and come into the heritage of free thinkers-and there was no sham in it anywhere. What intrepidity, indeed, the Major had! The same spirit, which took him along the walls of the Colorado Canyon and sent him cahnly into its twilight and over its falls, made him a leader in thinking and inspired hisstudents. How many have been nerved to brave things in the mental world and in life by the Powell that came into them in those days, who can tell?"
The institution was properly proud of its new Science Hall, with the first floor newly equipped for individual and class work in chemistry. Bench tops were of alherene, and draft chambers and special flues insured ventilation from each laboratory. "The equipment includes lecture apparatus for illustrated t o ~ i c sthe , laboratories are stocked with the best refined chemicals, the very best balances, and apparatus for analytical, organic, physical and research work. T h e apartmentsin this floor are d l h u t perfect for every kind of work required in the chemistry courses and this strong department is greatly aided in i& important work by all the splendid equipment and facilities of this modern science building" (6). Marvel's uncle had advised him that if he intended to be a farmer. as he then olanned. he should take some chemistrv to hecome familiar with new developments in agriculture. Excellent physical facilities for chemistry were in place at IW in 1911. The all-important tearhing inspiration came from the man who changed the course of Marvel's life by introducing him to chemistry. This was Alfred W. Homberger, whosucceeded Grahamas Isaac Funk I'rofessor of Chemistry in the fall of 1911.
Powell's varied teaching schedule was probably typical for other professors a t IW a t that time. In 1867 the trustees approved admission of negroes to IW. Also in that year the college graduated seven young men. I n 1870 women (or "ladies") were admitted to IW, 22 of them coming that year and raising the enrollment to over 200. As the century neared its end, the university held its own, and the successive presidents were able to secure more contributions. res sum ably the growth of the farming economy in central Illinois made money more available, and several -rifts - - ~ -of - - farms to the universitv are recorded. After 1900 several able presidents, particularly Theodore Kemp (president 1908-1922), broadened its offerings and increased its faculties and physical facilities. In 1906 IW had only two buildings, and none had been added for 40 years. I n that year a home economics department was added to train teachers in that field as well as departments of commerce and fine arts. During his term ~ e m increased p the faculty from 14 to 30, paid off a total of $120,000 in debts, and raised the total assets from $327,000 to more than $2 million. He gradually increased faculty salaries from $1,000 t o $2,500. Of particular interest to us, he raised $100,000 for a new Science Hall, toward which the Carnegie Foundation had earlier contributed $30,000. This building was occupied in 1911-1912, the year Carl Marvel entered. Kemp also built a gymnasium, signing a personal note to secure the site. The increasing interest in intercollegiate athletics is mirrored in the Argus of Marvel's years. In 1911 there were five schools, liberal arts and science, academy (preparatory department), law, music, and home economics. T h e last was moved to liberal arts in 1912, and years later the law school was given up. There were 16 officers of instruction and administration in arts and sciences, one of them, Robert 0. Graham, Isaac Funk Professor of ChemistryR and Dean, a Johns Hopkins PhD, died in the spring of 1911. Tuition was $56, and total expenses were estimated in the $450-$500 range per year, in agreement with Marvel's recollection. I n 1912 the four schools included 230 students in arts and science, 39 of them sophomores, including Marvel, and 14 chemistm maiors. The total student enrollment in 1912 was
I h . Homherger was a graduate from the University of Wincon$in in 1905with honors in Chemistry. The two years following his graduation he war instructor in rhemirtry at Ro~eI'olyrechnic rrhool. In 1907 he received n felloaship in chemistry n t the 1.Wvrrsitv uf Illinois, takinp. a decree of ,\.M.in 1908 t'rom that institition. ~ u r i n gthe Gar 1908 he was abroad studying under Dr. Wallach and doing work in bacteriology under Dr. Koch. In 1910 he took his Ph.D. degree from the University of Illinois. For the past year he has had the chair of Chemistry and Agriculture at Illinois College, Jacksonville. Aside from his work as a student and instructor he has acted as analytic chemist for a Gas Campany of St. Louis, and hnr published several papers on toplrs concerning Chemistry and analytical wurk. He is a memher of three honorarv fraternities. Dr. Nwru of the University of lllinois speaks highly of Dr. ~omherge;,and from all sides &me nothing hut words of praise for him as scientist, instructor and man. We are indeed fortunate to have his services (7).
