Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile and Phospholipid Molecular Species

Jun 17, 2016 - ... species esterified with polyunsaturated fatty acids. This work demonstrates the ability of both EVOO and HPO to increase the degree...
0 downloads 14 Views 1MB Size
Subscriber access provided by United Arab Emirates University | Libraries Deanship

Article

Changes in fatty acid profile and phospholipid molecular species composition of human erythrocytes membranes after hybrid palm and extra virgin olive oil supplementation D. Pacetti, R. Gagliardi, M. Balzano, N. G. Frega, M. L. Ojeda, M. Borrero, A. Ruiz, and P. Lucci J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01903 • Publication Date (Web): 17 Jun 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on June 19, 2016

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Subscriber access provided by United Arab Emirates University | Libraries Deanship

and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 30

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

200 180 160 140 120 100

80 60 40 20 0 C16:0

C18:0

C18:1

C18:2

Tocols mg per 100 g of oil

%

EVOO

HPO

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Total Total phenolic content ppm phenolic content

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Page 2 of 30

Positive ions; base peak

Relative Abundance

100 80

[M+H]+=m/z 760.4

PC (16:0/18:1)

60 40 20

0 0.0

[M+H]+=m/z 718.1

PE (16:0/18:1) Sph (16:0)

[M+H]+=m/z 703.3 0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5 4.0 4.5 Time (min)

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

Page 3 of 30

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Positive ions; base peak

Relative Abundance

100 80

[M+H]+=m/z 760.4

PC (16:0/18:1)

60 40 20 0 0.0

[M+H]+=m/z 718.1

PE (16:0/18:1) Sph (16:0)

[M+H]+=m/z 703.3 0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5 4.0 4.5 Time (min)

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

Hybrid palm oil

Changes in RBC membrane:  Phospholipid molecular species composition

Supplementation 25 mL/day - 3 months

 Omega-3 Index

Extra virgin olive oil

Red blood cell membrane ACS Paragon Plus Environment

 Lipophilic Index

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Page 4 of 30

1

Changes in fatty acid profile and phospholipid molecular species composition of

2

human erythrocytes membranes after hybrid palm and extra virgin olive oil

3

supplementation.

4 5 6

D. Pacettia, R. Gagliardia, M. Balzanoa, N. G. Fregaa, M. L. Ojedab, M. Borrerob, A. Ruizc, P.

7

Luccid*

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

a

15

Italy

Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche,

60131, Ancona, Italy b

Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, KR 7 # 40-62, Bogota

D.C., Colombia c

Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, KR 7 # 40-62, Bogota D.C.,

Colombia d

Department of Agri-food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/a. 33100 Udine,

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

*

Corresponding author: Department of Agri-food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/a, 33100 Udine, Italy; Tel. +3904325558170– Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 5 of 30

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

38

ABSTRACT

39

The present work aimed to evaluate and compare, for the first time, the effects of extra virgin olive

40

oil (EVOO) and hybrid palm oil (HPO) supplementation on fatty acid profile and phospholipid (PL)

41

molecular species composition of human erythrocyte membranes.

42

Results supported the effectiveness of both HPO and EVOO supplementation (3-month, 25mL/day)

43

in decreasing the lipophilic index of erythrocytes with no significant differences between HPO and

44

EVOO groups at month 3. On the other hand, the novel and rapid UPLC/MS/MS method used for PL

45

analysis reveals an increase in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species esterified

46

with polyunsaturated fatty acids.

47

The present work demonstrated the ability of both EVOO and HPO to increase the degree of

48

unsaturation of erythrocyte membrane lipids with an improvement in the membrane fluidity that could

49

be associated with a lower risk to develop cardiovascular diseases.

50 51 52 53 54 55

Keywords

56 57

Dietary supplementation, erythrocytes phospholipids, extra virgin olive oil, functional oils, hybrid palm oil.

2 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Page 6 of 30

58

INTRODUCTION

59

A certain role in the maintenance of the functionality of the cells is played by the properties of lipids,

60

mainly phospholipids (PL), and associated proteins, which form domains responsible for specialized

61

functions. In particular, the membranes lipid composition represents a relevant factor for erythrocytes

62

properties and biological functions. In fact, the membrane is the only structural component of the

63

non-nucleated red cell, and it is responsible for all of its antigenic, transport and mechanical

64

characteristics.1 There is abundant literature on erythrocytes lipids, and their modulation by disease.

