INDUSTRIAL A N D EiVGINEERI,VG CHEMISTRY
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mix with the original mother liquor (“cold waste water”). The cold saccharate was weighed, tested for CaO and sugar, and then set aside for further analyses. The mixed cold waste water and wash water were weighed, CaO and sugar determined, and then gradually heated to 85” C. for the purpose of precipitating part of the sugar contained therein in the form of “hot saccharate.’’ The heated mixture was filtered under vacuum through a hot water-jacketed Buchner funnel, the hot saccharate cake obtained was washed with 100 cc. of hot distilled water and again the wash water was allowed to mix with the mother liquor, the combined liquids representing what is called in factory operations “Steffens waste to aewer.” The hot saccharate cake was weighed, tested for CaO and sugar, and then combined with cold saccharate cake. The “Steffens waste to sewer” was weighed, CaO, sugar, and alkalinity determined, and then discarded. The combined cold and hot saccharate cakes of each lot separately were mixed with water, heated, carbonated, filtered; the filter residue was washed with hot water and discarded. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to sirup density, again filtered and analyzed. The results obtained are shown in Tables I1 and 111. of R e s u l t s of Steffenizing Molasses before and a f t e r Zeollte Treatment Solution Solution B C Item Cooler Solution 10,000 10,000 1 Weight of cooler solution taken, grams Analysis: Dry substance, per cent 11.56 10.38 2 6.50 6.50 Polarization, per cent 3 56.24 62.55 Purity, per cent 4 650.0 650.0 5 Weight of sucrose, grams 93.2 98.2 6 CaO content of lime powder, per cent 110.00 110.0 7 Per cent CaO on sucrose (5) 715 715 8 Weight of CaO necessary, grams 728 728 9 Weight of lime powder taken, grams Cold Saccharate 3789 10 Weight of cold saccharate produced, grams 3400 16.4 15.4 11 Sucrose, per cent 557.6 583.5 12 Weight of sucrose, grams 85.79 89.77 13 Sucrose recovered in per cent on (5) 14 CaO (total alkalinity expressed as CaO), per 17.5 16.2 cent 106.7 105.2 15 Per cent CaO on 100 sugar 595.0 613.8 16 Weight of CaO in grams 83.2 85.8 17 CaO recovered in per cent on (8) Mired Cold Waste and W a s h Water 18 Weight of mixed cold waste and wash water, grams 7519 7128 19 Weight of sucrose calculated by difference (5- 12). grams 92.4 66.5 1.23 0.93 20 Calculated per cent sucrose in waste water 1.16 0.96 21 Per cent sucrose by polarization 22 Wci ht of CaO in waste water calculated by difference (8 - 16) grams 120.0 101.2 1.59 1.41 23 CaO in waste wateT)as calculated, per cent 1.89 1.48 24 Total alkalinity expressed as CaO, per cent CaO as determined gravimetrically, per cent 1.64 1.50 25 Hot Saccharate 434 343 26 Weight of hot saccharate produced, grams 12.7 11.1 Per cent sucrose 27 43.5 48.2 28 Weight of sucrose 7.41 6.69 29 Sucrose recovered in per cent on (5) 30 Per cent CaO (total alkalinity expressed as 9.42 10.6 CaO) 83.2 84.8 31 Per cent CaO on 100 sugar 36.2 40.9 32 Weight of CaO, grams 5.72 5.06 33 CaO recovered in per cent on (8) Hot Waste and W a s h Water 6780 34 Weight of hot waste and wash water, grams 7072 35 Weight of sucrose. calculated from difference 44.2 23.0 (5- 12 28),grams 0.625 0.339 36 Calculated per cent sucrose 0.39 0.56 37 Per cent sucrose by polarization 38 Weight of CaO calculated by difference 65.0 79.1 [8-(16 32)1,grams 0.96 1.12 39 Per cent CaO as calculated 1.05 1.64 40 Total alkalinity expressed as CaO 1.03 1.00 41 Per cent CaO as determined gravimetrically Recapitulation 42 Weight of sucrose recovered in cold and hot 605.8 627.0 saccharates, grams 43 Per cent of total sucrose recovered (“Steffen 96.46 93.2 extraction”) on (5) 44 Weight of CaO recovered in cold and hot 649.8 635.9 saccharates, grams 45 Per cent CaO in 100 sugar in hot and cold 103.6 104.9 saceharates 46 Per cent CaO recovered in both saccharates 90.8 88.9 in per cent on (8)
T a b l e 11-Comparison