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Powell stayed at IW for only 1 year, moved to Illinois State Normal University in Bloomington, and then started his exploring expeditions. Powell had lost an arm at the banle of Shiloh. Isaac Funk was a pioneer landholder and farmer in central Illinois who contributed to IW.
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Journal of Chemical Education
Homberger added a pleasantly cosmopolitan view to IW; he described the life in German universities, based on his experience, in an interesting article (8). What was more im&rtant,Homberger brought to his work energy and enthusiasm. He altered thechemistry curriculum, and the 1912 catalog lists the following courses: Generalchemistrv,1st. sem., lab, experiments, lectures, recitations. Descriptive Chemistry, 2nd. sem., Metals and Qualitative Analyses. Qualitative Analysis, 1st. or 2nd. sem. Determination and analysis of elements and radicals studied in Chem. 1,2; also some industrial and organic analysis; theory, and equations. Quantitative Analysis, gravimetrie and volumetric; purification, especially of industrial and agricultural samples; silicates, fuels, allays. Special labs for medical students. 7,s. Oreanic Chemistrv. ..lectures.. reouires . 9.10. 9-10, Organic Synthesis; lab. Chemistry of Foods, 1st. sem., qualitative and quantitative (lab?). Nature and Use of Foods, 2nd. sem., grain, ete., fermentation. Physical Chemistry, 1st. sem., Text, readings, lectures, lab. Industrial Chemistry, 2nd. sem., Chemical manufacturing. Soil Chemistry; Soil fertility, requires 16. Agrieultural Chemistry, two sem., analysis of agricultural materials, feed, fertilizer, dairy products, etc. Special Courses to be Arranged: Adv. Agricultural Anal.; Anal. Fuels; Inorganic Preps; Assaying; Exact Gas Anal.; Water Anal.; Iron and Steel Anal.; Food and Drug Anal.; Research. Chemistry Seminary; both sem., readings in current literature, reports, discussions,assigned topics. ~
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We have listed these courses in detail to show what a welltrained chemist regarded as a suitable curriculum in 1912. The emphasis on practical problems of analysis undoubtedly reflects the positions likely to be available for chemists. ~ o m b e r ~ e r ' s o winterestsin n food and nutrition chemistry may be shown in his curriculum. ~ o m b e r ~ and e r three undergraduate assistants, one of whom was a woman, comprised the chemistrv facultv. Thev were dealing with small dumbers of students, and p;obab$ some of the courses listed were given only infrequently. Homberger organized a "Journal Club" for members of advanced classes in chemistry for the review of current chemical problems and chemical literature (9). Whether this was the same as the Chemical Seminary, or thelater Chemistrv Club. is not clear. he chemistry Club, started by Homberger in 1913 ( l o ) , had the DurDose - . of increasine interest in chemistrv" hv holding biweekly meetings for hearing and discussing papers or auestions of current interest. such as on industries involvine chemistry. Membership was limited to students having had 12 hours of rhemistry or those recommended by the head of the department. Carl Marvel was elected vice-president, and the club's membership varied from 18 to 21, iudging from group pictures in ~ e s l e ~ a nIat .continued 6 he-aciive a t least through 1916; its meetings were reported in the Argus. Topics discussed included fungicides and insecticides; teaching of science in high schools; heat treatment of steel; soils. and soil fertilitv: and vocational trainine. ~hliam A. ~ o y e s , w i t hwhom Homberger &ok his PhD a t Illinois. had oreanized several iournal clubs and seminars for undergraduateand graduate students a t Illinois. This may have encouraeed Homberaer to start his club and seminar a t