65

The erythrocytes represent a convenient model for studying mechanisms of oxidative damage, as they

66

are available in large quantities, do not contain nuclei and mitochondria and are incapable of protein

67

synthesis.

68

As a general rule, the total fatty acid (FA) profile of erythrocytes is considered a valuable marker for

69

human pathologies associated with a situation of oxidative stress (i.e. cardiovascular disease, cancer,

70

inflammatory processes).2,3 For example, the sum of the relative percentages of eicosapentaenoic

71

(C20:5 3,EPA) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 3, DHA) acids among the erythrocytes FA constitute

72

the Omega-3 Index, an innovative risk marker for the cardiovascular disease (CVD).4 A low value of

73

Omega-3 Index is correlated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events, and it is influenced by several

74

factors such as diet, age, diabetes, body mass index, gender and other.5 Erythrocytes FA composition

75

is also one of the principal factors modulating the erythrocytes membrane fluidity, and the oxidative

76

stress connected to the CVD can modify the erythrocyte FA profile by means of lipid peroxidation,

77

thus lowering the membrane fluidity and playing a relevant role in the CVD pathogenesis.6,7 One

78

innovative possible way to estimate the erythrocyte membrane fluidity is the lipophilic index, that is

79

defined as a weighted mean of the erythrocyte FA melting points. In fact, membrane fluidity is

80

strongly determined by the van der Waals forces between FA, that are also strongly linked to their

81

melting point.8-10

82

Besides the total FA profile, the modification in erythrocytes PL profile and concentration has also

83

been associated with the physiological activity of the cell. Recent investigation suggests the use 3 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 7 of 30

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

84

erythrocytes as biomarkers for pathological processes associated with oxidative stress. The alteration

85

of the characteristic FA profile of each PL fraction has been related to changes in erythrocytes shapes

86

and sizes which can also directly affect their oxygen transport behaviour.11 Furthermore, high levels

87

of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially of oleic acid, were revealed in erythrocytes

88

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of patients suffering from adenocarcinoma.12 Diabetes and diabetic

89

retinopathy were also associated with a reduction of erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

90

in PE whereas the increase of the amounts of phosphatidylcholine (PC) species was found in

91

erythrocytes of diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy.13 Jimenez et al.14 found a direct

92

relationship among the sphingomyelin (Sph) of erythrocytes membranes and the plasma total

93

cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in patients with significant coronary arterial disease, indicating a

94

possible role of Sph on the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

95

Taking into account the growing evidence suggesting the marked influence of dietary lipids on cell

96

membrane lipid composition,15 the present paper was aimed to estimate the ability of two selected

97

edible oils [Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) and Hybrid Palm Oil (HPO)] consumption to modulate

98

the lipid composition of erythrocytes membrane. For the first time, the effects of HPO on erythrocytes

99

fatty acid composition and the influence of EVOO and HPO supplementation on phospholipid

100

molecular species composition were investigated. The findings could help to get more knowledge on

101

the health benefits of dietary oil and their potential as a functional oil for disease prevention,

102

especially CVD.

103

In detail, the erythrocytes FA composition of voluntary patients submitted to HPO or EVOO

104

supplementations (3-month, 25mL/day) were investigated, with particular interest in the

105

determination of innovative risk markers for CVD such as lipophilic and Omega-3 indexes.

106

Additionally, the molecular species composition of the most abundant phospholipid classes from

107

erythrocytes, such as PC, PE and Sph, were determined by a novel and rapid HILIC-UPLC-ESI(+)-

108

MS/MS method.

4 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Page 8 of 30

109

The selection of the dietary oils was performed taking account that the regular assumption of EVOO

110

improves the human health status, preventing cardiovascular diseases,16 cancer, age related processes

111

and other chronical diseases17 and can also modulate the composition of the erythrocyte cell

112

membrane.18 At the same time, the HPO, a crude oil obtained from the fruits of the interspecific

113

hybrid (Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis) palm, represents an extremely valuable source of

114

antioxidant compounds (carotenes, tocopherols and tocotrienols) that might contribute to lower the

115

risk of certain diseases.19-23

116

In our latest investigations, we found that HPO consumption had a favorable effect on plasma lipids

117

pattern related to CVD risk factors and improved the plasma antioxidant status and that these effects

118

were not statistically different from those of EVOO. In detail, a supplementation of 25 mL of HPO

119

for a period of three months significantly decreases the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)

120

level and the total cholesterol content in human plasma.24 Furthermore, it significantly increases

121

(p