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T a b l e 111-Anal 888 of S i r u p R e s u l t i n g f r o m the Evaporation of C a r b o n a t e J%ces of C o m b i n e d Hot and Cold S a c c h a r a t e 8 SOLUTION B SOLUTION C As Ondry As Ondry found substance found substance Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent 44.44 48.16 Moisture 100.00 51.84 100.00 55.56 Dry substance 56.74 102.12 52.66 101.58 Dry substance by refractometer 103.67 53.58 103.36 57.6 Dry substance Brix spindle 87.02 45.65 88.05 48.35 Direct polarization 86.82 45.71 88.17 48.24 Clerget polarization Apparent purity from Brix and direct polarization 83.95 85.2 4.07 2.43 Carbonate ash 4.69 2.26 4.21 Sulfate ash 10 per cent 4.92 2.34 2.55 Total nonsugars referred t o dry substance Clerget polarization and car5.06 9.11 3.70 bonate ash 7.14 5.04 1.27 Organic nonsugar by difference 2.45 2.80 Alkalinity as CaO 0.104 0.053 0.102 0.058 Lime salts by titration with soap solu0.737 0.486 tion 0.410 0.937 33.47 13.1 25.27 Color degrees according to Stammer 18.6 Nonsugar coeff. Clerget polarization 12.35 9.53 Total nonsuaars Clerget polariiation 18.81 21.34 Saline coeff. Carbonate ash Organic coeff. Clerget polarization 36.00 17.22 Organic nonsugar
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The analytical results given in Tables I and I11 point to the conclusion that zeolite-treated molasses subjected to the Steffens process yields a higher recovery of sugar and saccharates of superior quality than is the case with the same molasses not treated with zeolite. Interesting alkalinity relations are found to exist in the various waste waters: Total alkalinity of the waste waters of the untreated molasses is in each instance considerably higher than that of the waste waters from the treated molasses, the latter figure agreeing closeIy with the CaO of all waste waters determined gravimetrically. This difference must be due to the presence of potassium in the waste waters of the untreated molasses. This fact and the fact that the waste water from the untreated molasses contains considerably more sugar than that of the treated molasses lend support to the supposition that alkali saccharates exist in the untreated molasses which do not break up when subjecting to the Steffens process.
Cement Company Breaks Safety Records All safety records during its quarter of a century’s history were broken last year by the Universal Portland Cement Company, according to the president, B. F. Affleck, who stated: While production greatly increased during the last 25 years, the accident rate has steadily declined until last year it was only a fraction of 1 per cent in relation to the total number of persons employed. In our plant a t Duluth, for example, the whole year passed without having an hour’s time lost on account of accidents. Our plants in other cities produced similarly good results. During the month of December just finished a 100 per cent safety record was achieved a t all our plants, no time being lost anywhere because of accidents. The significance of this record is revealed when one recalls that thousands of men are employed day and night operating burning, crushing and grinding machinery, elevators, conveyors, cranes, packing machines and electrical apparatus required in making some 60 million sacks of cement in a year. Mr. Affleck named two factors as being chiefly responsible: Modern mechanical safeguards t o protect workers in hazardous circumstances are installed wherever needed. This naturally tends to reduce risks to employees who may be careless. But no machine can be 100 per cent guarded. There always must exist personal responsibility on the part of the worker. We find therefore that the most effective means t o secure safety is to talk safety, t o teach it, and to educate employees always t o think of it. Hence there are safety meetings conducted in various languages; there is literature distributed that features safety; there are printed placards urging workers to be careful; there are prizes for mills and groups who make the best records. Through these means there is developed individual caution and a sense of pride in preventing accidents that have done much to make industry safe.