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Carl Marvel apparently adjusted readily to college life; he joined Tau Kappa Epsilon, which had a houseof itsown with about 25 members. .Marvel lived at the fraternity house and participated in its management. At this time-chapel was supposed to be compulsory a t TW, hut Marvel attended only rarely. During his high school and college summers, he usually workedas a farm hand. One summer he was an auto mechanic and teacher of auto driving for an uncle who sold cars in Lincoln, IL. One summer in college he made a hobby of collecting swollen tin cans of food and trying to identify the microorganism responsible for the spoilage. He found beginning chemistry a t IW interesting, and he particularlv enioved the unknowns in the second semester of the course; thk course was mainly descriptive with little mathematics. Quantitative analysis in his second year was much less fun for him than the beginning course. However, in his junior year, he found his real love in synthesizing organic compounds in the laboratory. He spentmost of his spare time doing special syntheses, making altogether 65-70 compounds, whilethe ordinary students completed only IS20. He hecame familiar with many chemicals, especially their distinctive odors. a diaenostic ahilitv which often proved useful. "My nose was my infrared spectroscope," he wrote in later vears. This svnthetic work laid the foundation for Marvel's Gfe-long mastery of organic synthesis and his great pleasure in it. H e took as much biology as possible with F. E. Wood, including botany, zoology, bacteriology, and physiology. When Wood found he was familiar with the flowers of'rentral Illin~~is, he surrested that Marvel pick another moup of plants for study, and Marvel spent a semester of laboratory work identifying the mosses of the region of which he made a collection of 50-60 specimens. Not surprisingly, Wood suggested that he consider a medical career, but Marvel preferred to stav with chemistrv. He alsost;diedFrench, ecmomics, and ethics, but worked mainly in chemistry and biology. His studies in physics and
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math were apparently only superficial; he had to do some additional work in these fields as a graduate student a t the University of Illinois. Marvel liked Wood, the biologist, and the German professor, and found the other professors, aside from ~ o m b e r g e r ,good, but not outstanding. He always spoke highly of Homberger, saying that his excellent teaching and personal attent& were directly responsible for his specializing in chemistry. Ahout the middle of Marvel's senior year, Homberger asked him if he would accept a $250 scholarship to Illinois for graduate study in chemistry. After an explanation of what graduate study was, Marvel consulted his father. The latter told him that if somebody would pay Carl to go to school, he should take the offer because he might get a good ioh out of it. As a senior in 1914-1915, Marvel was an assistant in the eeneral chemistrv lab and also did a ~ i e c of e research which led to his first publication (12). ~ i ~ c r e e t titled ly "Rate of Turbiditv in Beverapes Containing Maltose. Glucose. or Maltose and (;lucose;;, the paper showed that turbidityocrurring in heer was not due to "albuminous material" [i.e., protein] that had precipitated out, but to fermentation from mold not removed by sterilization. Controlled experiments, using glucose solutions, or glucose and maltose, showed that the turbidity was due to growth of Penicillium glaucum, which Marvel was able to identify microscopically due to his experience with molds and mosses. The paper also contained quantitative analyses for glucose and maltose. Maltose alone did not produce turbidity, because i t did not support the erowth of P. nlaucum. ~ r e s u m a b &Marvel's college grades were high, as Homberger gave him the Illinois scholarship. We have no records, and IW a t that time had no indication of graduation with honors. At commencement in 1915, Carl S. Marvel received an MS degree (the only recipient) as well as a BA (13). His study of Greek in the Waynesville Academy gave him some extra college time andallowed completionof the MS. Graduating with him were 19 BA's and 10 BS's. There were 40 graduates of the College of Law in 1915.9 Of the chemistry majors in the classes of 1912 and 1915 listed in the catalogs, three, beside Marvel, had careers productive enough to he listed in American Men in Science. James C. Munch (BS IW, 1915; PhD George Washington, 1924) had a career in pharmacology, including administrative positions a t Sharpe-Dohme and John Wyeth. R. V. Murphy (BS IW, 1912; PhD Wisconsin, 1922) had a varied career as a college teacher and consultant. F. S. Smithson (AB IW, 1914; MS IW, 1916; PhD Chicago, 1930) worked in inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry, ending as professor at New Mexico School of Mines. J. Howard MueUer (BS IW, 1912; PhD Columbia, 1916) taught bacteriology a t Columbia and from 1923 at Harvard Medical School. He first isolated the important sulfur-contaiuingamino acid methionine. His old classmate, C. S. Marvel, developed a practical synthesis of methionine a t Illinois that made i t available for animal nutrition studies (14). This record of five PhD's from a small group of undergraduates is sumrisinelv laree. a testimonv to the excellent instruction of'the ~ ~ f a c u k ; . A. W. Homberaer moved t o the Universitv of Louisville in 1918, where he spent the rest of his career, doing research on oil shale, nutrition, and ~ r o b l e m sin hiochemistrv. He berame professor and head bf the biochemistry depakment of the 1.ouisville medical school. We do not know that he had another student as gifted as Carl Marvel.
Ethel F. Marvel received a Teacher's Certificate-Voice and Harmony: she was not Carl's sister but probably a cousin, from the numerous families around Waynesville. Volume 68
Number 7
July 1991
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T h e men who influenced Marvel's chemical career most strongly after his IW days were William A. Noyes and Roger Adams. It is worth looking at the hackpound and training of these men compared t o Marvel's. All three came from families deeply convinced of t h e value of education. Noyes' background was most similar t o Marvel's; Noyes graduated fiom Grinnell College in Iowa with a n interest in classics, then changed t o chemistry. Noyes' P h D was with Remsen a t Hopkins, and his career in academic chemistry led him t o the headship of t h e University of Illinois department in 1907. Roger Adams's father was a country school teacher in New Hamoshire before h e moved t o Boston for a job in railroad business. Roger Adams attended Boston ~ a t and h Cambridge Latin before college, in contrast to Carl Marvel's tiny academy in Waynesville t o which he commuted by horse. Adams attended Harvard a s a n undergraduate and graduate student. In spite of this contrast in backgrounds, Adams and Marvel were coneenial colleames for over four decades in a relationship 31 mutual conkdence and respect. W. A. Noyes appointed Marvel t o the Illinois faculty, in spite of the igno-
r a n t objection of the dean t h a t Marvel was not qualified because be had not studied in Germany. Perhaps t h e moral of this is t h a t ability and performance are the important things, not t h e place where one's education was obtained.
Llterature Clted 1. Hill, F.T. Lincoln the Lowye?: Century: New York, 1906. reprinted 1986. 2. Watson.E.S.Thslilinois WeslsvonSforv 1@5&1950;lIlinois Wedwan: Bloornineton. IL, 1950. passim. 3. On Powell's career seestogner. Wallsce. Beyond the Hundredth Meridian; Houghton Mifflin: Bmfon, 1962. 4. Watson. ref 2. pp 74.80. 5. IW Uniu.. 61nt Catalog, covers spring 1911 through spring 1912. 6. Catalog, May 19l%June 1913: s sirnilsr amount of chemistry is given in Wpaiwono 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
12. 13. 14.
Argus 1911. ioefobpr 41.53. Argw 1912, (January 11). 73-74. A ~ g u a1912, (May 12). 186. Argus 1913, (March 19). 170. For the Illinois groups, seeTarbel1. D. S.; Tarbell, Ann T. Rogel Adoms Scientist ond Stoterman; American Chemical Sac.: Washington, DC, 1981; p 60. Hornberger,A. W.; MarueLC, S.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1917.39, 166162. Argus 1915. (June 21,247. Windus, W.: Marve1,C.S. J . A m Chem Soc. 1930.52.2575-2578.
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